CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Drilling is the process of making hole, and the purpose is to locate and produce

hydrocarbon in commercial quantity. During drilling, the tool called the bit performs

the basic function of making or boring hole into the earth. The drill bit is actually what

gouges and crush the formation, while the drilling mud transports produced cuttings

to the surface, cools and lubricate the bits hot surface ( due to friction) and stabilizes

the well bore pressure. Some other factors which affects drilling rate are: the rotary

speed, weight on bit, density of drilling mud, and the strength of connection of drill

pipes.

The grading of bits and subsequent evaluation plays an important role in the drilling

operation. Bit evaluation is particularly critical today because of high drilling cost and

severe drilling conditions encountered in wells. As drilling companies are in the

business to maximize profit, the drill bit performance also dictates the drilling cost.

Evaluation of drill bit performance is a careful exercise carried out to ascertain the

capacity and efficiency of a bit to drill a given section of a hole with optimum

suitability. Drilling bit evaluation contributes to the overall efficiency of the drilling

program. Criteria used for the evaluation of drilling bit includes rotating hour, footage

drilled, maximum penetration rate, weight on bit, rig cost, rotary speed, and bit cost.

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1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to review the modern method of evaluating bit performance,

using the break-even calculation to ascertain the bit economic feasibility and

subsequently running it on trial to determine the cost per foot of the bit.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This project is limited to:

 The use of cost per foot equation to selecting the bit with highest

performance, and least cost for every foot drilled in the drilling operations.

 The evaluation of drill bit performance along each hole section using break

even equation, thus determining the point to pull bit out of hole.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

 Data from well OG#1 and well OG#2 (PAN OCEAN) was used as case study.

 Analysis (evaluation) was done using cost per foot and break-even equation.

 Information was also gotten from the web and (petroleum training institute)

Library.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The bit and how it does its job is very important to rotary drilling. When the bit is at

bottom making hole, it is making money. But making hole depends on whether the bit

is doing its job as it should. How well a bit drills depends on several things among

those are condition of the bit, the weight applied to make it drill and rate at which it is

rotated. Also important to drill bit performance is the action of drilling fluid.

Drillers want bits that can drill a given hole section at the fastest possible rate. In

order words they want a bit that can provide a good rate of penetration (ROP).

The nature of the formation to be drilled is the first factor, whether the formation is

hard, Soft, medium soft or medium hard formation. The two major categories of bits

would be reviewed in this chapter, which includes the drag bit and the roller cone bit.

2.2 BIT DEVELOPMENT

In the history of rotary drilling the drag bit is the first to be used. This was used by the

Chinese in the year 256 BC. Then, every tool pusher and blacksmith was a bit

designer and manufacturer. The bit was enhanced during this time by addition of

hard metal to the cutting edge and guage surface. In 1909, the rock cone bit was

introduced from the idea of the drag bit. The rock cone then, comprises of two cones.

The rotary drilling technique with the use of two cone bit was then used for hard

formation where the drag bit cannot perform. The ineffectiveness of this bit is as

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seen in the “balling up” effect. Consequently, in 1920 it was redesigned in the rig

floor with new cones to prevent balling up. It was designed with meshing teeth (self-

cleaning teeth).

Furthermore, 1930, the three cone milled teeth bit was introduced, bit record of that

time was about 5-10 feet in 4-5 hours at depths below 10,000 feet. The drilling milled

tooth bit was not enough for drilling environment encountered. And so, the hughes

tool company in 1947 introduced the first tri-cone bit using tungsten carbide insert in

the cutting edge and named it “chert bit” it was characterised by short space insert

(teeth). The 5-10 feet were increased to 50-100 feet at the same time of 4-5 hours

just like most dirtily tool, the bit stepped into constant study and

experimentation/analysis and enhancement of bit are still being made till today.

Today because of improvement, modern insert bits are routinely used in many areas

from top to bottom. Like recently, in utuama oil field, fire insert bit were used to drill a

total depth of 10,565 feet well, unlike a situation where about 20 milled tooth (soft

formation) bits would have been used in the past, even tungsten carbide soft

formation bits are being introduced to replace the milled tooth bit. This has brought

development in bit performance.

By this improvement, the bits are able to penetrate an average depth of 1208 feet in

unconsolidated formation. Drilling with drag bit requires low rotation per minute

(RPM), maximum pump speed and moderate weight etc, to prevent balling up.

2.3 TYPES OF BIT

Bits are generally classified into two types:

(i) The drag bit

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 (ii) Roller cone bit

2.3.1 THE DRAG BIT

A drag bit is a drill bit usually designed for use in both soft and hard formations such

as soft rock and hard rock. However, there are basically two types which are the

fishtail and diamond bit.

2.3.1.1 FISH TAIL BIT

A fish tail bit is used primarily for soft formations and where originally called drag bits.

Fish tail has a quick-opening valve that uses a disc or wafer on a pivot in a chamber

to open and close. The fishtail bit was the first bit used to drill a well, many believe

the fish tail bit is to primitive and therefore completely relegated to museum of

petroleum antiquities, but these bit is still used in a few areas.

The earlier type of this bit was designed having the stream of mud close to the

threaded shank of the bit with two blades.

From this, the jet principle of drag bit was introduced in 1947, it was further

modernized to have three blades and the latest one is having four blades. By this

improvement, the bits are able to penetrate an average depth of 1200 feet in

unconsolidated formation. Drilling with the drag bit requires low revolution per minute

(RPM), maximum pump speed and moderate weight, e.t.c to prevent balling up. As

shown in fig 2.1

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 FIG 2.1 THE FISH TAIL BIT

2.3.1.2 DIAMOND BIT

A diamond bit (either for drilling or coring) is composed of three parts: Diamonds,

matrix and shank. The diamonds are held in place by the matrix which is bonded to

the steel shank. The matrix is principally powdered tungsten carbide infiltrated with a

metal bonding material. The tungsten carbide is used for its abrasive wear and

erosion resistant properties (but far from a diamond in this respect). The shank of

steel affords structural strength and makes a suitable means to attach the bit to the

drill string.

Diamond bits are sold by the carat weight (1 carat = 0.2 grams) of the diamonds in

the bit, plus a setting charge. The price will vary depending upon classification (or

quality) and size. The setting charge is to cover the manufacturing cost of the bit. A

used bit is generally returned to salvage the diamonds and to receive credit for the

reusable stones (which materially decreases the bit cost). This credit is frequently as

much as 50% of the original bit cost. As shown in (fig 2.2)

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 FIG 2.2 DIAGRAM OF THE DIAMOND BIT

2.3.2 ROLLER CONE BITS

The first successful rolling cutter rock bit was introduced into the oil field by Howard

Hughes Sr. in 1909. Over the next fifteen years, the rolling cutter bit was used

primarily in hard formation areas. This rolling cutter bit is a tri-cone bit with teeth that

mesh, consequently the bit has a tendency to “balled-up” in soft shale. The bit was

redesigned with meshing teeth (self-cleaning) in the 1920s and in the early

1930’s.The tri-cone bit was introduced with cutters designed for hard and soft

formations.

The primary drilling mechanism of the rolling cutter bits is intrusion, which means

that the teeth are forced into the rock by the weight-on-bit, and pulled through the

rock by the rotary action. For this reason, the cones and teeth of rolling cuttings rock

bits are made from specially, case hardened steel.

2.3.2.1 MILLED TOOTH BITS.

The milled tooth bit has a rolling sealed bearing structure. The cylinder rolling

element is placed within the groove of roller cone, thus enlarging the journal size and

ensuring a better performance of roller bit. The secondary surface of thrust bearing
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of roller bit has been handled with antifriction and hardening treatment so as to

decrease the frictional force of bit for protecting its hardening resistance. The roller

bit uses new type lubricating grease which can bear the high temperature of 250ºC

and boasts abrasion resistance and the full rubber oil reservoir uses limitable

differential pressure and can prevent drilling fluid from entering lubricating system so

as to provide qualified lubrication for bearing system.

The milled tooth bit are also designed to have a self-cleaning characteristics which

makes the bit drill effectively on formation, to prevent “balling up”. The milled tooth bit

is made in such a way that it has producing tooth length and offsetting of the cone

slightly so that the cone does not rotate about the true centre of the hole. As shown

in fig 2.3

FIG 2.3 DIAGRAM OF THE MILLED TOOTH TRICONE BIT

2.3.2.2 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE INSERT BIT

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In recent years, many improvements have been made in sealed bearing tungsten

carbide insert bits. The tungsten carbide is recommended for hard formations.

Hence, it can be called hard formation bit. Modern tungsten carbide insert bit run in

hole at high speeds, of up to 180 revolution per minute (RPM) or more, as compared

to the 45 RPM used with older ones. Its main action is to destroy the rock by

crushing and chipping. This is followed by extreme and at a low RPM. Its teeth are

usually made of tungsten carbide, which makes it hard enough to drill hard

formations. The cone offset meet in a common point, thus, rotating about its true

centre. As shown in fig 2.4

FIG 2.4 DIAGRAM OF THE TUNGSTEN INSERT CARBIDE TRICONE BIT

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF BIT

Drilling bits are classified into three basic classes.

 soft formation drill bits

 medium formation drill bits

 hard formation drill bit

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2.4.1 SOFT FORMATION DRILL BIT

These are constructed with widely spaced long teeth, low bearing capacity, with

large offsets which makes them to be very effective in soft formation. These bits are

usually used with high pump velocity, and less weight to enhance good performance.

They are usually used in formation such as shale, soft limestone and unconsolidated

formations. As shown in fig 2.5

FIG 2.5 DIAGRAM OF THE SOFT FORMATION BIT

2.4.2 MEDIUM FORMATION DRILL BIT

The medium formation bit is similar to the soft formation bits but with shorter bit

streaks and little or relatively closely spaced teeth compared to the soft formation bit.

They are run with 150 RPM and heavy weight. The centre of the bit is smaller

compared to the soft formation bits. As shown in fig 2.6

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 FIG 2.6 DIAGRAM OF THE MEDIUM FORMATION BIT

2.4.3 HARD FORMATION BIT

They are made of tungsten carbide button like insert teeth are widely spaced. They

are constructed using heavy-duty bearing, hard shell. Some soft formation tungsten

carbide inserts bit have been currently designed and being used in the oil industry for

soft formations. It is just a matter of designing a large offset (off centre). Usually the

hard formation bits are designed to have their cone radius meet at the centre. As

shown in fig 2.7

FIG 2.7 DIAGRAM OF THE HARD FORMATION BIT

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2.5 FUNDAMENTAL OF BIT DESIGN

It important to understand the basic, the fundamental differences in design between

the hard formation bit. The medium formation bit and the soft formation bit.

characteristically, hard formation have heavy cone shell, short teeth and heavy

journal in order to withstand the heavy bit weight needed to fracture the formation.

But these bits have no cone of off set. While for the soft formation bit has an upset

which makes it perform the gouging and tearing action. To manufacture a bit with

normal cutting action, some design factors must be differentiated within the limits of

metallurgy, bit diameter and approved design conditions. The action of the cone on

the formation is of immediate significance in regard to the capability of the bit to drill

with maximum penetration rate. A soft formation bit needs gouging/ scarping action

where as, a hard formation bit requires chipping/crushing action. These are the

objectives of the bit designer and are needed to meet specifications in the design for

any bit. Specifically, the actions are monitored by the rate to which the cone reaches

that of a true roll. An adequate gouging/ scrapping action need rolling properties that

does not rotate about its true roll. An adequate gouging/ scraping action needs rolling

properties that do not rotate about its true roll or true radius. A chipping/ crushing

action requires that which will approach or nearly reach that or a true roll or true

radius. Therefore, in designing bit, we focus on the following main factors;

a) bearing

b) cone offset

c) cutting structure (teeth)

d) cone journal angle

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 e) metallurgy

f) nozzle

2.5.1 BEARING DESIGN

In appreciating bearing design, we take a look at the open bearing and closed

bearing design.

Open bearing design- they are the type of bearing design that have no seal between

the cones and the leg. The bearing is open to the mud system which it uses as a

lubricant.

Sealed bearing design- they are bearings designed to have a seal which is placed

between the cone and the leg, which separates the bearing from the mud system. In

this regard, a separate grease lubrication system is provided in the leg for the

bearing. These types of bearing was designed as a result of effects of mud or drilling

fluid on bearing

Before the seal bearing was having an adverse effect on the open bearing and

failure of the bearing was important, hence the introduction of seal bearing which is

more effective and last longer.

2.5.2 CONE OFF SET

In designing a bit, it is important to consider the cone off set, hence it is the

horizontal distance between the bit and the vertical plane through the axis of the

journal. Differentiating this factor will give the design for different bits used for

different formations, such as hard, soft and medium formations. The cone off set

affects the thrust load, shape of guage teeth, degree of reaming action and guage
13
teeth wear. For these reason in designing the cone off setoff soft formation bit you

have designing maximum off set and for medium formation, medium off set, while for

hard formation, the design has to be non-off set of cones. That is , the cones will

have a true radius when rotating.

2.5.3 CUTTING STRUCTURE (TEETH)

The cutting structure of the bit refers to the bit design. Normally, the properties of

knowing the various type of bit is the teeth length design. In order for the bit to

perform well in soft formations the bit design have to be long or insert, medium

formation bits have intermediate teeth, and hard formation bits have to be designed

with short button like teeth or insert. As shown in fig 2.8

FIG 2.8 CUTTING STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH

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2.5.4 CONE JOURNAL ANGLE

The classification of bit is best on this factor. The journal angle is the angle formed

by the line perpendicular to the axis of the journal and the axis of the bit. Varying this

journal angle implies producing different classes of bit.

For instance, the following are cone journal angles for different formation bits given

by a Germany bit manufacture company:

Soft formation bit- 30˚

Medium formation bit- 33˚

Hard formation bit- 36˚

2.5.5 METALLURGY

Since the drilling bit is used for many drilling operations, the bit should be

constructed with parts that would resist wear. The bit should contain all the

constituent element that will make it hardened to enable it with stand wearing. This

can be obtained by employing the Moh’s scale of hardness in designing bit

metallurgy.

The scale of diamond (10) as the highest, corundum (9), topaz (8), quartz(7), field

feldspar (6) etc.

It has been confirmed that the hardest formation a driller has ever come across on

the Moh’s scale is 7 which is chart, flint, quartzisilicasant, hence, hard formation bits

are designed with tungsten carbide insert which is 9.4 on the Moh’s scale. Metallurgy

15
of the tungsten carbide insert teeth bit or cutters are designed with tungsten carbide

to enable the bit chips/crushes the how deck formation.

2.5.6 JET NOZZLE

The drilling fluid comes down the drill string and out of the bit through the jet nozzles.

The nozzles on opening at the end side in between the legs. Jet nozzles are

available in different sizes ranging from 1/3ʺ - 1ʺ, it was found that a better

arrangement was to direct the stream through the nozzle and aim it at the bottom of

the hole for proper cleaning of hole instead of cleaning bit teeth. The jet nozzle

design was improved the fluid hydraulics which enables carrying of cuttings out of

the bottom hole. As shown in fig 2.9

FIG 2.9 THE JET NOZZLE

2.6 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PENETERATION

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Rate of penetration (ROP) is a measure in drilling for the speed with which a drill bit

drills through a section. There are two ways of indicating the ROP; distance per time

unit or time unit per distance. These are not the same

There are many factors effecting penetration rates including:

a. Fluid type

b. Bottom Hole cleaning

c. Solids removal

d. Lost circulation

e. Hole stability

f. Rotary speed

g. Weight on Bit

h. Bit design

2.6.1 FLUID TYPE

When drilling through troublesome shale formations, the use of non-polar based mud

systems (i.e., low toxic mineral oil and synthetic) are recommended to improve ROP.

However, as discussed in the Mud chapter, the use of these mud systems in the top

hole intervals is limited due to the inherent risks of losing excessive amounts of high

cost fluids to weak formations. Therefore, a dispersive water-based mud (e.g.,

freshwater or seawater/lignosulphonate) system is advised when drilling shallow,

reactive, young, and weak consolidated shale. When drilling deeper, well-

17
consolidated clays, the use of mud systems with strong dehydration capabilities is

suggested. Examples of such muds are silicates, thermally activated polyglycol

muds and high-salinity muds (e.g., CaCl2/CaBr2 muds, high-salinity format

systems).

2.6.2 BOTTOM HOLE CLEANING

When trying to improve ROP, the most important consideration is maintaining the

ability to clean the hole. The drilling fluid must be capable of efficiently carrying the

larger volume of cuttings generated per unit time out of the hole. Ineffective hole

cleaning can lead to high ECDs, bit balling, high drag, hole pack-off, etc., which can

lead to lost circulation and other wellbore instability problems. To combat these

problems, flow rates should be maximized to improve cuttings removal without

exceeding the fracture gradient. Mud rheology should also be optimized to provide

the greatest carrying capacity. With larger hole sizes, consideration should be given

to putting all pumps on the drill string. In smaller hole sizes, where pump rates are

reduced and the resulting annular velocity in the riser may not be adequate to lift the

cuttings, one pump may be used to boost the riser. ROP (rate of penetration) in the

larger, top hole sections frequently needs to be restricted due to hole cleaning

constraints. Although flow rates to clean the hole may be achievable, the resulting

ECD (equivalent circulating density) often exceeds the fracture gradient.

2.6.3 SOLID REMOVAL

Minimizing the level of solids in the mud will improve the ROP. Surface solids

screening equipment should be able to accommodate the increased amount of

cuttings generated in the larger top hole sections of deep water drilling operations.

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Screen blinding by solids on the shale shakers can cause high surface mud losses.

Desanders may be required when drilling long, shallow sand sections.

2.6.4 LOST CIRCULATION

Reducing the solids content of the mud leads to higher ROPs when drilling massive

shales. However, when drilling sections in which lost circulation zones could be

encountered, it may be wise to keep some level of solids in the mud.

2.6.5 HOLE STABILITY

A higher ROP reduces open hole time, thus minimizing the exposure of shale to a

water based mud system. This advantage must be balanced, however, against the

consequences mentioned previously. Consideration should also be given to whether

the hole section is to be drilled in one or two passes.

2.6.6 ROTARY SPEED

Higher RPM reduces the depth of cut and generates smaller cuttings that are less

prone to ball the bit and inhibit ROP. In addition, a drill string rotating at a high RPM

improves cuttings removal and hole cleaning.

2.6.7 WEIGHT ON BIT

Weight on bit (WOB) is the amount of axial load or thrust applied to the drill bit to

make it penetrate subterranean formations. The load is most often generated by the

weight of bottom hole assembly (BHA) components immediately above the drill bit

that are run in compression. In vertical wells, the gravitational force is aligned with

the wellbore axis, so the entire weight of components is available for generating axial

load. As wellbore inclination increases, however, the percentage of the component

19
weight available for generating axial load decreases. To overcome this problem,

special devices such as tractors or thrusters are sometimes used to provide the axial

load required to drill ahead.

2.6.8 BIT DESIGN

Bi-centered bits are used extensively in deep water drilling operations. The design of

these bits is still evolving to maximize drilling performance (e.g., cutter size and

reaming capability). Diamond Products International Bi-Center Bit Specifications.

The arrangement of bit nozzles can significantly affect drilling performance. Use of

an asymmetrical nozzle arrangement tends to improve the drilling of shale. Fully

extended nozzles can aggravate bit balling, but mini-extended nozzles have proven

quite effective. Preliminary data suggests that vortex nozzles may also help in

reducing bit balling. Bit jets are usually sized to achieve minimum required pressure

drop (approximately 500 psi) to allow MWD tools to pulse. Bits which generate small

cuttings should be used, particularly with water-based muds. The smaller the strands

of PDC cuttings, the less likely they are to merge or mesh and result in bottom

balling of the bit.

2.7 BIT SELECTION

It is a very important feature in the drilling cost of a well bore. To achieve detail

selection the driller has to consult past bit records and evidence of previous well

drilled. The drilling engineer is expected to include some unique factors in planning

his well so as to obtain a minimum cost.

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Also different logs, such as electric log on the control wells are favourable in

planning. Bit records from control wells. Plotted on their electric logs provide

essential insights in planned bit selection. The best knowledge of bit selection today

is for experience personal to have knowledge and bit performance under various

weight and speed combining this knowledge with the electric cost log-bit record will

yield minimum drilling cost programmes when selecting a bit three basic factors are

to be considered, and they are:

i. Durability

ii. Effectiveness

iii. Bit cost per foot

2.7.1 DURABILITY

Usually, most bit are recommended to last for at least 40-45 hours on the hole after

which we can change the bit. So in selecting a bit we must consider its durability. Or

else, regular “round trip” might be very costly to the drilling contractor. In fact the trip

cost might be greater than the cost of the bit itself. So the use of a lifeless bit for a

job might be a bad investment even if it were present to the drilling personnel as

alms (gift). Conclusively, the right bit should be used for the right formation to

improve durability and reduce regular round trip.

2.7.2 EFFECTIVENESS

Another main factor to be considered while the bit is at the bottom of the hole is

effectiveness, i.e. the ability of the bit to be effective. This factor complement
21
durability. It also depends on the formation and the types of bit chosen to drill

through the formation we are drilling. In these regard, we are required to use the

appropriate bit and which gives the best result for the formation we are drilling. That

is, hard formation should be drilled using hard formation bit, medium formation and

soft formation for soft formation bit respectively. This can improve the effectiveness

of a bit in the formation it is being used for in drilling operations.

The effectiveness of a drill bit varies by formation type. There are three types of

formations: soft, medium and hard. A soft formation includes unconsolidated sands,

clays, soft limestone, red beds and shale. Medium formations include calcites,

dolomites, limestone, and hard shale. Hard formations include hard shale, calcites,

mudstones, cherty lime stones and hard and abrasive formations

But let us consider when a driller encounters an alternating layers of formation such

as soft material, hard brittle section, hard abrasive bed In the same strata.

In ideal situation we do not have to change bit round trip at every interval which may

be costly, hence a bit must be chosen to compromise this situation. That is a bit that

will perform effectively well for a long time before it will completely wear out.

2.7.3 BIT COST PER FOOT

This is a very sensitive factor in selecting bits. Cost calculations are made and the

data is compared with that from the offset well and then the drilling engineer knows
22
the performance of the bit in cost per foot. All what he does is to use the cost per

equation and break even analysis to evaluate the cost and consider the one that will

give the minimum cost drilling the hole during the drilling operation.

2.8 CARE OF BIT (ROCK BIT)

Bit care are not usually considered by some drilling operations. If the maximum care

is given to the bits, the performances will be more better compared to when the bit is

not given special care. Bit care has a very sensitive effect on the bit performance.

One has to be very careful in handling bits and following these instructions below

coupled with experience during field operations so as not to make the bit ineffective

or dull before we send it to the bottom of the hole.

2.8.1 MAKING UP THE BITS

In making up our drill bit along a drill string there are some crucial steps which must

not be ignored, in order to run a successful and accident free procedure. It is as

stated below.

(i) Open the base containing the bit carefully and check the thread on the

shank and clean them if necessary.

(ii) Treat the thread with a lubricant; clean thread lubricant of the type

recommended for tool-joint thread.

(iii) Lock the rotary table. Cover the hole and place the bit breaker in the

locked rotary table. Place the bit in the breaker and lower the collar or

collar sub over the shank. Rotate this collar by hand until it shoulder is on

the bit.

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(iv) Place the make-up tong on the collar just above the bit apply torque as

recommended.

(v) Be sure to use the correct breaker plate for the size and type of bit

being run. As shown in Fig 2.10

24
FIG 2.10 MAKING UP THE DRILL BIT

25
2.8.2 INSTALLATION OF BIT NOZZLE.

In changing bit nozzle proper care must be taken. To ensure that the right type of

nozzle is replaced and this can be determined by the nozzle guage only. Steel rule

should not be used to avoid fixing over size or undersize nozzle. The following steps

are taken in changing of bit nozzle.

i. Inspect the nozzle for any sharp edges which could cut the O-ring.

ii. Grease the bit nozzle OD and nozzle bore to ensure it will slide past the o

ring. You can use the grease from the nozzle bore protectors as long as it

contains no debris that could damage the O-ring

iii. Clean out any grease and dirt from the nozzle and nozzle bore, after removing

the nozzle bore protectors.

iv. Replace the O-ring if necessary. Feel for any foreign objects in the O-ring

groove. The proper size O-ring groove should fit snugly on the OD of the

nozzle. Using fingers only, insert the O-ring into the groove, ensuring that it’s

not mistakenly placed in the pin groove.

v. Check the O-ring in the nozzle bore which should be seated in a groove below

the groove for the pin lock. Feel and look for any foreign objects, making sure

the O-ring is in place all around, and that it’s not damaged.

vi. Insert the nozzle, using thumbs, by pressing the nozzle firmly into the bore,

working it slightly until it slides past the O-ring and seats on the shoulder of

the nozzle bore. If it’s extremely hard to start, check for foreign matter
26
 between the O-ring and the O-ring groove. Never hammer the nozzle into

place. This can chip or crack the nozzle and damage the O-ring. Protective

eye wear should be worn, since tungsten carbide nozzles can chip easily from

any impact.

vii. Confirm that the retaining pin is the correct length, then insert the pin into the

retaining pin hole. Tap it with a hammer until the head is flush with the bit

body. A properly installed pin could be slightly loose fit

FIG 2.11 ASSEMBLAGE OF THE JET NOZZLE

2.8.3 RUNNING BIT TO BOTTOM

A situation whereby the wall of the well is encroaching into the hole, how to make the

bit to pass through such region in the hole to avoid damage is what one will think of

doing. A bit guide may be needed where this kind of problem occurred. If the hole is

a “carrot shaped hole” one have to ream down carefully with the new bit. If there are

cuttings that settled down on the bottom, run the bit, without rotating, carefully with

full circulation to clean the hole. As shown in fig 2.12

27
 FIG 2.12 RUNNING THE DRILL BIT TO THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE

2.9 COST ANALYSIS

As earlier complained, the recent trend toward deeper and costlier holes has led to

the development of various rock bits which can stay in the hole longer, drill more

footage and eliminate expenses. As a result there is a need for bits that can perform

to enhance these qualities, ever increasing types of bit have become available, these

are the milled tooth bit and the insert bit which are designed to have either sealed or

non-sealed bearing. The various design have made the various bits to have different

prices, footage drilled, penetration rate, and rotary hour. But all these factors have

28
lost their significance, the only factor considered in drilling or selecting a bit is the

cost per foot comparison.

2.9.1 COST PER FOOT EQUATION

The most realistic and approved method for evaluation of drilling bit performance by

IADC was for cost of foot. Using this parameter, it is possible to achieve an optimum

relationship between penetration rates bit cost. The drilling cost per foot as related to

these variables can be determined by the equation.

CT = B+CR(T+t)

Where,

CT= Drilling cost per foot ($/ft)

B= Bit cost ($)

CR= Rig operating cost ($/hr)

T= Rotating or drilling time

t= Trip time (hr)

F= Footage drilled by bit (ft)

from the equation, it shows that cost per foot is controlled by a number of variable for

a given bit cost (B) and hole depth (ft), cost per foot will be highly sensitive to change

in rig cost per hour (R), trip time (t) and rotating time (T). The principle for evaluation

of bit on the basis of cost/ft in a given formation of a hole section is usually

29
comparative where a bit with the minimum value of cost per foot deemed to have the

best performance.

This formula can be used to ascertain the best bit on minimum cost per foot analysis.

So bit performance is not judged by the footage drilled, penetration rate, bit cost, etc.

but it is based on the cost per foot.

2.9.2 BREAK EVEN CALCULATION

This is a method of bit selection based on minimum cost analysis from an offset

wells. The procedure for this technique is simply as following (Rob March 2002):-

i. Select the offset control wells.

ii. Obtain bit records from the offset wells.

iii. Determine the rig cost for the prospect wells.

iv. Select the condition that gave the lowest cost per foot result using the breakeven

calculating equation to determine the best bit with minimum cost per foot to be run

on a given interval using the formula.

ROPBE=______ RR ______

(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))

Where;

ROPBE= Breakeven Penetration Rate (ft/hr)

RR= Hourly Rig Rate ($/hr)

F= Assumed footage for breakeven (ft)

T= Trip Time (hour)

B= Bit cost ($)

30
 C= Bit cost per foot ($/ft)

With this equation, it is possible to determine the possible performance by a different

bit to give cost per foot performance equal to that achieved with the current bit

selection.

2.9.3 SPECIFIC ENERGY

This method provides a simple and practical method for evaluation of drill bits. The

specific energy of a drilling bit can be defined as the energy requires for it to remove

a unit rock volume. The equation for specific energy can be derived by considering

the mechanical energy E, expended by the bit in one minute.

E= W×2ᴫR×N - - - - - - - (1)

Where,

E= mechanical energy.

W= weight on bit (lb)

N= rotary speed (rpm)

r= radius of the bit.

The volume of rock removed in 1min is

V= (ᴫR2) × PR (ft/hr) - - - - - (2)

Where PR = penetration rate

Specific energy = E/V

This implies S.E= W X 2 X ᴫ X R X N

31
 ᴫ X R2 X PR

Nevertheless: R is inch (in)

W is in pounds (lb)

PR is in ft/hr

This implies S.E= W (lb) X 2 X ᴫ X R (in) X N

ᴫ X R2 (in2) X PR (ft/hr)

Recall that: 12in = 1ft

60min = 1hr

This implies S.E= W (lb) X 2 X N X (in)

R (in2) X PR (12in/60min)

S.E= W (lb) X 2 X 60min X N X (in)

R (in2) X PR (12in)

= 10WN(lb-in)

R X PR(in3)

But R= D/2

= 2X10 X WN(in-lb)

D X PR(in3)

S.E= 20WN (IN-LB)/ IN3

D X PR

The specific energy is highly dependent on weight on bit, rotating speed and time. It

is also dependent on the fundamental property of rock (density).This means that for
32
a given formation; a soft formation will produce a value of specific energy different

from that of the hard formation. The specific energy method thus affords operators

with the accurate means of evaluating bit performance within a section of hole. The

bit that is given the least value of specific energy in a given section of hole is the

most economic bit.

2.9.4 DRILLING INDEX

The drilling index approach method of evaluation draws on the strength of the

methods that have been discussed earlier. It captures the variations of rock removal

mechanism of different rock bit types and distinguishes the relationship between

technology and performance. It permits the evaluation of bit performance according

to operators specific needs, as dictated by the well profile and drilling program.

CHAPTER THREE

CASE STUDY

3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF WELLS

33
The record data for this project was obtained from “pan ocean oil corporation”

Nigeria at Benin Edo State of Nigeria. The data contains the bit record of the wells,

WELL-OG#1 and WELL-OG#2.

WELL-OG #1 was spudded on December 29, 2009 and was drilled directionally to

a total depth of 10775ft to primarily test and develop the Length from Deep1 to

Deep3 sands for oil and gas production and to secondarily appraise and re-

evaluate the sands between E-4 and K sands to better understand their

hydrocarbon potential. The hole was re-conditioned prior to running and

cementing 9 5/8” casing with shoe at 10278ft. The well was secured and Rig T57

released at 2400hrs of May 31, 2010.

WELL-OG #2 was spudded on September 26, 2009 and was drilled directionally to

a total depth of 13203ft to primarily develop the H, J and L sands for oil /

condensate production and to secondarily test and develop the A through G

sands, the well head and the rig was released at 24:00hrs of December 06,

2009.

TABLE 3.1 DRILLING BIT USED IN WELL-OG#1

34
Bit Bit Bit type Depth Depth Footage Rot. Trip Arop Bit cost

size make in (ft) out (ft) (ft) Hour time (ft/hr (d)

(hr) (hr)
16” Reed T135 190 3660 3470 102 4 34.020 20,980
16” Reed T135 3642 6250 2608 99.5 6 26.211 20,980
12¼” Reed PDC 6250 6807 557 17 7 32.765 68,000
12¼” Reed DSR616M 6807 7673 886 27 7 32.074 28,000
12¼” Reed DSR616M 7673 10716 3043 82.8 9 36.751 28,000
8½” Reed MSR616M 10716 10716 0 0 9 0 58,380
8½” Reed MSR616M 10716 10775 59 10 10 5.900 58,380

TABLE 3.2 DRILLING BIT USED IN WELL-OG#2

Bit Bit Bit type Depth Depth Footage Rot. Trip Arop Bit

size make in (ft) out (ft) Hour time(hr) (ft/hr) cost(d)

(ft) (hr)
16” Baker T13 237 4100 3863 75 4 51.507 28000

16” Baker T13 4100 5995 1895 79 6 23.987 28000

12¼” Reed MSR616M 5995 7616 1621 92.5 7 17.524 20980

12¼” Hughes HCM506ZX 7616 8010 394 14 7 28.143 68000

12¼” Reed R12A 8010 8966 956 51.13 8 18.697 30920

12¼” Reed MSR616M 8966 11000 2034 116 10 17.534 58980

8½” Reed DSX713M 11000 13203 2203 105 12 20.981 58380

3.2 EVALUATION OF BIT PERFORMANCE IN WELL-OG#1

3.2.1 COST PER FOOT ANALYSIS OF BITS USED IN WELL-OG#1

CT= B+CR(T+t)

F
35
CT= cost per foot

B= Bit cost

t= rotation hours in hours (drilling time)

T= trip time in hours (round trip)

CR= rig cost

1. Drilling cost per foot of bit run 1, 16” REED T135 bit

B= $20,980 R= $860/hr t=4hrs

T=102hrs F= 3,470ft

CT= 20,980+860(102+4)

3,470

CT= 20,980+860(106)

3,470

CT= 20,980+90,730

3,470

CT= 112,140 = $32.32/ft

3,470

2. Drilling cost per foot of bit run 2, 16” REED T135 bit

B= $20,980 R= $860/hr t=6hrs

T=99.5hrs F= 2,608ft

CT= 20,980+860(99.5+6)

2,608

CT= 20,980+860(105.5)

2,608

36
 CT= 20,980+90,730

2,608

CT= 111,710 = $42.83/ft

2,608

3. Drilling cost per foot of bit run3, 12 ¼” REED PDC bit

B= $68,000 R= $860/hr t=7hrs

T=17hrs F= 557

CT= 68,000+860(17+7)

557

CT= 68,000+860(24)

557

CT= 68,000+20,640

557

CT= 88,640 = $159.14/ft

557

4. Drilling cost per foot of bit run4, 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit

B= $28,000 R= $860/hr t=7hrs

T=27hrs F= 886ft
CT= 28,000+860(27+7)
886
CT= 28,000+860(34)
886

CT= 28,000+29,240
886
CT= 57,240 = $64.60/ft
886
5. Drilling cost per foot of bit run 5, 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit
B= $28,000 R= $860/hr t= 9hrs
T= 82.8hrs F= 3,034ft
CT= 28,000+860(82.8+9)
3,034
CT= 28,000+860(91.8)
37
 3,034
CT= 28,000+78,948
3,034
CT= 106,948 = $35.15/ft
3,034
6. Drilling cost per foot of bit run 6, 8 ½” REED MSR616M bit
CT= 0
7. Drilling cost per foot of bit run 7, 8 ½” REED MSR616M bit
B= $58,380 R= $860/hr t=10hrs
T=10hrs F= 59ft
CT= 58,380+860(10+10)
59
CT= 58,380+860(20)
59
CT= 58,380+17,200
59
CT= 75,580 = $1,281.02/ft
59
3.2.2 BREAKEVEN CALCULATION OF BIT USED IN WELL-OG#1

ROPBE=______ RR ______

(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))

Where;

ROPBE= Breakeven Penetration Rate (ft/hr)

RR= Hourly Rig Rate ($/hr)

F= Assumed footage for breakeven (ft)

T= Trip Time (hour)

B= Bit cost ($)

C= Bit cost per foot ($/ft)

Breakeven calculation for the 16” section of the well with footage of 6,078ft.

1. Breakeven calculation using 16” REED T135 bit run 1

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 4hrs B= $20,980
Ft= 6,078ft C= $32.32/ft
ROPBE= 860___________
(32.32-(((860×4)+20,980)/6,078

38
 ROPBE= 860___________

(32.32-((3,440+20,980)/6,078

ROPBE= 860_______

(32.32-(24,420/6,078)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

32.32 - 4.02 28.30

ROPBE= 30.38ft/hr

2. Breakeven calculation using 16” REED T135 bit run 2

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 6hrs B= $20,980
Ft= 6,078ft C= $42.83/ft
ROPBE= 860___________
(42.83-(((860×6)+20,980)/6,078

ROPBE= 860___________

(42.83-((5,160+20,980)/6,078

ROPBE= 860_______

(42.83-(26,140/6,078)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

42.83 – 4.30 38.53

ROPBE= 22.32ft/hr

3. Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED PDC bit run 3

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 7hrs B= $68,000
Ft= 4,486ft C= $159.14/ft
ROPBE= 860___________
(159.14-(((860×7)+68,000)/4,486

39
 ROPBE= 860___________

(159.14-((6,020+68,000)/4,486

ROPBE= 860_______

(159.14-(74,020/4,486)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

159.14 – 16.51 142.63

ROPBE= 6.03ft/hr

4 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit run 4

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 7hrs B= $28,000
Ft= 4,486ft C= $64.60/ft
ROPBE= 860___________
(64.60-(((860×7)+28,000)/4,486

ROPBE= 860___________

(64.60-((6,020+28,000)/4,486

ROPBE= 860_______

(64.60-(34,020/4,486)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

64.60 – 6.24 58.35

ROPBE= 14.47ft/hr

40
 5 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit run 5

ROPBE= ______ RR________

(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 9hrs B= $28,000
Ft= 4,486ft C= $35.15/ft
ROPBE= 860___________
(35.15-(((860×9)+28,000)/4,486

ROPBE= 860___________

(35.15-((7,740+28,000)/4,486

ROPBE= 860_______

(35.15-(35,740/4,486)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

35.15 – 7.97 27.18

ROPBE= 31.64ft/hr

6 Break even calculation using 8 ½” REED MSR616M bit run 6

ROPBE= 0
7 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit run 4
ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $860/hr T= 10hrs B= $58,380
Ft= 59ft C= $1,281.02/ft
ROPBE= 860__________
(1,281.02-(((860×10)+58,380)/59

ROPBE= 860___________

(1,281.02-((8,600+58,380)/59

41
 ROPBE= 860_______

(1,281.02-(66,980/59)

ROPBE= 860______ = 860

1,281.02 – 1,135.25 145.75

ROPBE= 5.90ft/hr

3.3 EVALUATION BIT PERFORMANCE IN WELL-OG#2

3.3.1 COST PER FOOT ANALYSIS OF BITS USED IN WELL-OG#2

CT= B+CR(T+t)

CT= cost per foot

B= Bit cost
42
 t= rotation hours in hours (drilling time)

T= trip time in hours (round trip)

CR= rig cost

1 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 1, 16” BAKER T13 bit

B= $28,000 R= $855/hr t=4hrs

T=75hrs F= 3,863ft

CT= 28,000+855(75+4)

3,863

CT= 28,000+855(79)

3,863

CT= 28,000+67,545

3,863

CT= 95,545 = $24.73/ft

3,863

2 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 2, 16” BAKER T13 bit

B= $28,000 R= $855/hr t=6hrs

T=79hrs F= 1,895ft

CT= 28,000+855(79+6)

1,895

CT= 28,000+855(85)

1,895

CT= 28,000+72,675

1,895

43
 CT= 100,675 = $53.17/ft

1,895

3 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 3, 12 ¼” REED MSR616M bit

B= $20,980 R= $855/hr t=7hrs

T=92.5hrs F= 1,621ft

CT= 20,980+855(92.5+7)

1,621

CT= 20,980+855(99.5)

1,621

CT= 20,980+85,072.5

1,621

CT= 106,052.5 = $65.42/ft

1,621

4 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 4,12 ¼” HUGHES CHRISTENSEN

HCM506ZX bit

B= $68,000 R= $855/hr t=7hrs

T=14hrs F= 394ft

CT= 68,000+855(14+7)

394

CT= 68,000+855(21)

394

CT= 68,000+17,955

394
44
 CT= 85,955 = $218.16/ft

394

5 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 5, 12 ¼” REED R12A bit

B= $30,920 R= $855/hr t=8hrs

T=51.13hrs F= 956ft

CT= 30,920+855(51.13+8)

956

CT= 30,920+855(59.13)

956

CT= 30,920+50,556.15

956

CT= 81,476.15 = $85.23/ft

956

6 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 1, 16” BAKER T13 bit

B= $58,980 R= $855/hr t=10hrs

T=116hrs F= 2,034ft

CT= 58,980+855(116+10)

2,034

CT= 58,980+855(126)

2,034

CT= 58,980+107,730

2,034

CT= 166,710 = $81.96/ft

2,034
45
 7 Drilling cost per foot of bit run 1, 16” BAKER T13 bit

B= $58,380 R= $855/hr t=12hrs

T=105hrs F= 2,203ft

CT= 58,380+855(105+12)

2,203

CT= 58,380+855(117)

2,203

CT= 58,380+100,035

2,203

CT= 158,415 = $71.91/ft

2,203

3.3.2 BREAKEVEN CALCULATION OF BITS USED IN WELL-OG#2

ROPBE=______ RR ______

(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))

Where;

ROPBE= Breakeven Penetration Rate (ft/hr)

RR= Hourly Rig Rate ($/hr)

F= Assumed footage for breakeven (ft)

T= Trip Time (hour)

B= Bit cost ($)

C= Bit cost per foot ($/ft)

Breakdown calculation for the 16” section of the well with footage of 5,485ft.

1 Breakeven calculation using 16” BAKER bit run 1

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 4hrs B= $28,000
Ft= 5,758ft C= $24.73/ft
46
 ROPBE= 855___________
(24.73-(((855×4)+28,000)/5,758))

ROPBE= 855_________

(24.73-((3,420+28,000)/5,758)

ROPBE= 855_______

(24.73-(31,420/5,758)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

24.73 – 5.46 19.27

ROPBE= 44.37ft/hr

2 Breakeven calculation using 16” BAKER bit run 1

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 6hrs B= $28,000
Ft= 5,758ft C= $53.17/ft
ROPBE= 855___________
(53.17-(((855×6)+28,000)/5,758))

ROPBE= 855_________

(53.17-((5,130+28,000)/5,758)

ROPBE= 855_______

(53.17-(33,130/5,758)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

53.17 – 5.75 47.42

47
 ROPBE= 18.03ft/hr

3 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED MSR616M bit run 3

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 7hrs B= $20,980
Ft= 5,005ft C= $65.42/ft
ROPBE= 855___________
(65.42-(((855×7)+20,980)/5,005))

ROPBE= 855_________

(65.42-((5,985+20,980)/5,005)

ROPBE= 855_______

(65.42-(26,965/5,005)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

65.42 – 5.39 60.03

ROPBE= 14.24ft/hr

4 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” HUGHES CHRISTENSEN HCM506ZX bit

run 1
ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 7hrs B= $68,000
Ft= 5,005ft C= $218.16/ft
ROPBE= 855___________
(218.16-(((855×7)+68,000)/5,005))

ROPBE= 855_________

(218.16-((5,985+68,000)/5,005)

48
 ROPBE= 855_______

(218.16-(73,985/5,758)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

218.16 – 14.78 203.38

ROPBE= 4.20ft/hr

5 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED R12A bit run 5

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 8hrs B= $30,920
Ft= 5,005ft C= $85.23/ft

ROPBE= 855___________
(85.23-(((855×8)+30,920)/5,005))

ROPBE= 855_________

(85.23-((6,840+30,920)/5,005)

ROPBE= 855_______

(85.23-(37,760/5,005)

ROPBE= 855_____ = 855

85.23 – 7.54 77.68

ROPBE= 11.01ft/hr

6 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED MSR616M bit run 6

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 10hrs B= $58,980
Ft= 5,005ft C= $81.96/ft
ROPBE= 855___________
49
 (81.96-(((855×10)+58,980)/5,005))

ROPBE= 855_________

(81.96-((8550+58,980)/5,005)

ROPBE= 855_______

(81.96-(67,530/5,758)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

81.96 – 13.49 68.46

ROPBE= 12.49ft/hr

7 Breakeven calculation using 12 ¼” REED DSX713M bit run 7

ROPBE= ______ RR________
(C-(((RR×T)+B)/F))
RR= $855/hr T= 12hrs B= $58,380
Ft= 2,203ft C= $71.91/ft
ROPBE= 855___________
(71.91-(((855×12)+58,380)/2,203)

ROPBE= 855_________

(71.91-((10,260+58,380)/2,203)

ROPBE= 855_______

(71.91-(68,640/2,203)

ROPBE= 855______ = 855

50
 71.91 – 31.16 40.75

ROPBE= 20.98ft/hr

TABLE 3.3: RESULTS OF COST PER FOOT AND BREAKEVEN CALCULATION IN WELL-OG#1

51
Bit Bit Bit Bit type Footag Rot Trip Cost per Breakeven

run size make e (ft) hour time foot ($/ft) analysis

(hr) (hr) (ft/hr)

1 16” Reed T135 3,470 102 4 32.32 30.38

2 16” Reed T135 2,608 99.5 6 42.83 22.32

3 12¼” Reed PDC 557 17 7 159.14 6.03

4 12¼” Reed DSR616M 886 27 7 64.60 14.74

5RR4 12¼” Reed DSR616M 3,043 82.8 9 35.15 31.64

6 8 ½” Reed MSR616M 0 0 9 0 0

7RR6 8 ½” Reed MSR616M 59 10 10 1,281.02 5.90

TABLE 3.4: RESULTS OF COST PER FOOT AND BREAKEVEN CALCULATION

IN WELL-OG#2

Bit Bit Bit Bit type Footage Rot Trip Cost per Breakeven

run size make (ft) hour time foot ($/ft) analysis

(hr) (hr) (ft/hr)

1 16” Baker T13 3,863 75 4 24.73 44.37

2 16” Baker T13 1,895 79 6 53.17 18.03

52
3 12¼” Reed MSR616M 1,621 92.5 7 65.42 14.24

4 12¼” Hughes HCM506ZX 394 14 7 218.16 4.20

5 12¼” Reed R12A 956 51.13 8 85.23 11.01

6 12¼” Reed MSR616M 2,034 116 10 81.96 12.49

7 8 ½” Reed DSX713M 2,203 105 12 71.91 20.98

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULT

4.1 BIT PERFORMANCE IN WELL-OG#1

In PAN OCEAN on well-OG#1, the first bit (16” REED T135), the first section of well

was drilled with two 16” REED T135 bit of the same make and type. The first bit used

to drill footage of 3,470ft, at a rotation per hour of 102hrs and an average trip time of

4hrs. It gave a cost per foot of $32.32/ft and on breakeven analysis, it had a

breakeven rate of penetration of 30.38ft/hr.

53
A footage of 2,608ft was drilled by the second bit at a rotation per hour of 99.5hrs,

using an average trip time of 6hrs. it drilled at a cost per foot of $42.83/ft and

breakeven penetration rate of 22.32ft/hr.

The third bit (12 ¼” REED PDC), drilled footage of 557ft at a rotation per hour of

17hrs and an average trip time of 7hrs. a cost per foot of $159.14/ft and a breakeven

penetration rate of 6.03ft/hr was drilled.

The fourth bit (12 ¼” REED DSR616M), drilled footage of 886ft at a rotation per hour

of 27hrs and an average trip time of 7hrs. a cost per foot of $64.60/ft and a

breakeven penetration rate of 14.74ft/hr.

The fifth bit (12 ¼” REED DSR616M), drilled footage of 3,043ft at a rotation per hour

of 82.8hrs and an average trip time of 9hrs. a cost per foot of $35.15/ft and a

breakeven penetration rate of 31.64ft/hr.

The third section of the well was drilled with two (2) 8 ½” REED DSR616M bit of the

same make and type. The sixth bit was used for conditioning of the hole, it gained no

footage or rotary hour and had a trip time of 9hrs. thereby, has no cost per foot or

breakeven value.

A footage of 59ft was drilled by the seventh bit at rotation hour of 10hrs, using an

average trip time of 10hrs. it drilled at a cost per foot of $1,281.02/ft and a breakeven

penetration rate of 5.90ft/hr.

4.2 BIT PERFORMANCE IN WELL-OG#2

In well-OG#2 of PAN OCEAN CORPORATION, the first section of the well drill was

drilled with two 16” BAKER T13 bit of the same make and type. The first bit use to

54
drill footage of 3,863ft, at a rotation hour of 75hrs and an average trip time of 4hrs, it

gave a cost per foot of $24.73/ft and on breakeven analysis, it had a breakeven rate

of penetration of 44.37ft/hr.

A footage of 1,621ft was drilled by the second bit at a rotation hour of 79hrs, using an

average trip time of 6hrs. It drilled at a cost per foot of $53.17/ft and a breakeven

penetration rate of 18.03ft/hr.

The third bit (12 ¼” REED MSR616M), drilled footage of 1,621ft at a rotation hour of

92.5hrs and an average trip time of 7hrs. A cost per foot of $65.42/ft and a

breakeven penetration rate of 14.24ft/hr was drilled.

The fourth bit (12 ¼” HUGHES CHRISTENSEN HCM506ZX), drilled footage of 394ft

at a rotation hour of 14hrs and an average trip time of 7hrs. A cost per foot of

$218.16/ft and a breakeven penetration rate of 4.20ft/hr.

The fifth bit (12 ¼” REED R12A), drilled footage of 956ft at a rotation hour of

51.13hrs and an average trip time of 8hrs. A cost per foot of $85.23/ft and a

breakeven penetration rate of 11.01ft/hr.

The sixth bit (12 ¼” REED MSR616M), drilled footage of 2,034ft at a rotation hour of

116hrs and an average trip time of 10hrs. A cost per foot of $81.96/ft and a

breakeven penetration rate of 12.49ft/hr.

The seventh bit (8 ½” REED DSX713M), drilled footage of 2,203 at a rotation hour of

105hrs and average trip time of 12hrs, a cost per foot of $71.91/ft and a breakeven

penetration rate of 20.98ft/hr.

4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

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With regards to the bit record of WELL-OG#1, a total of seven (7) bits were used but

the actual number of bits that drilled the well to its total depth of 10,775ft were six (6)

and the well was drilled in three sections of different diameter.

The first which was 16” in diameter had footage of 6,078ft, was drilled with two (2)

bits of the same make and types (REED T135). The bit that has the best

performance in this section was the first bit run with the lowest cost per foot and

highest breakeven penetration rate.

For the next section of hole which was drilled with 12 ¼” diameter bit, to a footage of

4,486ft with a total of three (3) bits of the same make and different types, the third bit

in these category (REED DSR616M) run in this section had the best performance

with the lowest cost per foot and the highest breakeven penetration rate.

The last section of the hole was drilled with two 8 ½” (REED MSR616M) diameter bit

to the total depth of 10,775ft with a footage of 59ft. it was drilled by only the second

bit which gave an incredible performance.

For WELL-OG#2, a total of seven (7) bits are used to drill the well of its total depth of

13,203ft, there are different sizes of bit used, (three sizes of bit to be precise) and it

shows that it was three sections of the well drilled. The first section was drilled with a

16” diameter bit which has a footage of 5,758ft, two (2) of this bit (BAKER T13)

which are of the same make and type were used. The first bit run gave the best

performance for drilling that section of the hole having the lowest cost per foot and

the highest breakeven rate.

The next section of the hole, which was 12 ¼” in diameter, which has different make

and type was drilled to a depth of 11,000ft and a footage of 5,005ft. the first bit run

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(REED MSR616M) gave the best performance with the lowest cost per foot and the

highest breakeven rate.

The 8 ½” diameter bit was used to drill last section of hole to 13,203ft and a footage

of 2,203ft. The REED DSX713M bit was the only bit used and had an incredible

performance.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The evaluation of drill bit performance using cost per foot equation compared with

breakeven calculation gave a better bit performance evaluation. From our analysis in

well-OG#1, the bit gave the best performance in drilling the surface section of the

hole was a 16” REED T135 (first run). For the deep section of the hole the 12 ¼”

REED DSR616M (third run) and 8 ½” REED MSR616M (first run) and the 8 ½”

REED DSX713M bits gave the best performance. Therefore, they would be

economical for use subsequently.

In well-OG#2, the 16” BAKER T13 (first run) gave an excellent performance in the

surface section of the hole. While the 12 ¼” REED MSR616M bit (first run) and the
57
8½” REED DSR713M bits gave the best performance for the deep section of the

hole.

From the performance evaluation and analysis results have shown that it would be

better economically to use these bits of excellent performance for future wells.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Due to result from the performance evaluation of the different bits used in drilling

well-OG#1 and well-OG#2 of various fields, the following recommendations can be

made;

I. For wells that are to be drilled subsequently in the same field as well-

OG#1, REED T135 bit should be used to drill the surface section of the

hole while for the deep section of the hole, 12 ¼” REED DSR616M bit and

8 ½” REED MSR616M bit should be used.

II. The BAKER T13 it should be used in drilling the surface section of the hole,

the REED MSR616M and REED DSX713M bits should be used to drill the

deeper section of the hole in wells that would be drilled subsequently in

the same field as well-OG#2.

III. From all indications, it is advisable that to get good bit optimization, the

evaluation of bit should be done using cost per foot equation with

breakeven analysis, because it has shown the best bit performance.

58
 REFERENCE

Allen, J.H (1981) “ diamond studded insert drag bit with strategically located

hydraulic passages for mud. U.S patent no4, 246, 977.

Baker (1980): design consideration for stud type pdc bit blanks paper presented at

the energy source technology conference and exhibition, new Orleans.

Cheathen, J.B ( September 1979), “ a study of factors, influencing the drillability of

shales: single cutter experiments with pdc bit drill blanks”. Journal of energy

resources technology.

Eckel, I.R and Nolley J.P (1979): an analysis of the various factors affecting the rate

of penetration of drag- type rotary bits, drilling and production practice”. APT dallar.

Preston L.M. (1974) drilling practice manual petroleum publishing company, Tulsa,

Third edition volume 2

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