V.

RESULT
5.1 Diffusion

Condition Description Images

The ink position is in

the middle of a petri
Before
dish that has been
filled with water.

The ink spreads all

over the surface of
After the water, and the
water is completely
blue.

5.2 Osmosis
Water Potatoes Potatoes Images
Group Treatment Condition
amount color texture

Before 30 ml Yellow Hard

1 Salted

Pale
After 29 ml Soft
yellow
 Before 30 ml Yellow Hard

2 Salted

Brownish
After 27 ml Soft
yellow

Before 30 ml Yellow Hard

Tasteless

Pale
After 28 ml Hard
yellow

Before 30 ml Yellow Hard

3 Salted

Pale
After 29 ml Soft
yellow
 Before 30 ml Yellow Hard

Tasteless

After 30 ml Yellow Hard

Bright
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

4 Salted

Bright
After 28 ml Soft
yellow

Bright
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

Tasteless

Pale
After 30 ml Hard
yellow
 Dark
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

5 Salted

Pale
After 28 ml Soft
yellow

Dark
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

Tasteless

Faded
After 26 ml Hard
yellow

Bright
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

6 Salted

Pale
After 27 ml Soft
yellow
 Bright
Before 30 ml Hard
yellow

Tasteless

Brownish
After 30 ml Hard
yellow

VI. DISCUSSION
In general, diffusion is the process of moving molecules areas with higher
concentrations to the by a lower concentration of occurring in spontaneous.
Diffusion is the simpler compared to osmosis. There is a kinetic energy transfer
occurring in molecules due to collisions between molecules with each other,
because molecules move randomly. This kinetic energy causes constant movement
between molecules, therefore these molecules are called diffused from each other.
Thus, this process depends on the kinetic energy that makes the molecules move
constantly until equilibrium conditions are reached. (In fact, you can quantify the
kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules in a substance by measuring its temperature).

Then, osmosis is the movement of a solvent or water molecule from a region

of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semi-permeable
membrane until equilibrium conditions have been reached. A solution that has a
higher concentration of dissolved molecules is called hypertonic. Solutions with
lower solute molecular concentrations are called hypotonic. Solutions with the same
concentration of molecules are called isotonic. Osmosis occurs when a solvent
molecule moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.
 Diffusion and osmosis have their own character. The differences between
diffusion and osmosis are diffusion can occur in any mixture, including one that
includes a semipermeable membrane, while osmosis always occurs across a
semipermeable membrane.When people discuss osmosis in biology, it always refers
to the movement of water. In chemistry, it's possible for other solvents to be
involved. In biology, this is a difference between the two processes.Diffusion can
occur in any mixture, including one that includes a semipermeable membrane,
while osmosis always occurs across a semipermeable membrane.

One big difference between osmosis and diffusion is that both solvent and
solute particles are free to move in diffusion, but in osmosis, only the solvent
molecules (water molecules) cross the membrane. This can be confusing because
while the solvent particles are moving from higher to lower solvent concentration
across the membrane, they are moving from lower to higher solute concentration,
or from a more dilute solution to a region of more concentrated solution. This occurs
naturally because the system seeks balance or equilibrium. If the solute particles
can't cross a barrier, the only way to equalize concentration on both sides of the
membrane is for the solvent particles to move in. You can consider osmosis to be a
special case of diffusion in which diffusion occurs across a semipermeable
membrane and only the water or other solvent moves.

Semipermeable membrane is polymeric membrane that will allow

certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion or occasionally by more
specialized processes of facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport.
The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the
molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to
each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend
on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is
constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the
permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are
also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of the egg.
Note that a semipermeable membrane is not the same as a selectively permeable
membrane. Semipermeable membrane describes a membrane that allows some
particles to pass through (by size), whereas the selectively permeable membrane
"chooses" what passes through (size is not a factor).

There are many different types of semipermeable membranes, both organic

and inorganic. A biological example of a semipermeable membrane is kidney
tissue. Kidneys allow for some molecules to pass through them while blocking
others such as human waste products. Synthetic versions of a semipermeable
membrane are those used for water filtration or desalination. Synthetic
semipermeable membranes are typically polymers, but they can be made out of
other materials.

An isotonic solution is one that has the same osmolarity, or solute

concentration, as another solution. If these two solutions are separated by a
semipermeable membrane, water will flow in equal parts out of each solution and
into the other. A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower solute
concentration compared to another solution. A solution cannot be hypotonic,
isotonic or hypertonic without a solution for comparison. Hypotonic is a description
of the solute content of one solution in relation to another solution. It is used in
biology to help scientist describe cells. Knowing the osmolarity (concentration of a
solution in number of solutes per liter) of different solutions can show scientists
which way the water gradient and solute gradients will form.A hypertonic solution
contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. The
opposite solution with a lower concentration is known as the hypotonic solution.
Scientists must describe cell contents compared to the environment. If a cell is
placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell is considered hypotonic.

Plasmolysis is when plant cells lose water after being placed in a solution that
has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does. This is known as a
hypertonic solution. Water flows out of the cells and into the surrounding fluid due
to osmosis. This causes the protoplasm, all the material on the inside of the cell, to
shrink away from the cell wall. Severe water loss that leads to the collapse of the
cell wall can result in cell death. Since osmosis is a process that requires no energy
on the part of the cell and cannot be controlled, cells cannot stop plasmolysis from
taking place.In biology, turgid refers to cells or tissues that are swollen from water
uptake. Many cell types in many different organisms can become turgid due to
water uptake. Some cells will lyse, or split open if they become too turgid. Other
cells are meant to be turgid and have a dense and complexly woven extracellular
matrix made of special fibrous molecules. In animals, turgid cells are protected by
an extracellular matrix consisting of many different molecules.In botany and
zoology, crenation refers to the leaf-like scalloped edges of an object such as a leaf
or a shell. In biology, crenation describes the formation of abnormal notched
surfaces on cells as a result of water loss through osmosis.The example pd crenation
is red blood cells are prone to undergoing crenation as either a response to ionic
changes in the blood or abnormalities in the cell membrane, disrupting the cell’s
ability to maintain an isotonic state. In biology, lysis refers to the breakdown of a
cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane. It can be caused by chemical
or physical means (for example, strong detergents or high-energy sound waves) or
by infection with a strain virus that can lyse cells.

We were doing research about diffusion and osmosis using potatoes, table
salt, ink, and water as the materials. On practicum osmosis we were using potatoes
as the semipermeable membrane and when the osmosis really works, the potatoes
become harder than before because the water filled inside the potatoes this called
turgid. An then in diffusion we were using table salt in the basin of the potatoes and
keep it in the water for 30 minutes. The table salt from this practical work as the
hypertonic solution so the water can experience a plasmolysis. And the last material
is the ink, we were using ink in diffusion practical as the hypertonic solutions. Ink
spreads in water because of its lower concentration
 The result of our research about diffusion is all the groups have the same result
that the water is decrease on the petri dish and the potatoes becomes tender and
some of the groups have the different color, it may be because the different eyes
who see it. But the important thing here is the texture becomes tender because the
cell experience plasmolysis. The Osmosis on this practical work in potatoes in all
of the groups have the same texture that is becomes harder than before, it proves
that this cell experience turgid. And the osmosis on the water and ink as the
hypertonic solution give us the result that the hypertonic spread into the water as
the hypotonic solution without any actions from the outside.

In this practicum, there is a process of changes in diffusion and osmosis. In

the diffusion experiments it was clear that the ink which was originally one drop
could spread in water within 30 minutes. In this process the spread of ink is called
diffusion because diffusion itself is the process of spreading molecules of
substances. Whereas in the osmosis practicum yesterday there was a change from
potatoes that were given table salt from a texture that was initially hard to soft, then
what was originally bright yellow to pale yellow and the salt in the potato hole
became melted and the water in the Petri dish was reduced after counting. This
happens because the potato is a semi permeable membrane that can absorb water
carried out by substances of higher concentration, namely table salt, so that the iar
can enter and because the higher salt concentration during melting can change the
state of the potato to be like the results that have been obtained ie potatoes paler and
mushy

The factors that influence diffusion and osmosis are particle size, the smaller
the particle size, the faster the particles will move so that the diffusion process will
be higher. Then the membrane thickness factor also influences, the thicker the
membrane, the longer the diffusion process will be. The area of an area is also a
factor in the speed of diffusion. And the longer the distance is spread, the slower
the speed of diffusion. Then another factor is temperature, the higher the
temperature the particle gets faster moving energy then the diffusion process also
becomes faster

The conclusion of this discussion are the result of this practical does not have
any problems and deviation from the theory because on diffusion all of the group
have the same result that is the water is decreased after they leave the potatoes with
the salt in it. It proves that diffusion really happened because of the salt as the
hypertonic so that the potatoes goes tender than before. But, on osmosis that we did
on potatoes we have some deviation from the theory. The osmosis in the some group
still have the water decreased it may be caused by the inaccuracy when the
researcher measuring the water but the potatoes becomes harder than before and
this is same as the theory. On osmosis that we did in water and ink goes really well
and does not have any deviation from the theory because the ink as the hypertonic
solution spread into the water and the water becomes blue without any action from
the outside after some minutes.

VII. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

7.1 Conclusion
Diffusion is a process of spreading molecules of a substance caused
by a force that is identical to kinetical energy. Diffusion can also be
interpreted as the transfer of a solute from a high concentration to a low
concentration, and then osmosis is the transfer of a solvent from low
concentration to high concentration. Difussion and osmosis is the spread of
a molecule from a certain concentration to a certain concentration according
to each process.
7.2 Suggestion
Before practicing, practical and assistants should check the materials
and tools that will be used so that there are no difficulties and confusion
when doing the lab because they carry the wrong material and use the tool
when practicum.
 SUPPLEMENTARY

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4
Group 5

Group 6