HHSH

PROJECT REPORT 2018-19
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives an over view about the study on mango

cultivation in Muthalamada and its significance, objectives, tools and
limitations.
Kerala state is located in the southern part of India with a total

geographical area of 38.85 thous and square kilometers. The climate is
humid tropics with an annual rain fall of 307 centimeter, distributed in
two main monsoons namely, south-west monsoon and North-East
monsoon. Mango is not considered as a commercial crop of kerala, but
mango trees are inevitable components of homesteads of the state. The
total estimatred area under mango culltivation is 75,911 hectares with
an annual production of 323,517 tones.
Commerical orchards of mango are being established in the

Palakkad district, where the climatic conditions are more suitable for
mango trees.The mango population consists of both seedling and gratted
trees.But the commercial orchards are of gratted trees only the
cultivated varieties include Alphons, Bangalora, Banganapally, Neelum,
Kalapady, Guddadat and prior. The flowering commences by November
–December and the harvesting starts by March-April, which helps to get
maximum price for the fruits to the growers due to the high demand for
then fruits in the main markets in the other parts of the country.
Muthalamada known as the “Mango city” of Kerala is located on

the Kerala- Tamilnadu border in Chittur Taluk of Palakkad district in
kerala. It is producing tones of mangoes annually.They are well known
for its producing tones of mangoes annually. They are well known for
its quality off season mangoes and large scale export.Muthalamada
THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 1

mangoes are also well known for their flavour,taste and juiciness.
Appoximately 2700 hectares of land are under mango are sold beyond
the state in Mumbai in Delhi and other places in India and abroad ,thus
crores are fretched through mango trade annually .A number of mango
lovers from near by districts visit Muthalamada to buy their preferred
varieties directly from their farm.
Muthalalmada Mango City
 Cultivating myriads of mango varieties

 Mango trade of crores in and outside country and in international
markets
 Tonnes of mangoes produced annually
 More than 2700 hectares of mango plantations
Among the mango hubs in the country, harvesting begins in

muthalamada first, by January-February every years, and the season
continues till the end of July. So muthalamada is the first to supply
mango fruits to markets in and outside the country. Hence, these have
international demand and fetch good prices.
1.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study was attempted to collect all the details of mango cultivation
in Muthalamada, Palakkad district.Muthalamada is the first to supply mango
fruits to markets in and outside the country. Agriculture department is trying
to raise mango cultivation and export from here to international standards.
The state Horticulture Mission has taken steps to implement a project
improving the packing houses and sripening methods.There is scope to
establish mango preservation factories in cooperative sector Mango grower’s

cooperatives on the line need to encouraged to come up in mango producing

states. This will add to their income through processing and create additional
employment opportunities for the rural people.
1.3STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study on mango cultivation in muthalamada Palakkad district

muthalamada panchayat in the district is known as the mango city of Kerala
for its quality off season mangoes from more than 2700 hectares of orchards
The 700 farmers to have 2-5 acres of mango orchards. The high quality taste
and early arrival on international market make muthalamada mangoes good
export orders and high price. Climate change especially drought and
unseasonal rain is a challenge to mango cultivators climate change continues
to haunt the far means and it had upset the plans of mango farmers in the
region. This study helps to know the present mango cultivation practices and
problems of mango cultivation in Muthalamada panchayath and also
recommend the best solution to these problems.
1.2 OBTECTIVES
1.To study the functions of mango cultivation among farmers of
Muthalamada
2.To analyze the problems of mango cultivation among farmers of
Muthalamada.
3. To analyze the need of further improvement of the farmers.
1.5 DATA SOURCE
The study makes use of both primary data and secondary data. Primary
data collected using questionnaire from mango farmers. Whereas secondary
data source and websites and publications.

1.6RASEARCH APPROACH
The survey research using a well structured questionnaire for selected

number of farmers in muthalamada panchayath.
1.7 PERIOD OF STUDY
The research is conducted for a period of 21 days
1.8 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A well structured questionnaire was prepared with the objective of

collecting information from farmers on the mango cultivation in
muthalamada.
1.9 POPULATION
The population used for the study is mango farmers in muthalamada.
1.10 SAMPLE SIZE
The primary data collected from 50 respondents were studied who are
ordinary farmers in nature being the residents of Muthalamada.
1.11 METHOD OF SAMPLING
The sample size of 50members is fixed to represent whole population

and selected by using random sampling methods.
1.12 TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS
The statistical package for social scientists (SPPSS-XXI) was used to

process the data. Relevant statistical tools and techniques such as percentages
used for analyzing and interpreting the collected data.

1.13 LIMITATIONS
 Respondents opinions are supposed to change from time to time.

 The statistical tools used for analysis is based on assumptions.
 The analysis result are also bound to be affected by assumptions or
restrictions

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A comprehensive review of the past studies is useful to formulate

concepts, methodology and tools of analysis to be used for any research.
This part of the study is an attempt to review the available literature in
the area of mango production and marketing practices of mango
growers.
1. BAISYA (2004) :
It is a matter of astonishment to many that mango one of the
most celebrated fruits of tropical part of india, is a member of the
family anacardiaceae which is notorious for embracing number of
highly poisonous plants.It has rich luscious, aromatic flavor and a
delicious taste in which sweetness and acidity is delightfully
blendend.Mango production has experienced continuous growth in the
last decades of the twentieth century.
2. FAO STAT( 2007) :

The wold’s told annual mango fruit production was estimated at
22 MMT.Global production of mangoes is concentrated manily in Asia
and more precisely in india that produced 12 MMT Por annum.
Mangoes are calltivated in 85 countries.
3. Loillet,(1994)Mahayothee(2005 ):
Asia and the oriental countries produced around 80% of the
wold’s total production,major mango producing countries are
india,Mexico,china and Pakistan.

4. Sreenath(1995):
The export of mango pulp as a rawmaterial for these products was
estimated to the about 62% of total export of fruits and vegetables in
india.
5. Pott( 2005) Vazquez –caicedo(2004):

Mango fruit is utilized at all stages it its development both in this
immature and mature state.Raw fruits are used for making chutney,
pickle and juices. The mango kernel also contains 8-10 percent good
quality fat which can be used soap and also as a substitute for cola in
confectionery.
6.Annon(1962)Negi(2000):
It is the most cultivated area occupied crop in india with 60 % of
the total area under fruits. More than 25 mango cultivors are available in
indiatha are widely cultivated.
7. Sandhu and Joshi (1995 ):

Fruits like mango are highly perishable commodities.In
developing countries like india, 20-30% of fruits produced undergo
spoilage due to lack of proper of utilization and undevelopedpost
harvest technology.
8. Joshi .P.K Diversification And Its Impact In Small Holders

;Evidence From A Study Of Mango Production .Agricultural
Economics Research Review 2005.
Joshi has found out that mango production is more profitable. The
small holders are relatively more efficient in production and own more
family labour than that are owned by large holders. The unique
characteristic of small holders is that they choose a production portfolio
that yields high, quick and regalur returns and utilizes and the available
family labour resources. Mangoes productions is the emerging sector in
agriculture that would augment the income of the small holders and
generate employment opportunities in the rural areas
9. Dasrathiaramaiah .k Production and productively of mango(

2005):
Found in this research that the major problem in the production of
mango was lack of quality seeds. Besides this problem the mango
production was also facing some marketing problems such as lack of
storage facilities, excessive dependence on intermediaries etc.
10. Kumar N.B “Mango marketing in india ”, Indian

Horiculture(2003):
Found out that “Regulation of mango market could be possible
where all marketing practices can be standardized and everyone
involved in the marketing of mango can get his just share.
11. Sharma B.L “Price spread and problems in marketing of mango

in Agro climatic zone of Rjasthan “,Agricultural Marketing( 2006)
Sharma has conducted a study (i) to investigate the prevalent
marketing system and channels, the marketing custs ,margins and price
spread in various marketing channels and (ii) to find out general
problems faced by the mango growers in selling their produce.It is
found that the packing materials and transportation costs were the major
components of marketing costs.
12. D.R.S.S Khanna and M.P Gupta Strategy for increasing

productionof mangoes (1989)
In a study Khanna and Gupta have dealt with the various
strategies for increasing production of mangoes. The study concluded
that the new seed policy which will help in liberalizing the import of
mangoes will go long way in increasing the production of mangoes. It is
suggested that farmers producing only mangoes should be provided
with easy loanfacilities.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Kerala is an agrarian economy Cash crop, like coconuts, rubber,
tea and coffee, pepper and cardamom, cashew, arecanut, nutmeg,
ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and the like, give the agriculture of Kerala a
distinct flavour. The land reforms, introduced immediately after the
State’s formation in 1957,brought down to a great extent the economic,
class and caste inequality in Kerala society ,ended statutory landlordism
and the janmi system, and limited the size of landholdings. It offered
protection to tenants from eviction, provided sites for the construction
of houses to thousands of families and was instrumental in raising
rural wages and in the introducing of social security 3 schemes for
agricultural workers, But land reforms in Kerala did not end capitalist
landlordism or transfer agrarian power to agricultural labourers and
poor peasants. In fact, one of the most visible results of the land reform
legislation was the extreme fragmentation of land, the oft-cited reason
for making agriculture a low-point venture in the state. Many new land
owners realized that they could not make a living out of agriculture and
turned to less labour-intensive crops or were forced to seek avenues that
could generate additional income. Increasingly, they displayed a
tendency to leave their lands fallow. With the loss of interest in farming,
most of the land owners abandoned the land improvement practices
such as terracing or building of irrigation channels, leading to a
progressive loss of fertility of land. The result was a drastic fall in
employment in the agricultural sector and a rise in farm wages
disproportionate to the yield. Workers began to migrate to non-
agricultural sectors, especially to satisfy the demand caused by large
scale construction activity. A one point, the Gulf boom pushed up land

prices so high that selling agricultural land for real development became
an enticing option.
3.2 MANGO: THE NATIONAL FRUIT OF INDIA
Backgrounder Mango is the most important fruit of India. It is

grown over an area of 1.23 million hectares in the country producing
10.99 million tonnes. India ranks first among world’s mango producing
countries accounting for 52.63 per cent of the world’s total mango
production of 19 million tones. Mango accounts for 22.1 per cent of
total area (5.57 million hectares) and 22.9 per cent of total production of
fruits (47.94 million tons) in the country. Though Uttar Pradesh has the
largest area of 0.27 million hectares under mango, Andhra Pradesh has
the highest productivity of 12 tons per hectare. While Andhra Pradesh
produces 3.07 million tones of mango, U.P., Bihar and Karnataka
produce 2.39, 1.79 and 0.92 million tones, respectively. India is also a
prominent exporter of fresh mangoes the country has exported over 634
lakh tone of fresh mangoes worth of Rs. 209.74 crore during 2011-
12.The major mango importers from India are United Arab
Emirates,Bangladesh,United kingdom,Soudi Arabia and Nepal.
The mango is juicy stone fruit and belongs to the family of

‘Anacardiaceous’ and genue of ‘Mangifera’. Mangoes have been grown
in South Asia for thousands of years and reached East Asia between the
5th and 4th centuries. Mango is one of the top fruit crops of India and
other Asian countries. Mango fruit is called the king of fruits mangoes
are delicious, excellent flavor and attractive fragrance, these fruits are

good source of vitamin A and vitamin C. Mango trees are hardly in

nature can be grown in a wide range of soils and require comparatively
low maintenance. These fruits can be utilized at all stages of its
development. Raw mangoes are used for making chutney (pickle) and
juices. The ripe mangos can be used in preparing desert, squashes,
syrups, nectars, jellies and jams. This fruit kernel also contains 8 to 10
per cent good quality fat which can be used for soap and also as a
substitute for cocoa butter in confectionaries. Commercial cultivation of
mango crop is very much successful in South Asia .Mango trees can be
grown in pots , backyards, green houses and poly houses as well.
3.3 LOCAL NAMES OF MANGO IN INDIA

Aam (paka, Bengali, Hindi, Urdu), Keri (Gujarati), Mavina hannu
(Kannada), Amb (Kashmiri, Panjabi), Mam pazham (Malayalam,
Tamil), Amba (Piklela), (Marathi), Amba (Pachila) (Oriya), Heinous
(Manipuri), Aambo (Konkani), Mamidi Pandu (Telugu).
3.4 VARIETIES OF MANGO
There are many hybrid varieties of mango cultivated across South

East Asian REGION. There are more than 1000 improved varieties
grown in India itself. Some of the most cultivated cultivars in India are
Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganapalli, Ratna, Dashehari, Fazil, Arka
Anmol, Fernandin, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Bombai, Bombay
Green, Langra, Mankhurd, and Arka puneet, Malgoa, Zadalu, Mallika,
Manjeera and Himayath. There are more than a thousand mango
varieties in India. However, only about 30 varieties are grown on scale
in different states. Important mango varieties cultivated in different
states of India are;
STATES VARIETIES
Andhra Pradesh Banganapally,Bangalora,Cherukurasam,Himayuddin,

Suvarnarekha.
Bihar Bombai,Langra,Fazri,Himasagar,Kishen Bhog,Sukul
Bathua.
Goa Fernadin, Mankurad, Alphonso.
Gujarat Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj.
Haryana Deshehari,Langra,Bombay Green
Kerala Mundappa, Olour, Pairi.
Madhya Pradesh Alphonso, Bombay, Langra and mostly seedling types.
Maharashtra Alphonso, Kesar, Mankurad, Malgoa, Pairi.
Orissa Baneshan, Langra, Neelum, Rumbai, Mulgoa.
Punjab Dashehari, Langra, Chausa.
Tamil Nadu Banganapally, Bangalora,Neelum, Romani, Malgoa
Uttar Pradesh Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajri, Langra, Safeda
Lucknow, Chausa.
West Bengal Bombai, Himasagar, Kishar Bhog, Langra.
3.5 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The fruit is very popular with the masses due to its wide range of
adaptability, high nutritive value, richness in variety, delicious taste and
excellent flavour .It is a rich source of vitamine A and C. The acid
content of ripe desert fruit varies from 0.2 to 0.5 per cent and protein
content is about 1 per cent. Raw fruits of local varieties of mango trees
are used for preparing various traditional products like raw slices in
brine, amchor, pickle, murabba, chutney, panhe (sharabat) etc.Presently,
the raw fruit of local varieties of mango are used for preparing pickle
and raw slices in brine on commercial scale while fruits of Alphonso

variety are used for squash in coastal westernzone.The wood is used as

timber, and dried twigs are used for religious purposes. The mango
kernel also contains about 8-10 per cent good quality fat which can be
used for saponification. Its starch is used in confectionery industry.
Mango also has medical uses. The ripe fruit has fattening, diuretic and
laxative properties. It helps to increase digestive capacity.
3.6 INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR INDIAN

MANGO
Asian producer find it easier to expand sales to the European
Union. Europe’s acceptance of different varieties is greater, because of a
large demand from Asian immigrant groups.Phytosanitary restrictions
are less stringent. Transportation costs are not as big a factor in
exporting mangoes the European Union as in exporting to the United
States market: for example, India and Pakistan are able to comet with
non Asian suppliers to the European Union, whereas proximity gives
Mexico and Haiti clear advantage in supplying to the United States
market. Fifty-four percent of European Union imports enter during the
periods May to July and November to December, with peak imports in
June. French imports reach peak in April and May, whereas United
Kingdom imports are concentrated during the May to July. German
imports are spread more evenly throughout the year. Of the top
suppliers, Brazil provided chiefly during the period November to
December, the United States during June to October, South Africa and
Venezuela during April to July. Pakistan supplies the majority of its
exports to the European Union during June and July.

3.7 MAHAMANGO
The MSAMB has promoted the organization of Mango growers
in the name of Mahamango. In order to boost the export of Alphonso
mangoes as well as for domestic marketing, “MAHAMANGO’, a co-
operative partnership society has been established on 8 th March, 1991.
The head office of Mahamango located at Kudal, District, and
Sindhudurg. For export of mangoes, facilities like pre-cooling, cold
storage, pack house, grading packing line etc. are available at the
facility centre of mahamango, for erection of this facility, the financial
assistance was given by APEDA, New Delhi and the Maharashtra State
Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune. To motivate the activities of
Mahamango, new body has been appointed on 13 Th February, 2002. In
the Mango season-2002, total 42 MTs Alphonso mangoes were
processed by using this facility of Mahamango and supplied to the
various exporters for export. In the month of April 2004, th Chinese
delegation had visited and inspected Mahamango Facility Center and
agreed to import Alphonso Mangoes to China, which is an unique pack
house certified by the China delegation(AQSIQ department), the team
has also visited the mango orchards in the sindhudurg and Ratnagiri
district. So it helps to export huge quantity of alphonso mangoes to
China in the forthcoming Mango Season, This facility/pack house is
also certified by APEDA, New Delhi for export purpose.
3.8 Market Potential

Mangoes account for approximately half of all tropical fruits
produced worldwide. India is the largest mango producer, accounting
for about a half of the global mango production. Indian mangoes are

known for their taste and aroma throughout the world. Entire produce of
mango is marketed as fresh fruit and only a limited quantity is given
postharvest treatment for export purposes. Less than five per cent of the
produced mangoes are processed and mango pulp is the main export
product both in terms of volume and value distribution is an extremely
important phase in the marketing of mangos. The fruit after harvest has
to pass through several agencies before reaching the consumer.
Producers do not generally undertake wholesale distribution of
mangoes, as it is a common practice to lease out the orchards to pre-
harvest contractors who take care of watch and ward of the crop till
maturity and then dispose of the produce as it suits them, Small
numbers of producers have direct dealings with the consumers or sell
their produce through the commission agents.
The retail distribution is done by growers, contractors,

commission agents and wholesalers, stall holders. Shop keepers and
hawkers in varying degrees. To ensure better returns to the growers, and
fruit at cheaper rates to the consumers, formation of fruit grower’s co –
operative sale societies deserves encouragement. Mango prices vary a
great deal from year to year, depending upon each year’s total
production and various other factors like prevailing prices, demand,
transport and marketing facilities. Wholesale prices of mangoes also
vary considerably, depending upon the supply and demand of particular
varieties, periods of availability, weather conditions, transport facilities,
variety, quality, etc. Ordinarily, however, the prices are high at the
commencement of the season, declining gradually as the supplies
increase. Later on, when the arrivals decrease, they tend to recovery and
reach a high level again before the close of the season. The demand of

fresh mango fruits and processed food items in international and

domestic market has shown a decent increase. This estimation is
creating a necessity for growing more and more mango fruits to cater
the growing demand of domestic & international market.
3.9 MUTHALAMADA: ‘MANGO CITY’
Muthalamada a sleepy village in Palakkad bordering Tamilnadu

is predominantly known for its vast stretch of mango farms.
Muthalamada is the land of aromatic juice mangoes. The Palakkad
village on the Kerala-Tamilnadu border is famous for it 45000 hectares
of mango orchards the largest mango producer in Kerala with RS200
crore worth export each season, the mangoes from here reach the global
markets first, much earlier before its competitors Peru and Venezuela
make a move. The harvest season in Muthalamada begins by February
and goes on till the end of July. The rise of Muthalamada as an export
hub has boosted mango tourism too. A place where all favorite
varieties- alphonso, neelam, banganapilly, malgova, chenthooram etc
and they all have over whelming demand in the international market.
Muthalamada mangoes are also well known for their flavor, taste and
juiciness.
3.10 Good Prospects for Muthalamada Mango Growers
Through the scorching heat has affected yield mango growers in

Muthalamada Kerala’s mango hub are expecting good business this
season due to high demand and rise in prices. The drought like situation
in North India has caused a dip in mango production which has driven

demand for Muthalamada mangoes. Growers who have taken up

organic cultivation are getting huge returns. The loss in production due
to extreme summer conditions is compensated by the rise in demand
and high prices. Muthalamada mangoes reach the world market much
before those of international competitors from Peru and Venezuela.
Exports alone account for RS200crore per season. Fresh mangoes are
taken in trucks to wholesale markets strict quality control is in place for
mangoes meant for Gulf and European countries.
3.11 CHITTUR AGRO PARK

The first modern facility for mango processing and export in the
state- Chittur Agro Park- began functioning in Muthalamada in May
2010 with technical support from the Indian Institute Of Horticulture
Research, Bangalore. It uses hi- tech technology in sorting, grading,
ripening packing and export of mangoes. The Horticulture Mission,
Kerala has recognized it as a model unit for processing and export of
mangoes. Most of the farmers lacked facilities to pack the fruit in
international standards in chemical free hygienic conditions. Mango
growers can bring their product here and get them sorted, graded,
ripened and packed for export or to send it to cities like Mumbai and
Delhi for a good price.
The Agro Park employs ethylene-based ripening, which is

recognized internationally as a safe method for ripening fruits. The park
has ripening and pre cooling chambers. About four tones of mangoes
can be ripened at a time. This mango can be kept for three weeks
without damage the park will function round the clock during the season
to benefit the farmers of Muthalamada and other places. Mango growers

here had been using a lot of chemical pesticides to kill fruit flies, which
rupture the outer skin of the fruit to lay eggs. When the eggs hatch, the
larvae feed on the pulp of the ripe fruit. Insects can be effectively
controlled by the new methods used in the Agro Park.
3.12 Quality Control
In the orchards, temporary workers are seen plucking mangoes as

per their class meant for exports under the strict watch of contractors.
Numerous trucks rush in and out of the orchards carrying farm fresh
mangoes to wholesale markets strict quality control is in place for
mangoes meant for export to the Gulf and European countries.
Ripening with ethylene is an internationally accepted method,

both cheaper and eco-friendly, which is an effective substitute for the
unhealthy use of calcium carbide. Treating raw mango with hot water is
a natural method that frees the fruit of rot and pests, increases the shelf
life and gives an attractive golden yellow color to the skin. Controlling
fruit flies, the main cause of rot, is a challenge. Farmers are extensively
using chemicals for controlling these infections. In the long run, this
will cause severe health problems to them and the consumers. Thus the
Horticulture Mission has initiated steps for encouraging the use of
methyl eugenol. These are available as traps, two of which are sufficient
for an acre. Also attempts are being made by Agriculture Department
and Horticulture Mission to help them take up organic farming and get
organic certification for Muthalamada mangoes. This will help to fetch
good prices.

3.13 Climate Change
Thousands of people earn a living by working in these orchards

every season as pluckers, sorters and packers. Mango lovers from
Palakkad, Pollachi and Coimbatore visit the place to buy their favorite
varieties of fruits directly from the farms at reasonable rates. Climate
change, especially drought and unseasonal rains is a challenge to mango
cultivators. Drought hits the harvest as mangoes fall from trees much
before it ripens. If the tree gets rains in December and January the
harvest begins in early January. Only in Peru and Bolivia does mango
harvest happen that early every year. The high quality, taste and early
arrival on international market make Muthalamada mangoes good
export orders and high price. Climate change continues to haunt
Muthalamada farmers. Thus unseasonal rain because of climate change
had upset the plans of mango farmers in the region.
3.14 Mango Production and Export

Muthalamada has more than 700 farmers having 2-5 acres of
mango orchards. Panchayat has over 600 contractors, 36 registered
exporters, and 20 mango parking facilities and they provide jobs for
more than 15000 people in a season as fruit pluckers, sorters, and
packers. In the orchards, temporary workers are there for plucking
mangoes as per their class meant for exports under the strict watch of
contractors. Hygienic surrounding, clean water, grading equipment and
treting chambers are necessary for ensuring quality. Harvested farm
fresh mangoes are exported to wholesale markets through trucks. Good
quality mangoes are meant for international markets. In face allegations

that the orchards use heavy doses of pesticides, many farmers are now
growing organically cultivated mangoes with a high price tag.
3.15 SWOT ANALYSIS:
3.15.1 Strengths:
 High returns from the crop compared to traditional food crops.

 The soil and climatic situation in the Indian regions are very suitable for
production of mango.
 There are many established nurseries with supplies good quality sapling
of mango.
 The Government are providing strong support to commercial cultivation
of fruit crops through various policies and schemes.
 The mango industry is providing livelihood opportunities to its growers
and those involved in its marketing channel.
3.15.2 Weakness:
 The orchard owner farmers do not give required attention and care in
using required inputs and adopting improved cultural practices in their
mango orchards, except using some insecticides to protect the fruits
from insects. Most farmers lack technical knowledge and training in
development of commercial mango orchards.
 There is unavailability of expert technical guidance available to the
farmers in addressing production related issues which demand
immediate attention (like insect damage, pests, etc).

 Poor post-harvest management infrastructure. Due to the perishable

nature of the products it’s important to have enough transportation
and good logistics facilities.
 Lack of effective farmers’ organization for initiating collective/group
marketing.
 There is need for developing processing industries as there are higher
post harvest losses in handling and marketing.
 Smaller land holdings limiting the scope for adoption of intensive
crop production.
3.15.3 Opportunities:
 With scarcity of agricultural labor and increasing rural road network,

more and more commercial oriented farmers are being attracted to go
for development of mango orchards.
 Marketing channel for supply from production to the terminal market
centers is developing.
 Mango has an established export market and poses bright
opportunities for export in the international market whether in fresh
or processed forms.
 There is scope to establish mango preservation factories in
cooperative sector.
 This will add income through processing and create additional
employment opportunities for the rural people.
 Various cultivars of improved mangoes were developed by research.

3.15.4 Threats:
 In recent years, insects attack on plant and fruit is reported which are
not responding to chemicals being used, this is posing great threat to
sustainability of the crop in the long run.
 Untimely rains and severe winter cause an extensive damage to the crop
during its flowering season

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.1 Age wise distribution of sample

AGE Number of Percentage
respondents
BELOW25 3 6.0
26-35 4 8.0
36-45 14 28.0
46-55 16 32.0
56-65 9 18.0
ABOVE65 4 8.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: Primary data
Chart 4.1
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
BELOW25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 ABOVE65
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.1 shows that 28 percentage of the sample comes in the

age below 45 and 32 percentage comes in the age group 46-55.Thus it is
found that majority of the respondents are below the age of 55.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING GENDER WISE

DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.2 :Gender wise distribution of sample

GENDER Number of Percentage
respondents
male 45 90.0
female 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Source: primary data
Chart 4.2
male female
10%
90%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.2 shows that male participation in the sample is more

than the female. Of the total respondents 90 percentages is male and 10
percentages is female.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING AREA WISE

DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.3 Area wise distribution of sample

Area Frequency Percentage
rural 15 30.0
Semi urban 20 40.0
urban 15 30.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.3
Area wise distribution

rural Semi urban urban
30% 30%
40%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.3 shows that 40 percentages of respondents reside in semi

urban and 30 percentages of respondents reside in rural area and
remaining 30 percentage of respondent reside in urban.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING MARITAL STATUS WISE

DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.4: Marital status wise distribution of sample

Marital status Number of Percentage
respondents
married 43 86.0
unmarried 4 8.0
widow 3 6.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart4.4
Marital status wise distribution

married unmarried widow
6%
8%
86%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.4 shows that 86 percentage of respondents are married
and8 percentage of respondents are unmarried and 3 percentage of
respondents are widow. For this, we can understand that the majority of
the respondents are married.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING EDUCATIONAL

QUALIFICATION WISE DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.5: Educational qualification wise distribution of sample
Education Number of Percentage

respondents
BELOW SSLC 6 12.0
SSLC 27 54.0
PLUS TWO 9 18.0
DEGREE 7 14.0
PG 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.5
Educational qualification wise

distribution
BELOW SSLC SSLC PLUS TWO DEGREE PG
2%
14% 12%
18%
54%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.5 shows that 54 percentages of respondents are SSLC

holders.18 percentage of respondents are plus two and 14 percentages of
respondents are Degree and 12 percentages of respondents are below
SSLC.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE OCCUPATION OF

THE RESPONDENTS
Table 4.6: Occupation wise distribution of sample
Occupation Number of Percentage

respondents
AGRICULTURE 17 34.0
GOVT 5 10.0
BUSINESS 16 32.0
PROFESSION 1 2.0
PRIVATE
5 10.0
EMPLOYEE
SELF EMPLOYED 6 12.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.6
Occupation wise distribution

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.6 shows that 34 percentages of respondents are

agricultuarists.32 percentage of respondents are business and 12
percentages of respondents are self employed.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE MONTHLY INCOME

OF RESPONDENTS
Table 4.7: Monthly income wise distribution of sample

Monthly income Number of Percentage
(in RS) respondents
BELOW 10000 7 14.0
10001-20000 11 22.0
20001-30000 18 36.0
30001-40000 5 10.0
ABOVE 40000 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.7
Monthly income wise distribution

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
BELOW 10000 10001-20000 20001-30000 30001-40000 ABOVE 40000
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.7 shows that 36 percentages of respondents comes in the

income of RS 20001-30000. 22 percentage of respondents in between
RS 10001-20000 and 18 percentage of respondents comes in the income
of above RS 40000.Remaining 24 percentage of respondents are comes
in other categories.
TABLE AND CHART SHOWING ACQUISITION FOR

MANGO FARMING LAND DISTRIBUTION
Table 4.8 :Acquisition wise distribution of sample

Type of Number of Percentage
acquisition respondents
(land)
OWN 25 50.0
LEASED 25 50.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.8
Acquisition wise distribution
LEASED
50
25
Frequency Percent
INTERPRETATION
The table 4.8 shows that 50% of the respondents use least lands and the
remaining 50% of the respondents use their own lands for mango
cultivation

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE NUMBER OF TREES

PLANTING
Table 4.9: Planting wise distribution of sample

Number of trees Frequency Percentage
planting(per
acre)
BELOW20 1 2.0
20-29 18 36.0
30-39 23 46.0
40-49 5 10.0
ABOVE40 3 6.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.9:
Planting wise distribution

BELOW20 20-29 30-39 40-49 ABOVE40
10% 6% 2%
36%
46%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.9 shows that 46 percentage of respondents are comes in

the group 40-60 and 36 percentage of respondents are comes in the
group of 20-40 and remaining 18 percentage of respondents comes in
other groups

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE AVERAGE EXPENSE

IN ONE SEASON OF HARVESTING
Table 4.10: Expense wise distribution of sample

Average expense ( Number of Percentage
per acre) respondents
BELOW10000 10 20.0
10001-20000 9 18.0
20001-30000 7 14.0
30001-40000 6 12.0
ABOVE40000 18 36.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.10:
Expence wise distribution

BELOW10000 10001-20000 20001-30000 30001-40000 ABOVE40000
36% 20%
18%
12% 14%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.10 shows that 36 percentage of respondents comes in the

expense of above 40000 and 20 percentage of respondents comes in
below 10001 and 18 percentage of respondents in between 10001-
20000.Remaining 26 percentage of respondents comes in other groups.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE AVERAGE INCOME

OF FARMERS IN ONE SEASON
Table 4.11: Income wise distribution of sample
Average Number of Percentage

income(per acre) respondents
BELOW20000 2 4.0
20001-30000 2 4.0
30001-40000 1 2.0
40001-50000 3 6.0
ABOVE50000 42 84.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.11:
Income wise distribution

BELOW20000 20001-30000 30001-40000
40001-50000 ABOVE50000
4% 4%2% 6%
84%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.11 shows that 84 percentages of respondents comes in the

income of above 50000 and remaining 16 percentages of respondents
comes in other groups. Thus it is found that the majority of respondents
were acquired income of above 50000.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THAT THE WATER

SOURCE USED FOR FARMING
Table 4.12: Water source wise distribution of sample
Water source Number of Percentage

respondents
RAIN 14 28.0
CANAL 6 12.0
TUBE WELL 11 22.0
POND 19 38.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.12:
Water source wise distribution

RAIN CANAL TUBE WELL POND
38% 28%
12%
22%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.12 shows that 38 percentages of respondents availed

water source for farming as pond and 28 percentages of respondents
depends on rain water for farming and 22 percentages of respondents
use tube well .12 percentage of respondents depends on canal water.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THAT AVAILED PLANTS

FOR FARMING
Table 4.13: Respondents availed plants for farming

Getting plant Number of Percentage
respondents
OWN 20 40.0
AGRICULTURE
8 16.0
OFFICE
OTHERS 22 44.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.13:
Availed plants for farming

OWN AGRICULTURE OFFICE OTHERS
44% 40%
16%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.13 shows 44 percentages of respondents availed plants

from others and 40 percentages of respondents planting their own
plants. 16 percentages of respondents availed plants from agricultural
office.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THAT THE MEDIUM OF

MARKETING
Table 4.14: Medium of marketing wise distribution of sample
Marketing of Number of Percentage
mango respondents
DIRECT 11 22.0
DEALERS 39 78.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.14:
Medium of marketing wise

distribution
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percent
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.14 shows that 78 percentage of respondents depends on

dealers for marketing and 22 percentage of respondents directly market
their products. Thus it is found that majority of respondents depends on
dealers.

TABLE AND CHART SHOWING THE TYPE OF MARKET

REQUIRED FOR MARKETING THEIR PRODUCTS
Table4.15: Type of market wise distribution of sample
Type of market Number of Percentage

respondents
LOCAL MARKET 16 32.0
OTHER STATES 22 44.0
EXPORT 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Chart 4.15:
Type of market wise distribution

LOCAL MARKET OTHER STATES EXPORT
24% 32%
44%
INTERPRETATION
Table 4.15 reveals that 44 percentage of the respondents are

market their products in other states.32 percentage of respondents are
market in local market and 24 percentage of respondents are export their
products.

FINDINGS
The study entitled“ Mango cultivation in Muthalamada Palakkad

District”. Mango farming is now continuously increasing.
Muthalamada mango provides a major role in the global market. Based
on the analysis of collected data the study comes out with the following
findings.
 It is found that majority of the respondents were from middle age of

46-55 years.
 Male participation in the sample is more than the female. Of the total
respondents 45 percentages is male and 5 percentage is female. The
participation of young in agriculture is almost nil.
 Majority (40 percentages) respondents are residing the area of semi
urban.
 86 percentages of respondents are married and 8 percentage of
respondents are unmarried. From this we can understand that the young
participation is less.
 Majority (54 percentages) of respondents are SSLC holders.
 34 percentages of mango growers had agriculture as a main occupation
and 32 percentages of respondents had business as a main occupation.
 The 36 percentage of respondents had their annual income between
20001-30000 and 22 percentages of respondents in between RS 10001-
20000.
 The farmers equally use both owned and leased land for mango
cultivation
 10.46 percentage of respondents are planting trees per acre in between
30-39 and 36 percentage of respondents comes in between 20-29.

 32 percentage of respondents incurred average expense per acre in

on season is above40000 and 20 percentages of respondents comes
in below 10000.
 Majority of Farmers/Respondents have income above 50000 (84
percentage)
 38 percentage of respondents are availed water from pond and 28
percentage of respondents depend rain water for farming.
 44 percentage of respondents are availed plants from other source
that is from Nursery farms. 40 percentages of respondents cultivating
their own plants.
 Majority (78 percentage) of respondents are depends on dealers for
marketing their products.
 44 percentage of respondents are market their products in other states
and 32 percentage of respondents market in local market.

SUGGESTIONS
Based on the findings, the researcher would like to suggest the
following
MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE SYSTEM

 Farmers producing only mangoes should be provided with easy loan
facilities.
 Provide adequate training and technical advice from experts for
acquiring skill about mango cultivation technology.
 Majority of the respondents are also facing some marketing problems
such as lack of Storage facilities, excessive dependence on
intermediaries, the Government should
take appropriate actions to prevent these problems and

promoting quality of
MANGOES FOR EXPORT

 The Government should provide strong support to commercial
cultivation of fruit crops through various policies and schemes.
 To establish mango preservation factories and pack house in the area.
This will add
income through processing and create additional employment

opportunities for the rural people.

CONCLUSION
Mango production is more profitable. Mango account for

approximately half of all tropical fruits produced worldwide. The soil
and climatic situation in the Muthalamada region is very suitable for
production of mango. The Government should at various level to
initiate action to provide support and financial assistance to enhance the
earning capacity of the mango farmers of the society. Mango production
is the emerging sector in agriculture that would augment the income of
the farmers and generate employment opportunities in the rural areas.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Website
1. http//www.shodhganga.inflibnet.com
2. nhb.gov.in/report files/mango/mango.htm
3. http://WWW.asia farming.com/mango-farming-information-guide/

QUESTIONNAIRE
A study on Mango Cultivation in Muthalamada

Palakkad District
1. Name : ……………………………………..
2. Age (in years) : ……………………………………..
3. Gender : ……………………………………..
4. Contact : …………………………………......
5. Address : ……………………………………..
6. Area
a) Rural
b) Semi urban
c) Urban
7. Marital status
a) Married
b) Unmarried
c) Widow
8. Education
a) Below SSLC
b) SSLC
c) Plus two
d) Degree
e) PG

9. Main occupation
a) Agriculture
b) Govt
c) Business
d) Profession
e) Private
f) Self-employed
10. Monthly Income

a) Below 10000
b) 10001-20000
c) 20001-30000
d) 30001-40000
e) Above 40000
11. Type of acquisition for mango farming
a) Own
b) Leased
12. Number of mango trees planting per acre : ……………………...
13. Average expense per acre in one season : Rs…………………
12. Average income per acre in one season : Rs…………………
14. Which type of water source used for farming
a) Rain
b) Canal
c) Tubewell
d) pond
15. From where do you get the plant
a) Own
b) Agriculture
c) office
d) others

16. How do you market the mangoes
a) Direct
b) Dealers
17.Where you market the mangoes
a) Local market
b) Other states
c) Export

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PROJECT REPORT 2018-19

This chapter gives an over view about the study on mango

Kerala state is located in the southern part of India with a total

Commerical orchards of mango are being established in the

Muthalamada known as the “Mango city” of Kerala is located on

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 1

Muthalalmada Mango City

 Cultivating myriads of mango varieties

Among the mango hubs in the country, harvesting begins in

1.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 2

cooperatives on the line need to encouraged to come up in mango producing

1.3STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study on mango cultivation in muthalamada Palakkad district

1.5 DATA SOURCE

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 3

The survey research using a well structured questionnaire for selected

1.7 PERIOD OF STUDY

The research is conducted for a period of 21 days

1.8 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

A well structured questionnaire was prepared with the objective of

The population used for the study is mango farmers in muthalamada.

1.10 SAMPLE SIZE

1.11 METHOD OF SAMPLING

The sample size of 50members is fixed to represent whole population

1.12 TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS

The statistical package for social scientists (SPPSS-XXI) was used to

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 4

 Respondents opinions are supposed to change from time to time.

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 5

A comprehensive review of the past studies is useful to formulate

2. FAO STAT( 2007) :

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 6

5. Pott( 2005) Vazquez –caicedo(2004):

7. Sandhu and Joshi (1995 ):

8. Joshi .P.K Diversification And Its Impact In Small Holders

9. Dasrathiaramaiah .k Production and productively of mango(

10. Kumar N.B “Mango marketing in india ”, Indian

11. Sharma B.L “Price spread and problems in marketing of mango

12. D.R.S.S Khanna and M.P Gupta Strategy for increasing

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 9

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 10

3.2 MANGO: THE NATIONAL FRUIT OF INDIA

Backgrounder Mango is the most important fruit of India. It is

The mango is juicy stone fruit and belongs to the family of

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 11

good source of vitamin A and vitamin C. Mango trees are hardly in

3.3 LOCAL NAMES OF MANGO IN INDIA

3.4 VARIETIES OF MANGO

There are many hybrid varieties of mango cultivated across South

Andhra Pradesh Banganapally,Bangalora,Cherukurasam,Himayuddin,

West Bengal Bombai, Himasagar, Kishar Bhog, Langra.

3.5 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 13

variety are used for squash in coastal westernzone.The wood is used as

3.6 INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR INDIAN

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 14

3.8 Market Potential

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 15

The retail distribution is done by growers, contractors,

THUNCHATHEZHUTHACHAN COLLEGE, ELAVANCHERY 16

fresh mango fruits and processed food items in international and

3.9 MUTHALAMADA: ‘MANGO CITY’