Accepted Manuscript

Estimations of Energy Density and Storage Efficiency for Cascading

Adsorption Heat Storage Concepts

Matthias S. Treier, Gunther Munz, Andreas Velte,

Stefan K. Henninger, Ferdinand P. Schmidt

PII: S0140-7007(18)30399-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.10.012
Reference: JIJR 4136

To appear in: International Journal of Refrigeration

Received date: 31 December 2017

Revised date: 3 August 2018
Accepted date: 1 October 2018

Please cite this article as: Matthias S. Treier, Gunther Munz, Andreas Velte, Stefan K. Henninger,
Ferdinand P. Schmidt, Estimations of Energy Density and Storage Efficiency for Cascad-
ing Adsorption Heat Storage Concepts, International Journal of Refrigeration (2018), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.10.012

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights

• Energy density and storage efficiency can be increased by cascading cycles

• Volume of whole system is important to be considered for calculation of

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Energy density

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• Novel materials like metal organic frameworks are interesting for cascading
use

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Estimations of Energy Density and Storage Efficiency

for Cascading Adsorption Heat Storage Concepts

Matthias S. Treiera,∗, Gunther Munzb , Andreas Velteb , Stefan K. Henningerb ,

Ferdinand P. Schmidta

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a Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

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b Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany

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Abstract

Thermal energy storage can play an important role to reduce the mismatch be-

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tween energy demand and supply. This work presents two cascading systems
with the aim to increase energy density and storage efficiency. Furthermore the
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influence of the system volume on the energy density is depicted compared to
only including the volume of the storage material.
Both cascading cycles indicate an increase in energy density and storage effi-
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ciency on a material level compared to a direct use. When considering also the
auxiliary components of the system, the energy density can decrease under the
value of the direct use system. Thus, it is very important to gaze at the whole
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system for the calculation of energy densities.

Keywords: Energy Storage, Adsorption, Cascading Systems, Energy Density
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1. Introduction
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Through the increasing demand of energy and a stronger focus on renewable

energy in modern society, the storage of heat plays an important role. Two of
the renewable energy sources that are used mainly, solar and wind power, are
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5 only fluctuating and so a mismatch between energy supply and demand can

∗ Matthias S. Treier, Institute of Fluid Machinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karl-

sruhe, Germany
Email address: Matthias.Treier@kit.edu (Matthias S. Treier)

Preprint submitted to International Journal of Refrigeration October 30, 2018

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occur. This mismatch can be reduced through efficient storage systems. Espe-
cially solar heat, that is produced in huge amounts during summer, could be
used in winter by developping long term storage methods. The same mismatch
can also occur during one day, since there is a higher demand in the morning

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10 and evening than in the meantime in family households. Thus, short time stor-

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age of one day to a week is also important. Another possible application to use
a heat storage is for storing industrial waste heat or heat from combined heat

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and power (CHP).
For any kind of heat storage, energy density and storage efficiency are two im-
15 portant figures of merit. For closed-cycle adsorption based systems these two

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quantities have to be defined carefully for each case, because both desorption
(storage charging) and adsorption (storage discharging) involve a heat transfor-
mation step with an additional heat source or sink [1], [2]. The assumptions
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made strongly influence the achievable energy density and storage efficiency and
20 thus, the minimal usable temperature lift should always be reported when as-
sessing performance. For heating applications in buildings, closed-cycle storage
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systems typically require a higher temperature lift than open-cycle systems in

which the heat of adsorption is directly transferred to a ventilation air stream
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(as e.g. in the Monosorp concept of Stuttgart University [3]).

25 Literature suggests a variety of values for energy density for various materials.
A comparison of the numbers is, however, difficult due to varying ways of cal-
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culation for the energy density and different system boundaries.

The main difference is that on the one hand the energy density is calculated
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only on the material level [4], [5] whereas on the other hand the volume of the
30 whole system, including the volume of auxiliary components, is considered for
the calculations [2], [6], [7]. This performance gap between material level and
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system level investigations is also discussed by Fumey et al. [8] or Aristov [9].
Additionally, the storage density is influenced by the temperature lift and the
desorption and condenser temperature. As often not all temperatures used for
35 the calculations are mentioned, given storage densities are hard to be followed
[10], [11], [12], [13]. In this work, the influence of the volume of the whole system

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on the storage density in comparison to only using the volume of the adsorption
vessel alone is presented, because theoretical values are often much higher when
not considering the whole system. Furthermore, two possible cascading cycles,
40 a high temperature cascade and a low-temperature cascade, are introduced and

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the possibility to increase both the efficiency and the storage density through

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the use of cascading cycles is shown. For the presented values a 4-temperature
approach is chosen, what means that the four temperatures are published to-

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gether with the numbers for energy density and storage efficiency.
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2. Basics for the investigations

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The important basics, that are needed for the investigations that were car-
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ried out, are presented in the following parts.

2.1. Definition of energy density and storage efficiency

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Important for the comparison of the different cascading systems is the in-
troduction of the effective volumetric energy density that is defined according
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to equation 1.
Qdischarge
w= (1)
V
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The energy density w [kWh m−3 ] is the ratio of the usable heat, that is
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provided during storage discharge Qdischarge [kWh] to the volume of the storage
V [m3 ]. There are various ways of defining the volume of the storage, either by
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referring to the adsorbent vessel alone or to use larger system boundaries and
60 include auxiliary components that are required as well. Looking at this formula,
the energy density could be increased by increasing the discharge heat of the
storage.

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Storage efficiency is defined as a ratio of two amounts of heat (equation 2).

Qdischarge
η= (2)
Qcharge

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65 The discharge heat out of the storage is divided by the heat that is used for the

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desorption of the storage Qcharge [kWh].
Depending on the case of use, different parts of the amounts of heat released

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within the cycle can be considered useful heat for the determination of the two
figures introduced above. If the focus is on storage of heat which leads to a time
70 delay between charge and discharge, only the heat released at a useful temper-

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ature should be considered for the calculations.
Instead of using the cascading storage for heating a cooling use is interesting
to look at. In that case, the heat of the evaporator of the storage is used for
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calculating the energy density and the storage efficiency.
75 Also, sensible heat losses during the storage time need to be considered. While
the adsorbent preserves its loading state, the adsorbent vessel gradually cools
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down from its maximum temperature level at the beginning of the storage phase
due to heat losses to the surroundings. When the storage temperature at the
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beginning of the discharge phase is below the use temperature it needs to be

80 raised again until useful heat can be extracted. This is an especially relevant
process for high-temperature cascading cycles.
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2.2. Material data and possible benefit through cascading

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Zeolite Na-Y powder was obtained from Chemiewerk Bad Koestritz as Koe-
85 strolith P-TR. Water adsorption equilibrium data were measured at Fraunhofer
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ISE in a Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) apparatus from Surface Measurement

Systems.
LilSX is from Tricat GmbH in Bitterfeld Germany and is described in detail in
the work of Jaenchen et al. [14].
90 The zeolite 13X is produced by Bayer. More information on this material can

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be found in Núñez et al. [15] and Núñez [16].

TiAPSO SCT-323 is a titanium exchanged SAPO-34 type adsorbent that can
be bought from Clariant AG, Bitterfeld, Germany Bendix et al. [17].
The two MOFs Aluminium Fumarate and MIL-101 are discussed in the paper by

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95 Henninger et al. [18]. Aluminium Fumarate has a pore volume of 0.48 cm3 g −1

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and MIL-101 has a pore volume of 2.02 cm3 g −1 .
Previous studies found that there is a potential of increasing the storage density

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for the examined materials. The specific adsorbed volume for the materials can
be seen in figure 1. To calculate the characteristic curves, Dubinin fits were
100 used [15].

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Figure 1: Characteristic curves for the used materials

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As the figure illustrates there is a high adsorption capacity for TiAPSO and
Aluminium Fumarate but for small temperature lift. Furthermore, it can be seen
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that the other materials have a lower adsorption capacity but they can provide
a higher temperature lift. The idea of the cascading cycles is to make use of the
105 differing features of these characteristic curves to increase the storage density
and the cycle efficiency. Different kinds of cascading may be advantageous for

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different materials.
The cycles that are discussed in the following are a high-temperature cascade
and a low-temperature cascade which will be explained further in the following
110 section.

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2.3. Configuration of the Cascading Cycles

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The two different cascading systems aim at different material candidates. A

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low-temperature cascading adsorption storage cycle (LTcasc) can be used for
the materials that show a large water loading capacity but only a small usable
115 temperature lift. Especially recently discovered adsorbents [19], [20] from the

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group of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) seem to be promising.
The required temperature lift of e.g. 30 K for a heating application could be
realised by a double lift configuration of two adsorption storage modules. The
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heat of adsorption of one module is used to heat the evaporator of the other
120 module. A scheme of this configuration is shown in figure 2.
In the desorption phase the modules can be desorbed either directly or in a cas-
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Figure 2: LTcasc-cycle during adsorption phase (storage discharge)

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cading configuration as well. The heat of condensation of the first module would
be used to desorb the adsorber of the second module in a cascading desorption.
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The efficiency of the LTcasc depends strongly on the mode of desorption, it

125 would be higher for a cascading desorption. It should be noted that the cycle
stability of some adsorbents may be highly affected by increased condenser tem-
peratures, prohibiting the use of this cascading desorption in some cases.

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For the results of this paper, different cases for LTcasc were investigated, a com-
plete double lift cycle and a combination of direct use and double lift where the
130 heat of temperature higher than 35 ◦ C is used directly and the heat below 35 ◦ C
is cascaded with at double lift cycle. The results were compared with a direct

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use of the adsorption heat. The difference in the calculation are the different

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heats of adsorption that are used for both storage efficiency and storage density.
For the direct use, only the adsorption heat of a temperature higher 35 ◦ C is

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135 used. The used heat in the complete double lift cycle is the heat out of adsorber
2. In the combination case, the heat higher than 35 ◦ C is used diretly and added
to the cascaded heat out of adsorber 2.

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For the other materials, that can provide a higher temperature lift than is re-
quired by the application, the high-temperature cascading adsorption storage
cycle (HTcasc) could be suitable. Candidate materials here are for example
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hydrophilic zeolites of the faujasite and LTA (Linde type A) types [1].
For the HTcasc a part of the adsorption heat is used to drive a sorption heat
pump cycle. A scheme of the HTcasc is shown in picture 3.
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Figure 3: HTcasc-cycle during adsorption phase (storage discharge); dotted lines signify direct
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use, continuous lines signify cascading use

During discharge the adsorption storage gradually cools down and as soon as
145 the temperature is too low to drive the sorption heat pump, the heat of adsorp-
tion is used directly. Thus, a double effect is realised at least for a part of the

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loading spread of the storage.

A requirement for the HTcasc is a high-temperature heat source for the direct
desorption and an adsorber that can be operated at nominal power with low
150 driving temperature differences between the heat transfer fluid and the adsor-

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ber.

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For this study, short cycle times of a day are aimed at and thus a high cycle
count over system lifetime. To fit that time range, a characteristic storage time

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t of 12 hours is assumed within the study.
155 According to the German Ecolabel “Der Blaue Engel” [21] the heat loss rate
(U*A) of a water storage can be estimated through equation 3, where V is the

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volume of the storage. This estimation is used also for the adsorption storage.

U ∗ A ≤ 0.135 ∗
√
V (3)
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With the storage volume of 1 m3 the U*A of the storage is less than or equal
160 4.2 W K −1 and thus an U*A of 4 W K −1 is assumed.
The sensible losses over storage time are calculated using the above heat loss
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rate.
Assuming a storage packing desity of 400 kg of adsorbens and a specific heat ca-
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pacity of 896 Jkg −1 K −1 plus 340 kg of Aluminium with a specific heat capacity
165 of 897 Jkg −1 K −1 leads to a loss of 20 percent over the 12 hours storage time.
Thus, a loss of 20 percent is assumed for the simulations that are perfomed for
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the HTcasc cycle.

The heat of adsorption that is used for the calculations for the HTcasc cycle
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(Qdischarge,HT casc ) is determined according to equation 4. The cascading part

170 of the heat (Qdischarge,casc ) is multiplied by the COP of the used heat pump
(COPhp ) and added to the direct part (Qdischarge,direct ).
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Qdischarge,HT casc = Qdischarge,direct + Qdischarge,casc ∗ COPhp (4)

2.3.1. Heat pumps for cascading

Within this work, two different heat pumps are assumed for the cascading cy-
cle, one with an integrated stratified storage for heat recovery (Stratisorp cycle,

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175 [22], [23]), and one with heat recovery between two adsorbers through delayed
switching between return flows, as realised by company Sortech/Fahrenheit that
was analysed and described by Wittstadt et al. ([24]).
The Stratisorp cycle is based on a thermal, stratified water storage, that is in-

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tegrated into an adsorption cycle. A scheme of the Stratisorp cycle can be seen

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in figure 4.

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Figure 4: Scheme of the Stratisorp cycle in adsorption phase [22]

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Through the use of the water storage, an internal heat recovery can be realised.
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During adsorption, water is taken out of the water storage at a temperature

level and is lead back into the storage at a higher level. The adsorption heat is
stored in the water storage and can be used again in the desorption cycle. The
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185 water can be taken from the storage in different heights and thus in different
temperatures and so the temperature difference between adsorber and fluid is
small. This leads to small losses during the heat recovery and increases the
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efficiency of the cycle. A more detailed description of the Stratisorp cycle can
be found in the work of Schwamberger [23].
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190

2.4. Used Model and boundary conditions for the simulations

A static simulation model in Matlab is used for the calculations in this pa-
per. Within this model, mass and heat transfer is not considered. The model is

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based on adsorption equilibria and the equilibrium loading is calculated using

195 Dubinin fits [15]. An extensive description of the used model can be found in
Schwamberger [23].
In order to include the sensible losses, the temperature after the sensible loss is

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determined using equation 5, were Ta , T (0) and T (t) are the ambient tempera-

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ture, the temperature at the beginning of the storage time and the temperature
200 at the end of the storage time.

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T (t) − Ta U ∗A
= e− m∗cp ∗t (5)
T (0) − Ta
The boundary conditions, that are used for the simulations, differ for LTcasc

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and HTcasc in some points, as the requirements for the cycles are different. For
the LTcasc the conditions are shown in table 1. A complete loss of sensible heat
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205 is assumed in this study and four materials are investigated for the LTcasc. The
desorption is modelled in a parallel, single stage way, which means that both
the adsorption modules are desorbed simultaneously. Between evaporator and
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adsorber a temperature lift of 30 K is realised as a typical value for heating

applications.
210 For the LTcasc values, the considered volume for the calculation is the volume
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of only the adsorber vessel, without the evaporator.

Since for the HTcasc a differentiation between the energy density on a mate-
rial level and on a system level is presented, the additional system volumes are
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stated in the table 2. Moreover, the changed conditions compared to the LTcasc
215 can be looked up in that table.
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In the Stratisorp cycle, the additional volume of the stratified water storage
of 400 liters and the volume of two Sortech fiber modules is considered as ad-
sorption module. For the Sortech cycle, only the volume of the fiber module is
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added for the heat pump. To complete the system volume, for the direct use,
220 the Stratisorp and the Sortech cascading cycle an evaporator/condenser volume
of 130 liters is used.
The COP heat of the Sortech fiber module was set to a constant value of 1.2

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Table 1: Boundary conditions for LTcasc

Parameter Value

Working fluid Water

90, 130, 180, 250 ◦ C

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Desorption temperatures
Condensation temperature 35 ◦ C

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Adsorption temperature 35 ◦ C
Evaporation temperature 5 ◦C

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Desorption configuration parallel
Adsorbent packing density in adsorber vessel 400 kg m−3
Materials

Loss of sensible heat

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Aluminium Fumarate, Z13X
100 %
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and the COP cool to 0.2.
In case of the Stratisorp cycle, the COP of the heat pump is determined using
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225 dynamic simulations for the system consisting of the stratified water storage,
the adsorption heat pump and the relevant hydraulic connections, i.e. the heat
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pump is simulated independent of the adsorption storage. One dimensional

models for the adsorption module and the water storage are used to describe
the heat and mass transfer in these components. An ideal heater, which provides
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230 a constant driving temperature during the adsorption heat pump cycle, is used
as the high temperature heat source for the Stratisorp cycle. The simulation is
run until a steady-state is reached such that the states of the water storage at
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the beginning and end of the cycle are the same. A detailed description of the
dynamic simulations can be found in Schwamberger [23] and Schwamberger et
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235 al. [25].

Thus, this simulation approach assumes that the temperature of the sorption
storage changes relatively slowly compared to the Stratisorp cycle and that the
driving temperature for Stratisorp remains approximately constant for one cy-
cle. A parameter variation for different driving temperatures is then performed

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Table 2: Modified and complementary boundary conditions for HTcasc

Parameter Value

Desorption temperatures 180, 250 ◦ C

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Materials Z13X, LiLSX, NaY
Loss of sensible heat 20 %

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COP heat Sortech 1.2
COP cool Sortech 0.2

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Volume Sortech 1.16 m3
COP heat Stratisorp at 85 ◦ C: 1.27

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at 95 ◦ C: 1.41
at 100 ◦ C: 1.42
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COP cool Stratisorp at 85 ◦ C: 0.27
at 90 ◦ C: 0.37
at 95 ◦ C: 0.41
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at 100 ◦ C: 0.42
Volume Stratisorp 1.59 m3
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240 and corresponding COPs are determined (see table 2).

Because of the stratified water storage in the Stratisorp cycle, the temperatures
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higher than 100 ◦ C are modelled with the same COP and the heat has to be
regulated through a heat exchanger.
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3. Results and Discussion

245 In this section the results of the investigations are presented. Both, the cal-
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culated energy density and the storage efficiency, are discussed for the studied
cycles, beginning with the energy density. For both cycles, selected data sam-
ples of different materials are discussed and compared with each other. The
complete data set of the simulations can be found in the appendix.
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3.1. Energy density for the different cycles and materials

For the LTcasc the materials Z13X, TiAPSO, MIL-101 and Aluminium Fu-
marate were examined. The calculated energy densities for the two types of
MOFs MIL-101 and Aluminium Fumarate is shown in figure 5. For both mate-

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255 rials the energy density with direct use, with double lift and a combination of

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both cycles is compared.
With the given conditions the energy density for a direct use is very small for

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Figure 5: Comparison of energy densities with different cycles for LTcasc for MIL-101 and
Aluminium Fumarate with a desorption temperature of 90 ◦ C

both materials as shown in the figure. Through the use of the double lift cycle,
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a strong increase in energy density can be reached. For Aluminium Fumarate

260 the value is increased from 1 kWh m−3 to 52 kWh m−3 and for MIL-101 from
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5 kWh m−3 to 72 kWh m−3 . Thus, these materials can be used for heating by
cascading where the direct use would be inefficient.
For the two presented materials the combination of double lift and direct use
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does not bring more benefit for the energy density, but for other materials, such
265 as TiAPSO, this cycle could also be promising.
The simulations for the HTcasc were conducted with the three materials Z13X,
NaY and LiLSX. Since the results are similar for the three materials, only the
values of LiLSX are discussed here.

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In figure 6 the numbers for LiLSX for the direct use, the cascading with the
270 Sortech fiber module and the Stratisorp cycle are shown. The energy densities
for both the material and the system volume can be seen in the diagram. As a
comparison, both the heating and the cooling case are illustrated as well as an

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example for the energy density with a higher material density in direct use.

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The figure depicts, that through both ways of HTcasc the energy density is
275 increased compared to a direct use for heating and cooling, when considering

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only the volume of the storage vessel.
When the material of the other system components is included for the volumet-

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Figure 6: Comparison of energy densities with different cycles for HTcasc for LiLSX with a
desorption temperature of 180 ◦ C
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ric energy density, only the cascading with the Sortech fiber module increases
the energy density in the heating case. The value for the Stratisorp heat pump,
280 whereas, decreases because of the huge volume of the stratified water storage.
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For the cooling case, the value for the cascading with Stratisorp is equal to the
value with direct use. Equally, as observed in the heating case, the cascading
with Sortech increases the energy density in the cooling case.
The values for the energy densities with a material density of 600 kg m−3 indi-
285 cate, that for a direct use the values are higher than with the cascading system

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with a material density of 400 kg m−3 . Concluding, the direct use would be
better than cascading when the material density can be increased due to the
more simple storage vessels.

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290 3.2. Storage efficiency for the different cycles and materials

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The storage efficiency is the second number that will be discussed in the
following. The examples shown are the same materials and conditions that are

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described in the previous section, starting with the values for the LTcasc cycle.
In figure 7 the values for storage efficiency for the LTcasc cycle can be found.

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A strong increase in storage efficiency can be identified through the use of the
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Figure 7: Comparison of storage efficiency with different cycles for LTcasc for MIL-101 and
Aluminium Fumarate with a desorption temperature of 90 ◦ C
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295

double lift cycle and the combination of direct use and double lift, compared
to only direct use. The storage efficiency can be further increased through the
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combining cycle of direct use and double lift.

Equally to the trend of the storage efficiency for the LTcasc, a strong increase
300 of storage efficiency can be observed for the HTcasc cycle in figure 8.
The efficiency is the highest for the cascading with the Stratisorp heat pump,
followed by the cascading with the Sortech fiber module. This is comparable

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Figure 8: Comparison of storage efficiency with different cycles for HTcasc for LiLSX with a
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desorption temperature of 180 ◦ C

for the heating and the cooling case.

Through the results it is pointed out that both HTcasc and LTcasc lead to an
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305 increase of storage efficiency for the cascading cycle.

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4. Conclusions

In this study, two promising concepts, a low-temperature and a high-temperature

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cascading cycle, which tackle the storage problems of energy for heat and cold
are proposed. The study points out, that the energy density of adsorption heat
310 storages can be increased through both cycles, taking into account only the vol-
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ume of the storage vessel.

When the total volume of the storage system is considered, however, there is a
decrease for the Stratisorp cycle and only a small increase for the Sortech fiber
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module in the heating case. This highlights the importance of using the whole
315 system components for the calculation of the energy density, especially when
comparing to a water storage as it is also described by NTsoukpoe et al. [2].
Since the water storage in a cooling case would be smaller, the cooling case of

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the cascading cycle is promising for future investigations.

The storage efficiency is increased by both cascading cycles and thus, it is im-
320 portant looking at both storage efficiency and energy density together for an
overall evaluation of the cascading cycles.

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Furthermore the study indicates that by the development of new cycles like the

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two cycles presented above novel materials can be used for the storage of heat,
that are not suitable for standardised cycles like MOFs. On the other hand more

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325 material is needed because of the two adsorber vessels. By the employment of
the cascading cycles heat of a wider temperature range can be used for heat
storage than with a direct use.

330
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In addition, the influence of the adsorbent packing density is revealed. All ma-
terials were assumed with the same adsorbent packing density within this work,
but for some of the materials the packing density could be higher, what can
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lead to higher energy densities and storage efficiencies.
Further investigations are currently ongoing, considering other materials for the
cascading cycles. Besides, for the LTcasc different materials can be used for
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the two stages and a cascading desorption can be simulated. For the HTcasc,
335 the use of different heat pumps, for example an absorption heat pump could be
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possible.

Acknowledgement
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Funding by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

through the cooperative project MAKSORE (grant no. 03SF0441) is gratefully
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340 acknowledged.
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Nomenclature

η Storage efficiency
CHP Combined heat and power

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COP Coefficient of performance

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COPhp Coefficient of performance of Heat Pump
cp Specific heat capacity

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DVS Dynamic Vapor Sorption
HTcasc High-temperature cascading adsorption storage cycle
LTA Linde type A
LTcasc
MOFs
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Low-temperature cascading adsorption storage cycle
Metal organic frameworks
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m Mass
Qdischarge Heat of discharge (use heat)
Qdischarge,casc Discharge heat for cascading use
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Qdischarge,direct Discharge heat for direct use

Qdischarge,HT casc Discharge heat for high temperature cascading
T (0) Temperature at the beginning of storage time
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T (t) Temperature at the end of storage time

Ta Ambient temperature
t Time
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U*A Heat loss rate

uncasc Uncascaded
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V Volume of the storage

w Energy density
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References

References

345 [1] A. Hauer, Thermal Energy Storage with Zeolite for Heating and Cool-
ing, Proceedings of the 7th International Sorption Heat Pump Conference

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ISHPC (2002) 385–390.

[2] K. E. NTsoukpoe, H. Liu, N. L. Pierrs, L. Luo, A review on long-term

sorption solar energy storage, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
13 (9) (2009) 2385 – 2396. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.

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350

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Appendix

Table 3: Calculated values for energy density and storage efficiency in heating case for LTcasc
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Material Material Desorption Energy Energy Energy Storage Storage Storage
density temperature density density density efficiency efficiency efficiency
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uncascaded double lift combined uncascaded double lift combined
kg h h h
[m 3] [◦ C] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ]
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Z13X 400 130 27 18 30 0.45 0.28 0.46
Z13X 400 180 57 M 35 61 0.57 0.33 0.57

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Z13X 400 250 77 45 81 0.57 0.32 0.57
TiAPSO 400 90 49 34 57 0.67 0.39 0.65
TiAPSO 400 130 72 47 81 0.70 0.39 0.68
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Aluminium Fumarate 400 90 1 52 52 0.04 0.40 0.40
MIL-101 400 90 5 73 71 0.19 0.46 0.47
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MIL-101 400 130 13 81 79 0.32 0.44 0.47

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Table 4: Calculated values for energy density and storage efficiency in heating case for HTcasc with 20 % sensible losses for material level and system
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level

Material Material Desorption Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Storage Storage Storage
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density temperature density density density density density density efficiency efficiency efficiency
uncasc uncasc Stratisorp Stratisorp Sortech Sortech uncasc Stratisorp Sortech
material system material system material system
ED
kg h h h h h h
[m 3] [ C]
◦
[ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ]
M

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Z13X 400 180 71 63 88 55 80 68 0.94 1.16 1.04
Z13X 400 250 97 86 125 78 110 95 0.93 1.19 1.05
LiLSX 400 180 78 69 99 62 88 76 0.94 1.19 1.06
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LiLSX 400 250 100 89 131 82 115 99 0.93 1.22 1.07
LiLSX 600 180 115 102 146 91 130 111 0.95 1.2 1.07
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LiLSX 600 250 147 130 191 120 168 144 0.94 1.22 1.07
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NaY 400 180 89 79 103 65 96 83 0.94 1.09 1.02
NaY 400 250 103 91 123 77 112 97 0.93 1.11 1.02
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Table 5: Calculated values for energy density and storage efficiency in cooling case for HTcasc with 20 % sensible losses for material level and system
CE
level

Material Material Desorption Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Storage Storage Storage
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density temperature density density density density density density efficiency efficiency efficiency
uncasc uncasc Stratisorp Stratisorp Sortech Sortech uncasc Stratisorp Sortech
material system material system material system
ED
kg h h h h h h
[m 3] [ C]
◦
[ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ] [ kW
m3 ]
M

26
Z13X 400 180 45 40 62 39 53 45 0.58 0.81 0.69
Z13X 400 250 57 50 85 53 70 60 0.54 0.81 0.67
LiLSX 400 180 51 45 72 45 61 53 0.62 0.87 0.74
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LiLSX 400 250 62 55 92 58 76 66 0.58 0.86 0.71
LiLSX 600 180 77 68 107 67 92 79 0.63 0.89 0.76
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LiLSX 600 250 93 82 137 86 114 98 0.59 0.88 0.73

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NaY 400 180 60 54 75 47 67 58 0.64 0.79 0.71
NaY 400 250 65 58 85 53 75 64 0.59 0.77 0.68
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