LITERATURE MATRIX

ON

THE USE OF
MANGIFERA INDICA (LEAF)
IN LOWERING BLOOD SUGAR
LEVEL

BY: CLOYD P. SEGUNDO, RN

 LITERATURE MATRIX

Bibliography
Major Method
(APA Format)
Objectives/Research Themes/Variables Major Findings
Questions

Anti Diabetic Activity of The objective of the study Mangifera indica, alloxan- Method specified in the Alloxan is widely used to
the Ethanolic Extract of is to determine the effect induced, anti diabetic study: induce diabetes in
root of of anti diabetic activity of activity, experimental animals. In
Mangifera indica on the ethanolic extract of glibenclamide.diabetic rats The Plant Mangifera indica alloxan diabetes rats
Alloxan Induced root of mangifera indica on (Linn) collected from the blood glucose levels
Diabetes Rats alloxan induced diabetic different regions of were in the range of
rats. Nugivedu, vijayawada, 260-265 mg/dl, which
G. Jyothi1*, Narendra after were considered as
Chary. T1, N. Lal proper identification by an severe diabetes. In the
Mahammed2, Ch. expert taxonomist standard drug
Venkateswara Reddy2 Dr.A.Srinivas Rao, Glibenclamide (5mg/kg)
and G. Nagarjuna Department of botany, and ethanolic extract
Reddy2 VRS&YRN Degree college, (200 mg/kg) and
1Department of Chirala. After due to (400/mg/kg) treated
Pharmacy, MITS College authentication the roots groups,
of Pharmacy, Madhira were dried in shade and (Table No.1) the peak
Nagar, Chilkur (v&m), powdered to obtain coarse values of blood sugar
Kodad- 508206, powder. significantly decreased to
Nalgonda dist, Andhra 108 mg/dl, 165 mg/dl,
Pradesh, India. Participants/Subjects: Rats and 105 mg/dl on the 21st
2KLR Pharmacy college, day respectively.
Paloncha, Data Gathering Instrument: Thus, the ethanolic extract
Khammam(Dist), Andhra Blood glucose examination (400 mg/kg) was
Pradesh, India. found to be almost
significant as standard
drug
in lowering blood glucose
level, whereas the
ethanolic extract (400
mg/kg) treated group
showed blood glucose
level that is
comparatively less to
ethanolic extract (400
mg/kg) and standard drug.
 LITERATURE MATRIX

Bibliography
Major Method
(APA Format)
Objectives/Research Themes/Variables Major Findings
Questions
Streptozotocin treatment
Effect of mangiferin on To determine the Effect of Mangiferin; The method of isolation caused significant weight
hyperglycemia and mangiferin on Streptozotocin; and determination of purity reduction
atherogenicity hyperglycemia and Atherogenic; Diabetic of mangiferin can be found in rats as compared to the
in streptozotocin atherogenicity from our earlier report vehicle treated normal
diabetic rats in streptozotocin diabetic (Muruganandan et al., rats at day 30 of injection
rats 2002). Briefly, shade-dried (163.33±10.54 g versus
S. Muruganandan a, ∗, and powdered 206.67±13.18 g). However,
K. Srinivasan b, S. Gupta leaves of Mangifera indica the chronic treatment of
a, P.K. Gupta a, J. Lala were soxhleted for 12 h mangiferin (10 and 20
with petroleum ether (60– mg/kg, i.p.) for 28 days
a Division of 80 ◦C). The defatted plant significantly
Pharmacology and material (P < 0.05) restored the body
Toxicology, Indian was extracted with ethanol weight loss as compared to
Veterinary Research under reflux for 16 h, which the
Institute, Izatnagar 243 was vehicle treated diabetic
122, UP, India further, defatted again with control rats observed at the
b Department of petroleum ether and end of 28
Pharmacology and crystallized days of treatment period
Toxicology, National repeatedly in aqueous (191.67±15.35 g and
Institute of ethylacetate into pale 200±10.72 g
Pharmaceutical yellow needles. versus 130±5.16 g,
Education and Research, The purity was 95.56% respectively). However, the
Mohali, Punjab, India mangiferin upon high standard
Received 8 March 2004; performance drug insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.)
received in revised form liquid chromatographic also exhibited significant
3 November 2004; (HPLC) analysis using PDA improvement
accepted 7 December detector in body weight loss of the
2004 (254 nm) and a mobile
phase of acetonitrile and
3% acetic
acid (16:84) as reported
earlier (Muruganandan et
al., 2002).
Participants/Subjects: Rats
Data Gathering Instrument:
Blood glucose examination
diabetic animals following
28 days of treatment
(196.67±8.37 versus
130±5.16).
Streptozotocin treatment
resulted in significant
elevation
of plasma glucose,
triglycerides, total
cholesterol, LDL-C
and reduction in HDL-C
levels as compared to the
normal
control rats as noted at
different periods of the
study (Table 1).
The chronic administration
of mangiferin (10 and
20 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in
significant (P < 0.05)
reduction in
plasma glucose level at
different periods in the
experimental
duration of 28 days in STZ-
diabetic rats with the
maximum
percent reduction of plasma
glucose being 49.77 and
51.89,
respectively on 28th day of
treatment. However, the
standard
drug insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.)
exhibited significant and
more potent
antidiabetic activity with
maximum percent reduction
of
plasma glucose 67.54 on
28th day as compared to the
diabetic
control group (Table 1).
There was a significant
reduction in plasma
triglycerides,
total cholesterol and LDL-C
levels of diabetic rats
treated insulin
(6 U/kg, i.p.) at various time
intervals (Table 1). However,
there was a significant (P <
0.05) elevation in the HDLC
level in mangiferin (10 and
20 mg/kg, i.p.) treated
diabetic
rats on 28th day as
compared to the diabetic
control group
(Table 1). In addition,
mangiferin (10 and 20
mg/kg, i.p.)
showed significant (P < 0.05)
reduction in atherogenic
index
starting from the 14th day of
treatment period as
comparable
to insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.).
The chronic administration
of mangiferin (10 and
20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days in
normal rats resulted in
significant improvement in
oral glucose tolerance
following
oral glucose load as shown
by the significant reduction
in %IG at 60 min interval of
OGTT (14.72±6.46
and 5.89±3.27 versus
91.62±13.46) with the
(AUGTC
0–120 min) of
1442.38±193.53 and
1335.58±137.77 versus
5088.08±542.59, as
compared to the control
group, respectively
(Fig. 1). However,
mangiferin treatment for 14
days did not alter basal
plasma glucose level at any
time of
the study (data not shown).
 LITERATURE MATRIX

Bibliography
Major Method
(APA Format)
Objectives/Research Themes/Variables Major Findings
Questions
Method:
To determine the effect of Ethanolic extract, Plants may act on blood
Antihyperglycemic Antihyperglycemic activity Alloxan, Diabetes Collection of plant glucose through different
activity of Mangifera of Mangifera indica Linn. in mellitus, Hypoglycemic materials - Fresh leaves of mechanisms[26]. Anti
indica Linn. in alloxan alloxan effect, Mangifera Mangifera indica were diabetic herbs
induced diabetic rats induced diabetic rats indica. collected during March- stimulates beta cell in the
April 2011, from pancreas by activating
P. Kemasari, S. Sangeetha Mahadhevapattinam, regeneration of pancreatic
and P. Venkatalakshmi* Thiruvarur District, Tamil cells [27,28]. Fiber of
nadu, India and botanically plant also interferes with
Department of identified. The leaves were carbohydrate absorption,
Biochemistry, Sengamala washed with distilled affecting blood glucose
Thayaar Educational water, shade dried, level. Alloxan
Trust Women’s College, powdered, and stored in induced diabetic rats
Sundarakkottai, an air tight container until exhibited loss of body
Mannargudi, Tamilnadu, future use. weight (Table 1) which is
India Preparation of ethanolic one of the threats
extract- Preparation of associated with DM.
plant extract was done Treatment with Mangifera
according to the indica extract showed signs
previously described of recovery as
procedure (Reka and comparable with the
Varga, 2002). The collected standard drug glibenclamide
fresh leaves were . Qualitative analysis of
thoroughly cleaned with urine sample indicated
distilled water, dried well the presence of glucose and
and powdered. It was albumin (Table 2) in group 2
soaked in absolute which was a characteristic
ethanol in cold (72 hrs).
After three days, the
extract was filtered, and
then it was evaporated at
400C in cylindrical water
bath for the elimination of
solvent. A semisolid extract
(40g) was
obtained after complete
elimination of alcohol
under reduced pressure.
It was stored in
refrigerator until used.
Experimental animals- In
the present study, healthy,
pathogen free, albino rats
(both sexes) of
Swiss strain weighing 150 -
200g were purchased from
Rainbow institute,
Bangalore, Karnataka,
India, and housed under,
standard husbandry
conditions (300C ± 20, 60-
70% relative humidity
and 12h : 12h day- night
cycle), supplied with
standard rat feed (Sai
Durga feed and food,
Bangalore) and water ad
libitum.
Participants/Subjects: Rats
feature of
diabetes. Treatment with
herbal extract arrested
excretion of glucose and
protein in urine.
Administration of alloxan
significantly increased the
level of glucose when
compared to control
rats, which might account
for the cytotoxic effect of
alloxan on beta cells.
Alloxan is relatively
toxic to insulin producing
pancreatic beta cells
because it preferentially
accumulates in beta cells
through uptake via the
GLUT2 glucose transporter
[6]. This cytotoxic action is
mediated by ROS
source of generation of ROS
is dialuric acid, a reduction
product of alloxan. These
radicals
undergo dismutation to
H2O2. The action of ROS
with a simultaneous
massive increase in
cytosolic calcium
concentration causes rapid
destruction of beta cells[29]
there by decreasing the
secretion of insulin, which in
 turn increase the blood
glucose level. In the present
Data Gathering Instrument: study there is
Blood glucose examination increase in blood glucose
(Table ,3) in alloxan induced
rats when compared to
normal group, which
account for the cytotoxic
action of alloxan.
Administration of Mangifera
indica extract
remarkably reduced the
altered sugar level.
 LITERATURE MATRIX

Bibliography
Method
(APA Format) Major Objectives/Research
Themes/Variables Major Findings
Questions

To determine the effect of Mangifera indica, seed Induction of In the present study, seed
Antihyperglycemic Effect mangifera indica linn (seed kernel, alloxan, diabetes:Adult albino kernel of Mangifera indica
of Mangifera indica Linn kernel) on diabetic albino antihyperglycemic Wister rats of either sex Linn of Family
(seed kernel) wister rats. were made diabetic with Anacardiaceae were
an subjected to acute toxicity
Naveen Jain *1, Birendra intraperitoneal injection study and antidiabetic
Srivastava 3, Piush Sharma of 120mg/kg body activity. The diabetes was
2 & D. K. Khandelwal 1 weight of alloxan (Sigma induced by the
Aldrich) dissolved in administration of Alloxan
1.Department of water (Dose 120mg/kg, b. w; i. v.).
Pharmacognosy, School of immediately before use. The dose selected for the
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alloxan injected animals study was based on
Jaipur exhibited massive acute toxicity study carried
2. Department of glycosuria and out according to OECD
Pharmacognosy, hyperglycaemia guidelines. The acute study
Maharishi Arvind College, within few days (after 72 included the
Jaipur hrs). Diabetes was measurement of blood
3.Department of confirmed in alloxan rats glucose level at 0day, 3day
Pharmaceutical by measuring the fasting and 7day after
Chemistry, School of blood administration of test
Pharmaceutical glucose concentration, material orally.
Sciences,Jaipur National on 3rd day after the Alcoholic extracts (200
University, Jagatpura, injection with alloxan. mg/kg b. w.) Showed more
Jaipur-302025, (Raj.), Adult albino Wister rats significant (p<0.01)
India with blood antidiabetic activity in both
glucose levels more than acute and prolonged
200 mg/dl were treatment, which were
considered to be diabetic compared to standard
and were used in this Glibenclamide. However,
experiment. this claim
The extracts at the dose demands further study to
of 200 mg/kg body pin point the antidiabetic
weight were activity of Mangifera indica
administered orally after Linn. due to particular
suspending in water. poly phenol present in seed
The blood samples were kernel of Mangifera indica
collected from retro Linn.
orbital plexus and the
blood glucose levels
were
determined using
Glucometer.