1-Define structural analysis ?

Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or
other external effects.

2-What are the performance characteristics of common interest in the design of structures?

1. stresses or stress resultants, such as axial forces, shear forces, and bending moments.

2. deflections. 3. Support reactions

3-Define structural engineering?

Is the science and art of planning, Designing constructing safe and economical structures that will serve
their intended purpose

4-Write briefly on the phases of a typical structural engineering project?

Planning Phase :- The planning phase usually involves the establish ment of the functional requirements
of the proposed structure, the general layout and dimensions of the structure,

Preliminary Structural Design :- the sizes of the various members of the structural system selected in
the planning phase are estimated based on approximate analysis, past experience, and code
requirements.

Estimation of Loads:- Estimation of loads involves determination of all the loads that can be expected to
act on the structure.

Structural Analysis:- In structural analysis, the values of the loads are used to carry out an analysis of
the structure in order to determine the stresses or stress resultants in the members and the
deflections at various points of the structure.

Safety and Serviceability:- Checks The results of the analysis are used to determine whether or not the
structure satisfies the safety and serviceability requirements of the design codes.

Revised Structural Design:- If the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are
revised, and phases 3 through 5 are repeated until all the safety and serviceability requirements are
satisfied.

5-Write on the (5) categories of the classification of structures?

Tension Structures
Compression Structures
Trusses
Shear Structures
Bending Structures
6-Write briefly on the (3) classes of the loads that act on structures?

Dead loads:- due to the weight of the structural system itself and any other material permanently
attached to it

Live loads:- which are movable or moving loads due to the use of the structure

Environmental loads:- which are caused by environmental e¤ects, such as wind, snow, and
earthquakes.

7-What is the importance of load combinations? And what should the engineer consider in
using load combinations?

It is important to realize that the structure must be designed to have adequate strength to resist the
most unfavorable of all the load combinations.

8-How can a structure be considered in equilibrium?

A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to
a system of forces and couples. If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members and parts are
also in equilibrium.
9-What are the external forces? And what are their two types?

External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration.

forces as applied forces and reaction forces.

10-What are the internal forces? And what is their role in the structure?

Internal forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure
by the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure and hold the various
portions of it together.

11-Sketch the (3) types of supports?

12-How can a structure be considered internally stable?

A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body
when detached from the supports.

13-How can an internally stable structure be considered statically determinate externally?

An internally stable structure is considered to be statically determinate externally if all its support
reactions can be determined by solving the equations of equilibrium.

14-Write the (3) conditions of static instability, determinacy, & indeterminacy, of plane
internally stable structures?

r < 3 the structure is statically unstable externally

r = 3 the structure is statically determinate externally

r > 3 the structure is statically indeterminate externally