In the history of Philippines, the birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to topography, language

problems and colonial policy.

Nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst of sentiment. It is brought about by certain factors
that gradually develop. It is like a seed nourished by common ideals and aspiration for national unity.

Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or
becoming attached to, one's nation.

Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or
becoming attached to, one's nation. Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among the people of a certain
country.

Opening of Philippines to World Commerce

Transformed Philippines as the center for world trade

Provincial ports were opened to foreign merchants

-- rice, sugar, abaca, tobacco and indigo

The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed.

Rise of the middle class

-- intelligentsia or ilustrado

-- comprised of the Spanish and Chinese mestizos

Modernization of the country

-- 1839 : Mail service

-- 1852 : 1st paper money (Philippine bank)

-- 1880 : Hotel de Oriente (Binondo)

-- 1846 : 1st newspaper

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Due, primarily, to the opening of Philippines to world trade

The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a means to solve existing problems in the country

Also caused by the opening of the Suez Canal

-- November 17, 1869

The intellectuals of the country gained access to western political thought from the books and
newspapers brought by foreign travelers

-- Ideologies of the French and American Revolution

-- Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Jefferson

Regular Priests and Secular Priests

-- Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity.

-- Secular priests were trained to run the parishes and were under the
supervision of the bishops.

Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests

Secular priests must fill in the vacancy left by the regular clergy

The increase of number in Christian converts proved to be too much compared to the number of clerics

Due to lack of personnel, the various religious orders opened membership to young native Filipinos

-- 1698: Francisco Baluyut – 1st indio priest

Conflict mounted between the Spanish friars and Filipino

Priests

-- Father Pedro Pelaez

- defended the rights of the Filipino clergy

He was welcomed by both Filipinos and Spaniards

-- June 23, 1869

A liberal Spaniard who practiced liberal and democratic principles

He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited secularization of education

Developed a close relationship with the ilustrados

The peaceful settlement of agrarian unrest in Cavite

-- Guisas de la Torre (Guardia Civil)

- police force headed by Camerino, the leader of the revolt

Alpargatas

- the Spanish national footwear for peasants

The liberal government established by Gov. – Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre ended

-- General Rafael Izquierdo

- marked the end of liberal policies

200 Filipino Soldiers (Cavite arsenal)

-- abolition of exemption from polo y servicio and payment of annual tribute

-- January 20, 1872

- the mutiny broke out under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid

-- January 27, 1872

- 41 mutineers were executed including Camerino

Father Mariano Gomez

Father Jose Burgos

Father Jacinto Zamora

February 17, 1872

-- executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion

Refers to an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures

Questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms

Their deaths awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos

-- Propaganda Movement

-- It was organized and participated by the illustrados

Propaganda Movement

-- Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards.

-- Recognition of the Philippines as province of Spain.

-- Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes

-- Secularization of Philippine parishes.

-- Human rights