TITLE

Tensile Testing of Metals

OBJECTIVE

 To determine the tensile strength of metals

INTRODUCTION

Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical tests.A tensile test applies
longitudinal or axial load (force) to a material and measures the specimen's response to the stress. By doing
this, tensile tests determine how strong a material is and how much it can elongate. Generally, a tensile test
is designed to be run until the sample fails or breaks under the load. By doing tensile test we can obtain
stress-strain curve that describes the behavior of steel bar under loads.

There are different mark points on the stress-strain curve that represent various stages that steel specimen
passes through prior to fracture, such as elastic stage, yield point, and fracture. When the steel specimen is
subjected to load, it behaves as an elastic material which means the stresses and strains are proportional.
But as the load is increased, the specimen starts to lose its proportionality and ultimately fails or yields.
When the load is increased beyond the yield point, it behaves as a plastic material. Afterward the specimen
would continue to undergo plastic deformation until failure.

The important stages of the stress-strain diagram are presented below: (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Stress-Strain behavior of the specimen

1|Page
  Initial point - A
In this region, the stress is low and does not generate permanent strain. The stress and strain are proportional
to each other through this points, so as the load is removed the length of the specimen will return to its
original value.

 A–B
Between point A and B on the curve is called as Elastic Limit point (B). After B point on the curve stress
and strain are no longer proportional to each other.

 Yield Point
In the curve B point is called as upper yield point and C point is called as lower yield point. Yield point is
the most important point on the stress-strain curve. The yield point is the beginning of steel plastic
deformation. The stress and strain are not proportional after Yield point.

THEORY

 Engineering Stress
Engineering Stress is the ratio of applied force P and cross section or force per area.
𝜎 = 𝑃_
𝐴°
𝜎 - is engineering stress
P - is the external axial tensile load
𝐴° - is the original cross-sectional area

 Engineering Strain
Engineering Strain is defined as extension per unit length.
Ɛ = ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿°
𝐿° L°
Ɛ - is the engineering strain
𝐿° - is the original length of the specimen
𝐿𝑓 - is the final length of the specimen

 Modulus of Elasticity
In many materials, elastic stress and elastic strain are linearly related. The slope of a tensile stress-strain
curve in the linear regime defines the Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity (E) of a material.

 Hooke’s law
Stress and strain are proportional to each other through the relationship which is known as the Hooke’s
law.
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
E is the modulus of elasticity, or Young’s modulus
SI unit :- pascal
In SI base units :- Pa = kg m−1 s−2
Common symbol :- E , Y
Dimension :- M L−1 T−2
2|Page
  Tensile Strength
The stress obtained at the highest applied force is the tensile strength (SUTS), which is the maximum
stress on the engineering stress-strain curve. This value is also commonly known as the ultimate tensile
strength. In many ductile materials, deformation does not remain uniform.

 Ductility
Ductility is a measure of how much something deforms plastically before fracture. A material with high
strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.
Ductility can be described with the percent elongation or percent reduction in area.

% 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿° × 100% (percent elongation)

𝐿°
%𝑅𝐴 = 𝐴° − 𝐴𝑓 × 100% (percent reduction in area)
𝐴°

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

 Tensile testing machine (Tensometer)

 Mild Steel specimen (Dumbbell shaped)

3|Page
  Universal % elongation gauge

 Reduction in area gauge

 Vernier caliper

4|Page
PROCEDURE

1. By the use of Vernier Caliper, the diameter of the materials was measured from 3 points, and with
this the cross-sectional area was calculated.

2. The initial gauge length was measured (L), by the Vernier Caliper (These values were used in future
calculations.)

3. Next the universal elongation gauge and reduction in area gauge was fixed the specimen and
measure the initial length and initial area of the specimen.

4. Later the specimen was installed in the testing machine and input the initial data to it and fix it to
measure the machinery values.

5. Now the material is ready for the tensile test. However, verify that the material sample is properly
installed, and that both jaws a securely tightened before the machine is turned on.

6. After that the load was slowly applied to the tensile material and tensile machine show us the load
and the elongation that we give.

7. Then 1-2 minutes later the specimen was fractured and experiment data was uploaded to the
computer.

8. Reduction of area percentage was measured in the necking point as well as in the stretched part
which beyond the necking point.

9. Afterward two pieces of the steel specimen was placed together on elongation gauge and percentage
elongation was measured.

10. Finally stress-strain graph was drawn using the upper data and find the parameters.

5|Page
RESULT

Load(N) Elongation(mm) Stress(N/mm2) Strain

0 0 0 0
460 0.1 31.68044077 0.005181347
1380 0.2 95.04132231 0.010362694
1710 0.3 117.768595 0.015544041
2470 0.4 170.1101928 0.020725389
2910 0.5 200.4132231 0.025906736
3870 0.6 266.5289256 0.031088083
5510 0.7 379.476584 0.03626943
6630 0.8 456.6115702 0.041450777
7190 0.9 495.1790634 0.046632124
7690 1.0 529.6143251 0.051813472
8790 1.1 605.3719008 0.056994819
9610 1.2 661.84573 0.062176166
10160 1.3 699.7245179 0.067357513
10340 1.4 712.1212121 0.07253886
10450 1.5 719.6969697 0.077720207
10510 1.6 723.8292011 0.082901554
10540 1.7 725.8953168 0.088082902
10490 1.8 722.4517906 0.093264249
10380 1.9 714.8760331 0.098445596
10220 2.0 703.8567493 0.103626943
10050 2.1 692.1487603 0.10880829
9830 2.2 676.9972452 0.113989637
9650 2.3 664.600551 0.119170984
9410 2.4 648.0716253 0.124352332
9170 2.5 631.5426997 0.129533679
8920 2.6 614.3250689 0.134715026
8670 2.7 597.107438 0.139896373
8410 2.8 579.2011019 0.14507772
8110 2.9 558.5399449 0.150259067
7790 3.0 536.5013774 0.155440415
7410 3.1 510.3305785 0.160621762
6800 3.2 468.3195592 0.165803108

6|Page
 Stress-Strain Curve
800

700

600

500
Stress(N/mm2)

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain

Young’s modulus Ultimate tensile stress Fractures stress

11374.73 Mpa 725.8953168 N(mm)−2 468.3195592 N(mm)−2

7|Page
CONCLUTION

This report includes about tensile test which is done based on metals and objective was to determine the
tensile strength of metals. The main positions which are taken from the specimen when applying the load,
are identified by using strain- stress curve. In the discussion, the changes of macroscopic features such as
length, cross sectional area of the specimen during the test are covered. Not only that the similarities and
differences in the stress-strain curve of steel, aluminum, glass and rubber are discussed. Tensile test is
widely applied most of areas due to the important for manufacturing new products or quality control desired
products.

REFERENCES

 YAHYA GHARAGOZLOU (2016), Tensile Testing, India, Available from: <

https://www.instron.se/sv-se/our-company/library/test-types/tensile-test?region=Sweden>, [20th
August 2019]

 MADEH IZAT HAMAKAREEM (September 13, 2016), Stress and strain curve for steel bar,
India, Available from: < https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/stress-strain-curve-
steel/3514/>, [20th August 2019]

 DR. DMITRI KOPELIOVICH (2018), Tensile test and Stress-Strain Diagram, India, Available
from: <https://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=tensile_test_and_strain-
stress_diagram>, [26th August 2019]

 TWI Ltd (Head Office), (2018), What is Tensile Testing?, Granta Park, Great Abington,
Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK, Available from: < https://www.twi-global.com/technical-
knowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-testing>,[26th August 2019]

8|Page