DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT No.1 contd..

1. If 35,000 kg of whole milk containing 4% fat is to be separated in a 6 h period into skim

milk with 0.45% fat and cream with 45% fat, what are the flow rates of the two output
streams from a continuous centrifuge which accomplishes this separation?
Basis 1 hour's flow of whole milk.

2. 1000 kg of soya beans, of composition 18% oil, 35% protein, 27.1% carbohydrate.
9.4%, fibre and ash, 10.5% moisture, are:
(a) crushed and pressed, which reduces oil content in beans to 6%;
(b) then extracted with hexane to produce a meal containing 0.5% oil;
(c) finally dried to 8% moisture.
Assuming that there is no loss of protein and water with the oil, set out a mass balance
for the soya-bean constituents.
Basis 1000 kg soya beans.

3. 250 l/ h Orange juice is to be concentrated by heating under vacuum from 20oC to 60oC
then evaporating 20% of the feed using condensing steam at 105oC. The concentrated
juice, then cooled to 10oC using 400 l/h chilled water at 5oC. Calculate the steam and
required and the cooling water exit temperature.
Latent heat of steam at 105oC 2358 kJ kg-1
Latent heat of water vapour at 60oC 2242 kJ kg-1
Heat capacity of orange juice 3.8 kJ kg-1 K-1
Heat capacity of water 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1
Density of orange juice 1030 kg m-3 (=1.03 g l-1)
Density of water 1000 kg m-3 (=1.00 g l-1)
Hint:

4. Calculate the total mass balance and component mass balance for mixing ingredients
to make 25 kg of beef sausages having a fat content of 30%, using fresh beef meat and
 beef fat. Typically, beef meat contains 18% protein, 12% fat and 68% water and beef
fat contains 78% fat, 12% water and 5% protein.

5. A membrane separation system is used to concentrate total solids (TS) in a liquid food
from 10% to 30%. The concentration is accomplished in two stages with the first stage
resulting in release of a low-total-solids liquid stream. The second stage separates the
final concentration product from a low-total-solids stream, which is returned to the first
stage. Determine the magnitude of the recycle stream when the recycle contains 2% TS,
the waste stream contains 0.5% TS, and the stream between stages 1 and 2 contains
25% TS. The process should produce 100 kg/min of 30% TS.

6. Steam is used for peeling potatoes in a semi continuous operation. Steam is supplied at
the rate of 4 kg per 100 kg of unpeeled potatoes. The unpeeled potatoes enter the system
with a temperature of 17°C, and the peeled potatoes leave at 35°C. A waste stream from
the system leaves at 60°C The specific heats of unpeeled potatoes, waste stream, and
peeled potatoes are 3.7, 4.2, and 3.5 kJ/(kg K), respectively. If the heat content
(assuming 0°C reference temperature) of the steam is 2750 kJ/kg, determine the
quantities of the waste stream and the peeled potatoes from the process.