1. 49.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
2. 50. Early Filipino literature consists of: Salawikain Bugtong Sayings Proverbs Legends Folk
tales Epic
3. 51. Spanish Period ( 1565-1898) The coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in the Philippines
in 1565 marked the start of more than 300 years of colonization; in the same manner that the
stay of Fray Andres Urdaneta started the evangelization of our country.
4. 52. There were several changes brought about by the Spanish colonization specifically in
Literature. The Filipino alphabet was replaced by the Roman alphabet. Teaching of Christian
Doctrine was the basic religious practices. Spanish language became the literary language
but not the medium of communication.
5. 53. Only informers and interpreters were allowed to use Spanish. European legends and
traditions were assimilated to the Filipino literature. Ancient literature were collected and
translated to dialects. Periodicals were of religious tone.
6. 54. Doctrina Christiana en Lengua espanola y tagalog - was the first book printed .It was
authored by Fr. Juan de Plasencia. Poetry continued to be the most popular vehicle for
literary expression during the Spanish time though they were church oriented.
7. 55. Different literary forms of the time were:
8. 56. Marian Hymns - songs dedicated to Virgin Pasyon - the verse narrative of the sufferings
and death of Christ. Panunuluyan - a play that dramatized Joseph’s and Mary’s search for
lodging. Cenaculo - dramatization of the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
9. 57. Salubong - meeting of the Risen Christ and His mother. Moriones - chase of Longinus by
the Roman soldiers . Tibag - Queen Elena’s search for the cross on which Christ died.
Pangangaluluwa - souls in purgatory are released on the night of All Saints’ Day.
10. 58. Karagatan - the throwing of the ring of a maiden to the sea Duplo - a long poetic joust
reasoning between bilyakas and bilyakos. Balagtasan - contest of skills in debate using
verses. Shadow Play - dramatic entertainment presented outdoors.
11. 59. Comedia - a play that demonstrates the victory of Christians over Muslims. Sainete -
short dramatic form used between acts of longer plays.
12. 60. Awit - a dodecasyllabic verses which are fabricated stories from writer’s imagination done
by chanting. (Florante at Laura). Corrido - an octosyllabic verse usually on stories from
European countries being narrated. (Ibong Adarna).
13. 61. Period of Emerging National Consciousness
14. 62. The execution of GOMBURZA after Fr. Pedro Pelaez’ death , and the coming of the
liberal- minded Spanish Governor Gov. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre transformed the Filipinos from
religious spirit to nationalism. The propaganda movement came into existence.
15. 63. Marcelo del Pilar wrote satire like Caiingat Cayo and Hikbi ng Pilipinas Ynang Espanya
which caused Andres Bonifacio to write a part of the triad in his Katapusang Hikbi ng
Pilipinas. Graciano Lopez-Jaena left the editorship of La Solidaridad and wrote Fray Botod.
16. 64. The Revolutionary Period
17. 65. The period had 2 phases: the revolution against Spain where writings were in Tagalog
written mostly by Bonifacio and Jacinto. The second phase was the revolution during the
Philippine-American War where serious plays appeared mostly written by the brains of the
revolutions. Apolinario Mabini.
18. 66. Literature during the American Regime
19. 67. Nationalistic spirit flourished together with mass education and literature was adopted
after American writers such as Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson.
20. 68. In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s instructions made English the official language of the
country. In 1901 American teachers arrived and in the same year, the Philippine Normal
School was founded with English as medium of instruction.
21. 69. By 1905, the Philippine Free Press was published as a bilingual weekly. In 1908 U.P was
founded to vie with the elite private schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers have mastered English
writing. Recognized abroad were Carlos Bulosan, and Jose Garcia Villa.
22. 70. The Zobel Prize was founded in 1921 by Don Enrique Zobel de Ayala for the best works
in Spanish but it didn’t last long because of lack of entries.
23. 71. Vernacular Literature
24. 72. The compulsory study of Tagalog-based national language in schools, widespread
circulation of Tagalog reading materials, Tagalog plays aired over the radio or television
made possible the flourishing of vernacular literature.
25. 73. Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually of three or more acts. Its name was taken from the
lodge where King Philip IV watched the play. Later on, Zarzuela was turned into the
vernacular which ended the existence of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang) wrote
Walang Sugat to prove that zarzuela was a better kind of play.
26. 74. Theater during the Japanese Occupation
27. 75. The Japanese occupation was a great period for Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed
renaissance for the following reasons: 1) American movies were banned 2) Writing in English
was discouraged 3) There was a difficulty in securing materials for movie making.
28. 76. Philippine Literature in English Period of Transition and Learning
29. 77. From Tagalog writings tried their hands in English. For Short Stories - Paz Marquez
Benitez and Paz Latorena For Poetry - Marcelo de Garcia-Concepcion For Essay - Vicente
Hilario and Eliseo Quirino For Novels - Zoilo Galang
30. 78. Period of Emergence and Recognition
31. 79. The period covers the commonwealth, Japanese occupation and the grant of
independence in 1946.The government through the Republic Heritage Awards gave
recognition.
32. 80. The Commonwealth Literary Awards. Winners were: Essay: Salvador Lopez Short Story:
Manuel Arguilla Estrella Alfon Novel: Juan C. Laya NVM Gonzales Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da
Costa Jose Garcia Villa
33. 81. The reestablishment of Commonwealth Government meant the resumption of
publications such as College journals. They provided outlets for young writers.
34. 82. Modern Period
35. 83. From 1960’s novel writers known in the country were NVM Gonzales, Celso
Carunungan, Francisco Sionil Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera, Bienvenido Santos. Essayists
were Francisco Arcellana, Renato Constantino, Ramon Guererro Nakpil, Alfredo Roces and
Leopoldo Yabes.
36. 84. Period of New Society (1972-1980)
37. 85. > The Period of the new society started on September 21, 1972. Military government
established a new office called the Ministry of Public Affairs that supervised the newspaper,
books, and other publications.
38. 86. > Singing both English and Filipino songs received fresh incentives. > Kislap and
Liwayway helped in the development of literature. > Theaters were rebuilt. > Pista ng mga
Pelikulang Pilipino was held yearly.
39. 87. Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
40. 88. On January 2, 1981, after 10 years, Martial Rule was lifted and the Third Republic
started. Despite the problems, Philippine Literature continued to shine. Thus, the Carlos
Palanca Award granted prizes to deserving literary works.
41. 89. Poetry was romantic and revolutionary so that language of literature was colorful yet
violent and insulting.