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Key
(a) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view to being re-used should not be considered as temporary.
152 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Note
(1) Depending on their specific use and based on justificatory documents, Categories C2, C3 and C4 may be classified as Category C5;
(2) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 6.3.2 for storage and industrial activity.
Key
(a) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 6.3.2.2(2) for Category C4 and C5. See SR EN 2990:2004 when dynamic effects need to be considered. For category E, see SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 table
6.3;
(b) Access areas for category F are limited by the structural dimensions;
(c) Areas for category F and G are signalled accordingly.
154 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
2,5 to The most unfavourable loading load distributed over a 0,8 m width along the hand rail area qk = 4,00 [kN/m2]
balconies 2,0
4,0 case load distributed over the entire balcony area qk = 2,50 [kN/m2]
B 2,5 4,5
C11 2,0 4,0
C C1 C12 2,0 4,0
C12 3,0 4,0
auditoriums qk = 3,00 [kN/m2]
3,0 to
C2 4,0 For conference rooms, theatres, concert halls/similar (in buildings),
4,0 qk = 4,00 [kN/m2]
waiting rooms in railway/metro stations
C3 4,0 4,0
C4 5,0 7,0
4, 0 to railway/metro platforms, sports stands with fixed seats qk = 4,00 [kN/m2]
C5 4,5 For
5,0 category of use C5 qk = 5,00 [kN/m2]
D1 4,0 4,0
D
D2 5,0 7,0
155 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Roofs and roofs not accessible slope > 1:20 qk = 0,50 [kN/m2]
(a)
0,5 Qk
with slope ≤ 1:20 qk =0,75 [kN/m2]
H
roofs and roof-tops qk = 1,00 [kN/m2]
0,75 (a)
Qk
roofs not accessible qk = 0,50 [kN/m2]
Note
(1) Where floors are subjected to loads from technological processes, different loading cases should be taken into account in accordance with the imposed loading conditions for
buildings;
(2) The imposed load specified for balconies should be used for balcony structural member and balcony wall design; for wall design at lower storeys and foundations, the load should be
considered to be equal to the load acting on the floors in rooms with direct access to the balcony;
(3) For floors loaded with heavy imposed loads due to heavy objects, equipment, machinery etc., the imposed loads are considered to be acting on the actual area occupied by these,
according to their actual seating on the floor; no other loads from technological processes should be taken into account in these areas;
(4) Sports stands should be designed to resist horizontal loads equal to 2/20 of the vertical loads, uniformly distributed over the same loading areas;
(5) For buildings of unspecified category of use, in particular of uncertain future use, the imposed load values for category D2 should be used;
(6) For any change of building usage, it is mandatory for the designer to inform the building owner or the building occupants that building structure should be verified for new imposed
loads;
2
{-} in between 200 m and 500 m from the dust source: 0,5 kN m ;
(-) in the vicinity of furnaces and central electric or coal heating plants:
2
{-} up to 200 m from the dust source: 0,5 kN m ;
2
{-} in between 200 m and 2000 m from the dust source: 0, 25 kN m ;
(11) The point load Qk should be applied in the most unfavourable location on a square surface with a 20 cm side, without taken into account other technological processes or climatic
loads;
2
(12) For roofs or roof- tops, the loading combination of point load Qk and snow distributed load, which cannot be higher than 0, 7 kN m should also be taken into account;
Key
(a) The point load Qk should be determined based on technological process data indicated by the design order. When technical specifications do not indicate higher values, the point
load Qk may be considered as provided supra.
157 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
qk [kN/m2] 0,5 0,5 1,0 3,0 2,0 See Annex B See Annex B
Key
(a) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 3.3.2(2);
(b) Values of factors will be available after the completion of SR EN 1992-1-5:2005 National Annex.
158 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Note
(1) For simultaneous verifications of static equilibrium and resistance of structural members a combined verification may be adopted, for each individual project, based on SR EN
2990:2004, Expression 6.20, with the following set of partial factors values:
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006);
(b) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
159 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Note
(1) See EN 1992 to EN 1999 for values to be used for imposed deformations;
(2) The characteristic values of all permanent actions from one source are multiplied by G ,sup if the total resulting action effect is unfavourable and G ,inf if the total resulting action
effect is favourable;
(3) For particular verifications, the values for G and Q may be subdivided into g , q and the model uncertainty factor Sd (see SR EN 1990:2004). A value of Sd in the range
2.05 to 2.25 can be used in most common cases.
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in SR EN 1990:2004/NA: 2006;
(b) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
160 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in SR EN 1990:2004/NA: 2006;
(b) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
Accidental (a) (Eq. 6.11a/b) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf Ad ψ11 · Qk,1 or ψ21 · Qk,1 ψ2,i · Qk,i
Seismic (Eq. 6.12a/b) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf γl · AEk or AEd none ψ2,i · Qk,i
Note
(1) The partial factors values for permanent actions G , j and variable actions Q,i are 2,0;
(2) For the evaluation of seismic action, the importance factor value l may be taken from SR EN 1998-1:2004.
Key
(a) The value of the accidental load may be determined for the most unfavourable case, depending on the accidental action under consideration. See also SR EN 1992-1-1:2005;
(b) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006);
(c) 1,i is for the FREQUENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(d) 2,i is for the QUASI-PERMANENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
161 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements
Note
(1) Design values of actions may be considered as provided supra unless otherwise specified in SR EN 1992 to SR EN 1999;
(2) To fulfil design criteria for serviceability limit states, structural deformations, vibrations and structural members and building damage should be limited as indicated in EN 1992 to
EN 1999.
Key
(a) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(b) 1,i is for the FREQUENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(c) 2,i is for the QUASI-PERMANENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
162 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 2] Durability Requirements
The engineer is called to use one’s experience in establishing the worst combination of exposure conditions, see , choose the proper cement type , see , and grade, see ,
and designate those values on both the project drawings and in the project specifications;
Key
(a) Normal soil conditions;
(b) Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified.
164 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 2] Durability Requirements
Key
(d) Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified; air entrained concrete is required.
165 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 2] Durability Requirements
II is the notation for type of cement (i.e., second type); 32,5 is the cement strength grade (i.e. 32,5 MPa);
A is the notation for composition type (i.e., first type); R is the type of initial set of cement (i.e., fast).
M is the notation for major constituents (i.e., multiple constituents);
In all situations where there is a reasonable doubt on the actual exposure conditions or their evolution in time, the safety concrete cover cdur , is in-between
0 10 mm , as per [4.4.2.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006).
171 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 2] Durability Requirements
The default value, for common structures with a 50-year intended working life is S4. [App. (2) Table 4] lists other criterions that may modify the structural class.
A major condition in the case of reinforced concrete is to provide an adequate bond between concrete and steel. This is achieved by providing a minimum embedment
in concrete expressed as a function of the size of the reinforcement.
172 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 2] Durability Requirements
In case of bundled bars, the diameter of the bundle is as per [8.9.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006):
Note
(1) If the maximum nominal size of aggregates is ≥ [32 mm] the above values must increase by [5 mm].
prestressed concrete
reinforced concrete
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30 S1 10 15 20 25 30 35
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 S2 10 15 25 30 35 40
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40 S3 10 20 30 35 40 45
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45 S4 10 25 35 40 45 50
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 S5 15 30 40 45 50 55
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55 S6 20 35 45 50 55 60
173 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 3] Materials Properties
fck fck,cube fcm fctm fctk,0,05 fctk,0,95 Ecm εc1 εcu1 εc2 εcu2 (j)
εc3 εcu3
(a) (b) (c) η
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (d) (GPa) (e) (‰) (f) (‰) (g) (‰) (h) (‰) (i) (‰) (k) (‰) (l)
12 15 20 1,6 1,1 2,0 27 1,8
16 20 24 1,9 1,3 2,5 29 1,9
20 25 28 2,2 1,5 2,9 30 2,0
25 30 33 2,6 1,8 3,3 31 2,1
30 37 38 3,0 2,0 4,0 33 2,0 3,50 2,00 3,50 2,00 1,75 3,5
35 45 43 3,2 2,2 4,2 34 2,25
40 50 48 3,5 2,5 4,6 35 2,3
45 55 53 3,8 2,7 4,9 36 2,4
50 60 58 4,1 3,9 5,3 37 2,45
55 67 63 4,2 3,0 5,5 38 2,5 3,20 2,20 3,1 1,75 1,8 3,1
60 75 68 4,4 3,1 5,7 39 2,6 3,00 2,30 2,9 1,6 1,9 2,9
70 85 78 4,6 3,2 6,00 41 2,7 2,80 2,40 2,7 1,45 2,00 2,7
80 95 88 4,8 3,4 6,3 43 2,8 2,80 2,50 2,6 1,4 2,2 2,6
90 105 98 5,00 3,5 6,6 44 2,8 2,80 2,60 2,6 1,4 2,3 2,6
(Note and Key on next page)
174 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 3] Materials Properties
Key
(a) fcm fck 8 is the mean concrete compressive strength;
0,30 fck2 3 if f ck C 50 60
(b) fctm = is the mean concrete tension strength;
2,12 f cm 10 if f ck C 50 60
(c) fctk ,0,05 =0, 7 fctm is the characteristic concrete tension strength for a quantile of 5%;
(d) fctk ,0,95 1,3 fctm is the characteristic concrete tension strength for a quantile of 95%;
22 f cm 10 22 fck 8 10
0,3 0,3
for normal weight concrete
(e) Ec is the mean modulus of elasticity for concrete;
E 22 fcm 10 22000 22 fck 8 10
0,3 0,3 0,3
for light weight concrete
(f)
c1 min 0,7 fcm
0,31
; 2,80 103 is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for non-linear stress-strain curve;
3,5 if f ck C 50 60
(g) cu1 103 is the ultimate concrete strain for non-linear stress-strain curve;
2,8 27 98 f cm 100
4
if fck C 50 60
2, 0 if f ck C 50 60
(h) c 2 103 is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve;
2, 0 0, 085 f ck 50 100
0,53
if fck C 50 60
3,5 if f ck C 50 60
(i) cu 2 103 is the ultimate concrete strain for parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve;
2, 6 35 90 fck 100
4
if f ck C 50 60
2, 0 if f ck C 50 60
(j) is the exponent;
1, 4 23, 4 90 fck 100
4
if f ck C 50 60
1,75 if f ck C 50 60
(k) c3 103 is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for bilinear stress-strain curve;
1, 75 0, 55 f ck 50 40
0,53
if f ck C 50 60
3,5 if f ck C 50 60
(l) cu 3 103 is the ultimate concrete strain for bilinear stress-strain curve.
2, 6 35 90 f ck 100
4
if f ck C 50 60
175 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 3] Materials Properties
[Appendix 4] Reinforcement
Reinforcement in construction for reinforced concrete is generally available as plain or deformed (with ribs imprinted on their surface to increase bond by gripping of
the concrete in-between the ribs) bars, welded wire sheets or rolls. Special attention should be given to job-site crane capacity to insure proper unloading for bundles of
bars/sheets. Surface rust improves bond but special storage conditions should be prepared to avoid corrosion (further details are available in literature – not cited here-
in).
2 0,57 1,01 1,57 2,26 3,08 4,02 5,08 6,28 7,60 9,82 12,32 16,08 20,40 25,20 2
2
[Identification] is the general notation for type of WWR as per producer’s own designation Ø 5 is the notation for transverse wire size (i.e., 5 [mm]);
according to national code provisions;
200 is the notation for transverse wire spacing (i.e. 200 [mm]);
Ø 6 is the notation for longitudinal wire size (i.e.is the 6 [mm]);
2,00 is the notation for the overall width of the sheet/roll (i.e. 2.00 [m]);
200 is the notation for longitudinal wire spacing (i.e. 200 [mm]); 5,00 is the notation for overall length of the sheet/roll (i.e. 5.00 [m]).
179 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 4] Reinforcement Properties
Size [mm] 5,0 5,0 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 6,0 d 8,5 7,0 d 8,0 5,0 4,0 6,0 4,0 6,5 4,0 7,0 4,5
Area [mm2] 1,31 1,31 1,88 1,88 2,21 2,21 2,57 2,57 3,77 3,78 5,13 5,03 1,31 0,50 1,88 0,50 2,21 0,50 2,57 0,64
Weight sheet [kg] 22,5 32,4 33,7 38,2 56,0 90,0 15,8 20,9 21,6 25,1
per unit area [kg/m2] 2,09 3,01 3,14 3,55 5,21 6,97 1,47 1,95 2,01 2,33
Current no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Note
(1) “d” refers to double wires spaced apart by one size distance;
(2) “L” is the overall length and “W” is the overall width;
(3) The nominal diameter of a deformed wire is equivalent to the diameter of a plain wire having the same mass per meter as the deformed wire.
180 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 4] Reinforcement Properties
Size [mm] 5,5 d 4,5 6,0 d 5,0 6,5 d 5,5 7,0 d 6,0 7,5 d 6,5 6,5 d 6,5 7,0 d 7,0 7,5 d 7,5 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
Area [mm2] 3,17 0,64 3,77 0,78 4,43 0,95 5,13 1,13 5,89 1,33 6,64 1,33 7,70 1,54 8,84 1,77 0,47 0,47 0,94 0,94
Weight sheet [kg] 29,7 35,5 41,8 58,6 67,5 69,6 80,8 92,6 8,2 15,9
per unit area [kg/m2] 2,76 3,30 3,89 4,54 5,24 5,39 6,27 7,20 0,76 1,48
Current no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Some situations in actual practice may require the replacement of a specified reinforcement (bar size, sheet parameters) with commercially local available steel
products. This should ONLY be performed after approval from the licensed structural engineer in charge of the design.
181 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 5] Fire Resistance
Rather than giving the minimum cover, the tabular method is based on nominal axis distance d1 . This is the distance from the centre of the main reinforcing bar to the
1
surface of the member. It is a nominal (not minimum) dimension. The engineer should ensure that d1 cnom,sl sw sl ;
2
Remember that at about 600oC steel losses about half its load-bearing capacity (check SR EN 2992-2-2:2006, [Table 3.2a and b is the reinforced concrete], for details
on other temperatures) so proper consideration based on engineering judgement should be performed in each and every situation.
There are three standard fire exposure conditions that may be satisfied:
[-] R, Mechanical resistance for load bearing. The “R” criterion may be considered satisfactory should the member maintain its load-bearing capacity for the prescribed
time when subjected to fire. The members to be checked for this condition are LOAD-BEARING ONLY ELEMENTS.
[-] E, Integrity of separation. The members to be checked for this condition are SEPARATION ONLY ELEMENTS. If deemed necessary the “E” criterion may be
paired with the “I” criterion.
[-] I, Insulation. The “I” criterion may be considered satisfactory should the mean rise in temperature on the side not exposed to fire be less than [240 K] and the
maximum rise in temperature on the side not exposed to fire be less than [280 K].
Should a member serve multiple roles (load-bearing and separation) the criterions to be checked are “R”, “E” and if deemed necessary “I”.
REI is the general notation for fire resistance criterion(s) that the member must fulfil (i.e. all);
60 is the general notation for fire resistance in min. (i.e. 60 minutes).
182 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 5] Fire Resistance
REI hs [mm] 100 100 100 200 REI hs [mm] 175 175 175 200
90 d1 [mm] 30 15 (d) 20 25 240 d1 [mm] 65 40 50 50
Note
(1) hs is the slab thickness, including any non-combustible flooring; intermediate possibly combustible layer ARE NOT considered in the slab thickness;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a two-way slab it refers to the lower layer of reinforcement;
(3) l x and l y are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where l y is the longer span;
(4) The Table is valid, INCLUDING CONTINUOUS SLABS, only if the detailing requirements (see note 5) are observed and in normal temperature design redistribution of flexural
moments does not exceed 25%. OTHERWISE, treat CONTINUOUS SLABS as SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT ALL EDGES;
(5) For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0,3 leff from the centre line of each intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
x
(-) As ,req ( x) As ,req (0) 1 2,5 with
leff
{-} x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support;
{-} As ,req ( x) is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section being considered but not less than that required for normal temperature design;
{-} leff is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans;
(6) For prestressed concrete the above values will increase by [20 mm] for prestressed bars and by [25 mm] for tendons.
Key
(a) For continuous solid slabs a minimum negative reinforcement As 0,005 Ac be provided over intermediate supports if:
REI hs [mm] 80 bmin [mm] 80 - - 80 - - REI hs [mm] 120 bmin [mm] 160 190 ≥ 300 160 190 ≥ 300
30 d1 [mm] 10 (d) d1 [mm] 15 (d) - - 15 (d) - - 120 d1 [mm] 20 d1 [mm] 60 55 40 45 40 30
REI hs [mm] 80 bmin [mm] 100 120 ≥ 200 100 120 ≥ 200 REI hs [mm] 150 bmin [mm] 220 260 ≥ 410 310 600 -
60 d1 [mm] 10 (d)
d1 [mm] 35 25 15 (d)
25 15 (d)
10 (d) 180 d1 [mm] 30 d1 [mm] 75 70 60 80 50 -
REI hs [mm] 100 bmin [mm] 120 160 ≥ 250 120 160 ≥ 250 REI hs [mm] 175 bmin [mm] 280 350 ≥ 500 450 700 -
90 d1 [mm] 15 (d) d1 [mm] 45 40 30 35 25 15 (d) 240 d1 [mm] 40 d1 [mm] 90 75 70 70 60 -
Note
(1) hs is the slab thickness, including any non-combustible flooring; intermediate possibly combustible layer ARE NOT considered in the slab thickness;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a two-way slab it refers to the lower layer of reinforcement;
(4) For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0,3 leff from the centre line of each intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
x
(-) As ,req ( x) As ,req (0) 1 2,5 with
leff
{-} x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support;
{-} As ,req (0) is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design;
{-} As ,req ( x) is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section being considered but not less than that required for normal temperature design;
{-} leff is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans;
Key
(a) The term ONE-WAY RIBBED SLAB relates to ribbed slabs simply supported at all four edges without hogging (negative bending at the supports). Values presented in the
corresponding columns apply to TWO-WAY RIBBED SLABS for fire resistance of R280 and below for which note 4 is not valid in the case of top secondary (constructive)
reinforcement;
(b) The term TWO-WAY RIBBED SLAB relates to ribbed slabs supported at all four edges with at least one-way continuity. For all conditions of fire resistance note 4 is considered
valid in the case of top secondary (constructive) reinforcement;
(c) asd d1 10 is the axis distance (from the side of the rib to the corner bar) for ribs exposed to fire;
(d) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.
186 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 5] Fire Resistance
Note
(1) bmin is the minimum beam width;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a multiple layers of reinforcement it refers to the lower layer;
Key
(a) asd d1 10 is the axis distance (from the side of the beam to the corner bar) except where bmin is greater than the values in columns C;
(b) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.
187 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 5] Fire Resistance
Note
(1) bmin is the minimum beam width;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a multiple layers of reinforcement it refers to the lower layer;
x
(-) As ,req ( x) As ,req (0) 1 2,5 with
leff
{-} x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support;
{-} As ,req (0) is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design;
{-} leff is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans;
(6) For fire resistances R120 to R240 (see also [App. (5) Table 5]), the width of the beam at the first intermediate support should be at least that in column B, if both the following
conditions exist:
(-) There is no fixity at the end support; and
(7) For prestressed concrete the above values will increase by [10 mm] for prestressed bars and by [15 mm] for tendons.
Key
(a) asd d1 10 is the axis distance (from the side of the beam to the corner bar) except where bmin is greater than the values in columns C;
(b) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.
R 120 bmin , bw [mm] 220 R 180 bmin , bw [mm] 380 R 240 bmin , bw [mm] 480
For beams exposed to fire on all sides, the above, and are valid should:
[-] The height of the beam is at least the width of the beam for the specified fire resistance; and
[-] The gross section of the beams is Ac 2 bmin
2
with bmin as specified in the above [App. (5) Table 5].
189 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 6] Selected Service Requirements
3 2
K 11 1,5 f ck o 3, 2 f ck o 1 if o
l
as per [Expression 7.16a and 7.16b, 7.4.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
d o 1 '
K 11 1,5 f ck f ck if o
' 12 o
' is the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement at midspan (or at supports in the case of overhangs) under design loads at Ultimate Limit State FOR HOGGING (negative bending);
Note
(1) Provided values are safe and corresponding calculation may frequently show more slender members to be adequate;
(2) For two-way slab the shorter span is considered. For flat slabs the longer span is considered;
(3) For flat slabs provided value corresponds to a lesser limit than that imposed by [span/250]. This has been proven in practice to be adequate.
l
In other particular cases imposed by use of a different steel grade or another shape for the cross section, the supra basic span-to-depth ratios will be modified by
d
multiplying with the indexes listed in [App. (6) Table 2]. It may be concluded that the formula proposed for the slenderness limit is dependent on the concrete grade, and
provides a continuous estimation of the slenderness limit as a function of the reinforcement ratio. This solution is imposed by the need to take into account the influence
of the concrete grade on deflections, which is important especially for low steel ratios, and to provide designers with a continuous relationship between the slenderness
ratio and the reinforcement ratio, which is especially helpful for slab elements.
An extensive parametric study was performed to consider a large range of variables affecting the deformation of concrete structures in order to quantify their
influence and study the possibility of including them in the calculation of the slenderness limit. The end result of this analysis is included in the code provisions as the
supra (Expression ) (detailed information is available in literature – not cited here-in).
191 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 6] Selected Service Requirements
For tee sections having the ratio in- For flat slabs with slabs in excess of 8,5 m and
1 between the width of the flange and the 0,8 1 3 where it is necessary to limit deflections to ensure 8,5/span 3
width of the web higher than 3 that finishes are not damaged
For spans longer than 7 m (except flat 310 500
[Exp.
slabs) and where it is necessary to limit For characteristic steel strength other than 500
2 7/span 2 4 s A 7.17] 4
deflections to ensure that finishes are not MPa f yk sl , req
Asl , prov with
damaged
s is the tensile stress in the reinforcement at midspan (or at supports in the case of overhangs) under design loads at Service Limit State;
f yk is the characteristic tensile strength of steel;
Asl , req is the reinforcement required by calculation (for flexure under design loads at Ultimate Limit State);
Asl , prov is the reinforcement provided (for flexure under design loads at Ultimate Limit State);
One-way fully restrained at all edges 1/35 Flat slab (d) resting on columns with capital 1/32
spanning simply supported at two parallel edges 1/25 resting on columns with drop panel & capital 1/35
(a) , (b)
slab elastically fixity at two parallel edges 1/30 primary beams (girder) 1/15
Beams
cantilever 1/12 secondary beams (beams) 1/20
simply supported at all edges 1/40 Ribs in a one-way spanning
Two-way elastically fixity at all edges 1/25
elastically fixity at all edges 1/45 ribbed slab (a) , (b)
spanning
slab (b) , (c) Ribs in a two-way simply supported at all edges 1/30
(b) , (c)
spanning ribbed slab with continuity on at least one direction 1/35
Note
(1) l x and l y are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where l y is the longer span.
Key
(a) For one-way span the following criterion holds true: l y lx 2 ;
[ 4 > In order to avoid longitudinal cracks, micro-cracks or high levels of creep, when such effects may impact negatively on the serviceability of specific elements in the
structure, the compressive stress in concrete is limited to:
[ a > For the CHARACTERISTIC combination, if otherwise not specified, such as corrections (increases) on the concrete cover for reinforcement in compression or
confinement by transverse reinforcement, for exposure classes XD, XF and XS:
[ i > c k1 fck with k1 0, 6 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode;
[ 5 > In order to avoid inelastic strains in the reinforcement that may create a crack state or strains excessively large and therefore unacceptable , the tensile stress is
limited to:
[ a > For the CHARACTERISTIC combination:
[ i > s k3 f yk with k3 0,8 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode;
[ b > s k4 f yk with k4 1, 0 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode if the stress state is caused by imposed deformations;
s k5 f yk with k5 0, 75 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode for the mean stress for prestressing reinforcement;
194 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 6] Selected Service Requirements
Note
(1) For exposure class X0 and XC2, crack width has no negative impact on durability and the indicated limit is based on visual requirements. In the absence of such requirements, this
limit may be less strict;
(2) For the indicated exposure classes decompression should be checked for the QUASI-PERMANENT combination.
As,min s kc k fct ,eff Act as per [Expression 7.1, 7.3.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
As ,min is the minimum area of reinforcement in the tensile zone of the cross section;
s is the maximum admissible stress just prior to the opening of the first crack:
[-] it may be equal to the elasticity limit f yk ;
[-] a lesser limit as a function of the maximum bar size or the maximum centre-to-centre distance for bars may be considered more appropriate, according to 7.3.3 (2) in (SR EN
1992-1-1:2006);
2 h*
[ ] k1 if N Ed is tension;
3 h
h if h 1, 0 m
[] h* ;
1, 0 m if h 1, 0 m
[:] f ct ,eff is the mean tensile stress at the time of cracking:
[ ] it may be taken as f ctm or
[ ] if cracking may appear before the age of 28 days, the function of mean tensile stress should be considered as a function of time, f ctm (t ) ;
N Ed M cr b h2
[ ] The cracking moment is given by the Navier formula for normal stresses as presented in Strength of Materials: f ct ,eff
b h b h2
M cr ct ,eff c 6
f
6
[ ] Fcr M cr b h ;
[:] Act b hcr is the area of concrete subjected to tension just prior to the opening of the first crack;
h h c
[ ] hcr x 1
fct ,eff c
is the height of the cross section in tension:
2 2
[ ] The height in tension prior to cracking (negative for tension), relative to the centre of gravity of the cross section is given by the condition that the stress is nil when the
M cr c h
existing axial force is applied together with the cracking moment: 0 c x x ;
b h3 fct ,eff c 2
12
k is a coefficient that takes into account the effect of inner non-uniformly self-equilibrated stresses that reduce forces in the flange due to restraining strains:
[-] k 1, 0 for webs having h 300 mm and flanges having a width less than [300 mm];
[-] k 0,65 for webs having h 800 mm and flanges having a width bigger than [800 mm];
[-] Interpolation in-between supra limits is permitted;
It may be admitted that crack control is improved by tendons on a maximum radius of [150 mm] around their centre may be adjusted by introducing a new term in the
right hand member as 1 A'p p :
s
1 is the ratio of the bond capacity of tendons to the bond capacity of reinforced concrete reinforcement corrected by their size:
p
[-] is the ratio of the bond capacity of tendons to the bond capacity of reinforced concrete reinforcement;
[-] s is the maximum size of the passive reinforcement and p is the equivalent size of the active reinforcement as per 6.8.2 in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006);
Ac,eff b hcr is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the tendons;
2,5 d1
hx
[-] hcr min is the height of the cross section in tension;
3
h 2
p is the stress variation in tendons for nil strains in the concrete at the same level with the tendons.
Stress Levels (b) Maximum bar size [mm] Stress Levels (b) Maximum bar distance [mm]
[MPa] wx = 0,4 mm wx = 0,3 mm wx = 0,2 mm [MPa] wx = 0,4 mm wx = 0,3 mm wx = 0,2 mm
160 40 32 25 160 300 300 200
200 32 25 16 200 300 250 150
240 20 16 12 240 250 200 100
280 16 16 8 280 200 150 50
320 12 10 6 320 150 100 N/A
360 10 8 5 360 100 50 N/A
400 8 6 4
450 6 5 N/A
Key
(a) The following conditions are considered in calculating the tabulated values listed supra:
(x) c 25 mm , fct ,eff 2,9 MPa , hcr 0,5 , d1 0,1 h , k1 0,8 , k2 0,5 , kc 0, 4 , k 1, 0 , kt 0, 4 , k ' 1, 0 ;
(b) For the CORRESPONDING combination;
[-] For flexure (at least partly compression in the cross section):
f ct ,eff kc hcr
[x] s s* as per [Expression 7.6N, 7.3.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006);
2,9 8 d1
[-] For tension (axial tension):
Note
(1) cu is the ultimate strain in concrete. It is acknowledged that out of the three possible stress-strain curves as given by SR EN 1992-1-1 (non-linear, referenced by subscript “2”,
parabolic-rectangular, referenced by subscript “2” and trapezoid, referenced by subscript “3”) the most favourable variation in terms of safety in design is the trapezoid stress-strain
curve. For other specific values see [App. (3) Table 1] and the corresponding notes and keys;
0.80 if f ck 50MPa
(2) f ck 50 is the coefficient affecting the height in compression in the equivalent rectangular stress block;
0.8 if 50 f ck 90 MPa
400
(Note and Key continued on next page)
200 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 7] Design Tables
Key
(a) Values for lim and steel grade S500 are considered upper limits in [App. (7) Table 2] presented next.
ξ 0,0137 0,0205 0,0275 0,0344 0,0414 0,0484 0,0555 0,0626 0,0698 0,0770 0,0842 0,0915 0,0989 0,1062 0,1137 0,1211
C60/75
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0253 0,0305 0,0357 0,0409 0,0461 0,0514 0,0567 0,0620 0,0674 0,0728 0,0782 0,0837 0,0892
ξ 0,0149 0,0224 0,0300 0,0376 0,0452 0,0529 0,0606 0,0684 0,0763 0,0841 0,0921 0,1001 0,1081 0,1162 0,1243 0,1325
C70/85
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0254 0,0305 0,0357 0,0409 0,0462 0,0515 0,0568 0,0621 0,0675 0,0730 0,0784 0,0839 0,0894
ξ 0,0163 0,0246 0,0328 0,0412 0,0496 0,0580 0,0665 0,0751 0,0837 0,0923 0,1011 0,1099 0,1187 0,1276 0,1366 0,1456
C80/95
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0254 0,0305 0,0358 0,0410 0,0463 0,0516 0,0569 0,0623 0,0677 0,0731 0,0786 0,0842 0,0897
ξ 0,0180 0,0270 0,0362 0,0454 0,0546 0,0639 0,0733 0,0828 0,0923 0,1018 0,1115 0,1212 0,1310 0,1409 0,1508 0,1608
C90/105
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0203 0,0254 0,0306 0,0358 0,0411 0,0463 0,0517 0,0570 0,0624 0,0679 0,0734 0,0789 0,0845 0,0901
201 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 7] Design Tables
ξ 0,1287 0,1362 0,1438 0,1515 0,1592 0,1670 0,1748 0,1827 0,1907 0,1987 7,9248 8,2360 0,2230 0,2312 0,2396 0,2479
C60/75
ω 0,0947 0,1003 0,1059 0,1115 0,1172 0,1230 0,1287 0,1345 0,1404 0,1463 0,1522 0,1582 0,1642 0,1703 0,1764 0,1825
ξ 0,1408 0,1491 0,1574 0,1659 0,1744 0,1829 0,1915 0,2002 0,2090 0,2178 5,6732 5,8975 0,2447 0,2538 0,2630 0,2722
C70/85
ω 0,0950 0,1006 0,1063 0,1120 0,1177 0,1235 0,1293 0,1351 0,1411 0,1470 0,1530 0,1591 0,1652 0,1713 0,1775 0,1838
ξ 0,1547 0,1639 0,1731 0,1825 0,1918 0,2013 0,2108 0,2205 0,2302 0,2399 8,9535 9,3102 0,2698 0,2799 0,2902 0,3005
C80/95
ω 0,0953 0,1010 0,1067 0,1124 0,1182 0,1241 0,1299 0,1359 0,1418 0,1479 0,1539 0,0048 0,1663 0,1725 0,1788 0,1852
ξ 0,1709 0,1811 0,1914 0,2017 0,2122 0,2227 0,2333 0,2441 0,2549 0,2658 0,2768 0,2879 0,2992 0,3105 0,3220 0,3336
C90/105
ω 0,0957 0,1014 0,1072 0,1130 0,1188 0,1247 0,1307 0,1367 0,1427 0,1488 0,1550 0,1613 0,1675 0,1739 0,1803 0,1868
Symbol μ 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,22 0,23 0,24
Last digit 10-3 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7
≤ ξ 0,2345 0,2422 0,2500 0,2578 0,2657 0,2737 0,2818 0,2899 0,2980 0,3063 0,3146 0,3230 0,3314 0,3400 0,3486 0,3608
C50/60 ω 0,1876 0,1938 0,2000 0,2063 0,2126 0,2190 0,2254 0,2319 0,2384 0,2450 0,2517 0,2584 0,2652 0,2720 0,2789 0,2887
ξ 0,2451 0,2532 0,2613 0,2696 0,2779 0,2862 0,2947 0,3032 0,3118 0,3204 0,3292 0,3380 0,3469 0,3560 0,3650 0,3779
C55/65
ω 0,1882 0,1944 0,2006 0,2070 0,2133 0,2198 0,2263 0,2328 0,2394 0,2460 0,2528 0,2595 0,2664 0,2733 0,2803 0,2902
Concrete grade
ξ 0,2564 0,2649 0,2735 0,2821 0,2908 0,2996 0,3085 0,3175 0,3266 0,3357 0,3449 0,3542 0,3636 0,3731 0,3827 0,3964
C60/75
ω 0,1888 0,1950 0,2013 0,2077 0,2141 0,2206 0,2272 0,2338 0,2404 0,2471 0,2539 0,2608 0,2677 0,2747 0,2818 0,2918
ξ 0,2816 0,2910 0,3005 0,3101 0,3198 0,3296 0,3395 0,3495 0,3596 0,3698 0,3801 0,3905 0,4011 0,4117 0,4225 0,4378
C70/85
ω 0,1901 0,1964 0,2029 0,2093 0,2159 0,2225 0,2292 0,2359 0,2427 0,2496 0,2566 0,2636 0,2707 0,2779 0,2852 0,2955
ξ 0,3109 0,3214 0,3321 0,3428 0,3537 0,3646 0,3757 0,3869 0,3983 0,4097 0,4214 0,4331 0,4450 0,4571 0,4693 0,4867
C80/95
ω 0,1916 0,1981 0,2046 0,2113 0,2179 0,2247 0,4314 0,4930 0,2454 0,2525 0,2597 0,2669 0,2742 0,2817 0,2892 0,2999
ξ 0,3453 0,3571 0,3691 0,3812 0,3935 0,4059 0,4184 0,4311 0,4440 0,4570 0,4703 0,4837 0,4973 0,5111 0,5251 0,5450
C90/105
ω 0,1934 0,2000 0,2067 0,2135 0,2203 0,2273 0,2343 0,2414 0,2486 0,2559 0,2633 0,2708 0,2785 0,2862 0,2940 0,3052
202 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 7] Design Tables
ω 0,2945 0,3017 0,3089 0,3223 0,3238 0,3313 0,3389 0,3466 0,3544 0,3639 0,3703 0,3784 0,3867 0,3984 0,4035 0,4173
ξ 0,4023 0,4122 0,4222 0,4406 0,4426 0,4531 0,4636 0,4743 0,4851 0,4982 1,9521 1,9955 0,5298 0,5461 0,5532 0,5725
C60/75
ω 0,2962 0,3035 0,3109 0,3244 0,3259 0,3336 0,3413 0,3492 0,3571 0,3668 0,3734 0,3817 0,3901 0,4021 0,4073 0,4215
ξ 0,4444 0,4556 0,4670 0,4877 0,4901 0,5019 0,5138 0,5260 0,5383 0,5533 1,4063 1,4386 0,5896 0,6085
C70/85
ω 0,3000 0,3075 0,3152 0,3292 0,3308 0,3388 0,3468 0,3550 0,3633 0,3735 0,3804 0,3891 0,3980 0,4107
ξ 0,4942 0,5070 0,5199 0,5436 0,5463 0,5599 0,5737 0,5877 0,6019
C80/95
ω 0,3046 0,3124 0,3204 0,3350 0,3367 0,3450 0,3535 0,3621 0,3709
Symbol μ 0,33 0,34 0,35 0,36 0,37 0,38 0,39
Last digit 10-3 0 5 0 7 0 5 0 8 0 2 0 5 0 2
≤ ξ 0,5211 0,5319 0,5429 0,5585 0,5653 0,5769 0,5886 0,6077 0,6126 0,6175 0,6376 0,6505 0,6637 0,6691
Concrete grade
C50/60 ω 0,4169 0,4255 0,4343 0,4468 0,4523 0,4615 0,4708 0,4862 0,4901 0,4940 0,5101 0,5204 0,5310 0,5352
ξ 0,5481 0,5596 0,5714 0,5881 0,5954 0,6078 0,6204 0,6411
C55/65
ω 0,4208 0,4297 0,4387 0,4516 0,4572 0,4667 0,4764 0,4923
ξ 0,5774 0,5898 0,6024 0,6205 0,6284
C60/75
ω 0,4251 0,4342 0,4435 0,4568 0,4627
203 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 8] Bond Requirements
Pre-tensioned 20 mm 50 mm
Post-tensioned tendons
tendons 2 · ϕt (a) 2 · ϕduct (c)
snv ≥ dg (b)
Vertical dg (b)
≤ snv
40 mm
Note
(1) snh is the horizontal side-to-side distance and snv is the vertical side-to-side distance.
Key
(a) The maximum tendon size;
(b) The maximum aggregate size;
(c) The maximum duct size.
205 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 9] Shear Force Calculations
(a) Reduction of shear force on a distance equal (b) Reduction of shear force on a distance equal with a1 from the face of the
with the depth d from the face of the support support toward the midspan:
(i) VEd ,red VEd F a1
toward the midspan:
(i) VEd ,red VEd F a1 d
F is the design load (uniformly distributed);
F is the design load (uniformly al , (subscript „one”) is half the width of the support taken in
distributed);
consideration.
al , (subscript „one”) is half the width
(c) For point loads use:
of the support taken in consideration.
av
(i) VEd ,red VEd (1 )
2d
av is the level arm of the point force (distance from point of application to
the face of the support)
207 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 9] Shear Force Calculations
9
Otherwise
a 2 a 2
cd min cd c
cd min c1 c1 Otherwise
c
c cd 3
0, 70 2 1 0,15 d 1, 00 0, 70 2 1 0,15 1, 00 α2 = 1,00
208 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 9] Shear Force Calculations
Otherwise
Ast is the area of the stirrups placed over the distance lbd
Ast Ast ,min Ast ,min is the minimum area of the stirrups placed over the distance lbd Ast ,min 0, 25 As for beams
As
Ast ,min 0 otherwise
Ft
4 1,00 p
otherwise b t1
209 Manual for Advanced Design [Appendix 10] Elementary diagrams for shear force and flexure
0 0 0 0
kN m kN m kN m kN m
Loading diagram
load overhang
2
kN m
2
0 0 0 0
kN m kN m kN m kN m