CASES: Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, September 15, 1989 (Read also the concurring opinion of CJ Fernan, and the dissenting opinions of J. Sarmiento & Cruz) Laurel v. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013 July 25, 1990 (read also the concurrence of J. Padilla and dissent of J. Feliciano) II. Qualifications (Sec. 2) A. Citizenship – natural-born citizen CASES: Fornier v. COMELEC, G. R. No. 161824, March 3, 2004 (read also the concurrences and dissents for additional nuances) Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, G. R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016 B. Registered voter C. Literacy requirement – able to read and write D. Age on election day – at least 40 E. Residence – at least 10 years immediately preceding election day CASE: Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, supra III. Election, Canvass & Proclamation (Sec. 4) A. Election B. Canvass & proclamation CASE: Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013 C. Proclamation of winner D. The Presidential Electoral Tribunal CASES: Tecson v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Macalintal v. PET, G.R. No. 191618, November 23, 2010 Santiago v. Ramos, P.E.T. Case No. 001, February 13, 1996 Poe v. Macapagal-Arroyo, P.E.T. Case No. 002, March 29, 2005 Legarda v. De Castro, P.E.T. Case No. 003, March 31, 2005 (re PET power to correct manifest errors in the SOVs and COCs); January 18, 2008 (protest mooted) Roxas v. Binay, P.E.T. No. 004, August 16, 2016 IV. Oath of office (Sec. 5) V. Term of office (Sec. 4) A. Duration B. Eligibility for reelection 1. President: no CASE: Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010 2. Vice-President: yes; 2 consecutive terms only VI. Vacancies and manner of filling it in (Sec. 7, 8 & 10) A. Possible causes of vacancy CASE: Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 (read also the concurring opinion of J. Mendoza re permanent incapacity) B. Effects of vacancy C. Role of Congress VII. Temporary incapacity & serious illness of the President (Sec. 11) CASE: Estrada v. Arroyo, supra (read also the concurrence of J. Vitug regarding temporary incapacity) VIII. Privileges and inhibitions (Sec. 6 & 13) CASES: Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, February 22, 1991 Public Interest Center Inc. v. Elma, G.R. No. 138965, June 30, 2006 Funa v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010 IX. Presidential Immunity CASES: Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 – no post-tenure immunity from criminal prosecution Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982) – post-tenure absolute immunity from civil litigation (for acts committed during incumbency) Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997) – no immunity from civil litigation for pre-tenure acts X. Specific Powers of the President A. The Appointing Power (Sec. 16); Midnight appointments (Sec. 15) CASES: Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974 December 17, 1987 Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, October 18, 2011 Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, July 21, 2006 Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. No. 164978, October 13, 2005 Velicaria-Garafil v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 203372, June 16, 2015 (read also the concurring and dissenting opinion of J. Brion) Javier v. Reyes, G.R. No. L-39451, February 20, 1989 Aytona v. Castillo, G.R. No. L-19313, January 19, Velicaria-Garafil v. Office of the President, supra (read also the concurring and dissenting opinion of J. Brion) In Re Appointments of Valenzuela and Vallarta, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC November 9, 1998 De Castro v. JBC, G. R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 (read also the dissent of J. Carpio-Morales) B. The Power of Control and the Faithful Execution clause (Sec. 17) CASES: Gascon v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 78389, October 16, 1989 Maceda v. Macaraeg, G.R. No. 88291, May 31, 1991 Drilon v. Lim, G.R. No. 112497, August 4, 1994 David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006 Chavez v. NHA, G.R. No. 164527, August 15, 2007 Biraogo v. Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010 Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 196425, July 24, 2012 C. The Military Powers (Sec. 18) 1. Distinctions 2. The Calling out power CASES: IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004 David v. Arroyo, supra Ampatuan v. Puno, G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011 Kulayan v. Tan, G.R. No. 187298, July 3, 2012 3. Martial law & suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus CASES: Lagman v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 231658, July 4, 2017 (read also the separate opinions) Padilla v. Congress, G.R. No. 231671, July 25, 2017 (joint voting vs. joint session) Lagman v. Pimentel, G.R. No. 235935, February 6, 2018 (re 2nd extension) Lagman v. Medialdea, G.R. No. 243522, February 19, 2019 (re 3rd extension) 4. Judicial review CASES: Lansang v. Garcia, G.R. No. L-33964, December 11, 1971 Aquino v. Enrile, G.R. No. L-35546, September 17, 1974 Garcia-Padilla v. Enrile, G.R. No. L-61388, April 20, 1983 Fortun v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, March 20, 2012 (read also the dissent of J. Carpio) Read, however, Lagman v. Executive Secretary, supra 5. Consequences of ML proclamation or suspension of the privilege of the writ CASE: Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, G.R. No. L-54558, May 22, 1987 (concurring opinion of CJ Teehankee) D. The power of executive clemency (Sec. 19) 1. Types – reprieves, commutations, pardons, remission of fines and forfeitures, and amnesty 2. Limitations CASES: Llamas v. Orbos, G.R. No. 99031 October 15, 1991 People v. Salle, G.R. No. 103567, December 4, 1995 3. Evolution of the Philippine laws on presidential pardon CASE: People v. Salle, supra 4. Effect of grant of pardon CASES: Monsanto v. Factoran, G.R. No. 78239, February 9, 1989 (read also the concurrence of JJ. Padilla and Feliciano) Risos-Vidal v. Estrada, G.R. No. 206666, January 21, 2015 5. Effect of violation of clemency CASES: Espuelas v. Provincial Warden of Bohol, G.R. No. L-13223, May 30, 1960 Culanag v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-27206, August 26, 1967 Torres v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 76872, July 23, 1987 In Re Wilfredo Sumulong Torres, G.R. No. 122338, December 29, 1995 6. Grant of amnesty CASE: Magdalo Para sa Pagbabago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012 7. President’s power of clemency vs. power of the courts to control the execution of final decisions CASE: Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 132601, January 19, 1999 E. The borrowing power (Sec. 20) F. The diplomatic power (Sec. 21); also read: Sec. 25, Article XVIII CASES: Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 (read also the dissent of J. Puno) Nicolas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 175888, February 11, 2009 (read also the dissent of JJ. Puno and Carpio) G. The budgetary power (Sec. 22) H. The informing power (Sec. 23) I. The presidential pork barrel CASE: Belgica v. Executive Secretary, supra J. Other powers 1. delegated emergency powers [Sec. 23(2), Article VI; also Sec. 17, Article XII] CASE: David v Arroyo, supra 2. power to call special session of Congress at any time (Sec. 15, Article VI) 3. power to certify urgent bills [Sec. 26(2), Article VI] 4. power to approve or veto legislation [Sec. 27(1), Article VI] CASE: Belgica v. Executive Secretary, supra – pork barrel system violates the President’s constitutional line-item veto power 5. delegated power to fix tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts [Sec. 28(2), Article VI] 6. power to concur in the deputation of law-enforcement agencies and government instrumentalities by the COMELEC during elections [Sec. 2(4), Article IX-B] 7. power to remove or discipline, upon the recommendation of the Comelec, any officer or employee deputized by the Comelec during elections [Sec. 2(8), Article IX-C] 8. power to extend beyond three years the tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the AFP [Sec. 5(7), Article XVI] 9. powers implicit in the President’s as Chief Executive and Commander-in-Chief powers CASES: Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, supra – power to conduct peace negotiations with rebel groups, and to agree to pursue reforms that would require new legislation and/or constitutional amendments Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, supra – power to declare a state of rebellion
ARTICLE VIII. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
I. Judicial Power (Sec. 1)
A. Repository B. Meaning 1. Traditional judicial power 2. Judicial review a. Classification 1) Traditional appellate power [Sec. 5(2), Art. VIII] 2) Expanded power of judicial review (Sec. 1, Art. VIII) CASE: Llamas v. Orbos, G.R. No. 99031 October 15, 1991 b. Functions CASES: Occeña v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-56350, April 2, 1981 (e.g., legal effect of the ruling of Javellana v. Executive Secretary) Salonga v. Paño, G.R. No. L-59524, February 18, 1985 II. Power to define, prescribe, and apportion jurisdiction of courts [Sec. 2(1)] A. GR: As the Constitution provides, or as Congress provides CASE: COMELEC v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 171208, September 7, 2007 B. Limitation of the plenary power of Congress: It may not deprive SC of its jurisdiction under the Constitution III. Security of tenure [Sec. 2(2)] CASE: De la Llana v. Alba, G.R. No. L-57883, March 12, 1982 (citing the concurring opinion of J. Laurel in Zandueta v. De la Costa, G.R. No. L-46267, November 28, 1938) IV. Appointments to the judiciary (Sec. 9) A. Qualifications 1. SC CASE: Republic v. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 2. lower courts CASE: Villanueva v. JBC, G.R. No. 211833, April 7, 2015 B. The Judicial and Bar Council (Sec. 8) 1. under the supervision of the SC CASE: Jardeleza v. Sereno, G.R. No. 213181, August 19, 2014 (Read also the concurrence of J. Brion and dissent of J. Leonen) 2. composition CASE: Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012 (decision); April 16, 2013 (resolution) 3. functions & rule-making power V. Fiscal Autonomy [Sec. 3] CASE: Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524 April 15, 1992 VI. The Supreme Court [Sec. 4] A. Composition B. Vacancies 1. How created 2. When filled up – within 90 days from the occurrence; appointments to vacancies in the judiciary not covered by the midnight appointments ban CASE: De Castro v. JBC, G. R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 3. Disbarment against an incumbent SC Justice not allowed; BUT quo warranto is a viable remedy to remove an SC justice whose appointment is void CASES: Cuenco v. Fernan, A.M. No. 3135, February 17, 1988 Republic v. Sereno, supra C. Jurisdiction 1. En Banc cases (per SC Internal Rules, A.M. No. 10-4-20-SC, promulgated on May 4, 2010) a. cases involving the constitutionality or validity of a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, executive order, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation b. appeals in criminal cases where the trial court imposes death penalty or reclusion perpetua c. cases raising novel questions of law CASES: Laurel v. Abrogar, G.R. No. 155076, February 27, 2006 (decision, First Division); January 13, 2009 (resolution, En Banc) d. cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls e. cases involving decisions, resolutions, and orders of the CSC, the COMELEC, and the COA f. cases where the penalty recommended or imposed is dismissal of a judge, disbarment of a lawyer, suspension of any of them for a period of more than 1 year, or a fine exceeding Php40,000.00 g. cases covered by the preceding paragraph and involving the reinstatement in the judiciary of a dismissed judge, the reinstatement of a lawyer in the roll of attorneys, or the lifting of a judge’s or a lawyer’s suspension h. cases involving the discipline of a Member of the SC, or a Presiding Justice, or any Associate Justice of the collegial appellate court i. cases where a doctrine or principle laid down by the Court en banc or by a Division may be modified or reversed CASE: Cabuay v. Malvar, G.R. No. 123780, September 24, 2002 j. cases involving conflicting decisions of two or more divisions CASE: Cabuay v. Malvar, supra k. cases where three votes in a Division cannot be obtained l. Division cases where the subject matter has a huge financial impact on businesses or affects the welfare of a commu- nity m. other division cases that, in the opinion of at least 3 Members of the Division who are voting and present, are appropriate for transfer to the Court en banc CASE: Secretary of the DPWH v. Spouses Tecson, G.R. No. 179334, July 1, 2013 (decision); April 21, 2015 (reso- lution) n. cases that the Court en banc deems of sufficient importance to merit its attention CASE: In Re Letters of Atty. Estelito P. Mendoza, A.M. No. 11-10-1-SC, March 13, 2012 o. all matters involving policy decisions in the administrative supervision of all courts and their personnel 2. Division cases – cases not otherwise under the jurisdiction of the En Banc D. Voting requirement for decisions/resolutions 1. En Banc a. Concurrence requirement b. Deadlock in voting i. In decisions – dismiss the case CASE: Cruz v. Secretary, G.R. No. 135385. December 6, 2000 ii. In resolution of an MR to a decision – deny MR CASE: Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997 (decision); June 10, 1997 (resolution) c. Flips i. In the same case CASES: Navarro v. Ermita, G.R. No. 180050, April 12, 2011 (resolution on the MR, per J. Nachura, reversing the decision promulgated on February 10, 2010, per J. Peralta) Gonzales v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 196231, January 28, 2014 (“decision” on the MR, per J. Brion, reversing the decision promulgated on September 4, 2012, per J. Bernabe) Maliksi v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203302, April 11, 2013 (resolution on the MR, per J. Bersamin, reversing the decision promulgated on March 12, 2013, per J. Carpio) ii. In a separate case CASES: In Re Appointments of Valenzuela and Vallarta, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, November 9, 1998 (midnight appoint- ments bar applies to the judiciary) De Castro v. JBC, G. R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 (midnight appointments bar does not apply to the judiciary) Philconsa v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105, August 19, 1994 (challenge against the Countrywide Development Fund failed) LAMP v. Secretary, G.R. No. 164987, April 24, 2012 (challenge against PDAF failed) Belgica v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566, November 19, 2013 (challenge against the PDAF article in the 2013 GAA and all other similar congressional pork barrel allocations succeeded) d. Flips, flops and flip-flops CASE: League of Cities v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176951 (1) November 18, 2008 (6-5 decision granting petition and declaring the cityhood laws unconstitutional) (2) March 31, 2009 (7-5 resolution denying MR) (3) April 28, 2009 (6-6 Resolution denying 2nd MR) (4) June 2, 2009 (Resolution clarifying the April 28, 2009 Resolution) (5) Entry of Judgment (6) December 21, 2009 (6-4 decision of reversal, granted respondents’ Motion for Reconsideration of the Resolution of June 2, 2009 and declared the cityhood laws constitutional) (7) August 24, 2010 (7-6 resolution granting petitioner’s Ad Cautelam Motion for Reconsideration and a Motion to Annul Decision dated December 21, 2009 and reinstating the November 18, 2008 decision) (8) February 15, 2011 (7-6 resolution granting respondents’ Motion for Reconsideration of the August 24, 2010 Reso- lution) (9) April 12, 2011 (7-6 resolution denying with finality petitioners’ Motion for Reconsideration) 2. Division a. Concurrence requirement b. MRs in a Division case CASE: In Re Letters of Atty. Estelito P. Mendoza, supra c. Deadlocks in voting i. In decisions – refer to En Banc ii. In resolution to an MR of a decision – MR denied, decisions stands CASE: Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, April 24, 1998 (Decision); November 17, 1998 (Resolution of the 1st MR); August 19, 1999 (of the 2nd MR) VII. Requisites of judicial review A. actual case or controversy CASES: Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998 (read also the dissent of J. Kapunan) Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003 Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, G.R. No. 183591, October 14, 2008 Gutierrez v. House of Representatives Committee on Justice, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011 Belgica v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 208566, November 19, 2013 Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014 1. Moot cases – GR: SC refuses to take cognizance or to decide on the merits; exception CASES: Salonga v. Paño, supra Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001 Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004 Enrile v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 132986, May 19, 2004 Akbayan v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008 Corona v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 200242, July 17, 2012 B. legal standing CASES: Liban v. Gordon, supra (decision) IBP v. Zamora, supra Biraogo v. Truth Commission, supra Chavez v. JBC, supra Province of Batangas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 152774, May 27, 2004 Bayan v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169838, April 25, 2006 White Light Corp. v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 122846, January 20, 2009 Quinto v. Comelec, G.R. No. 189698, December 1, 2009 C. earliest opportunity CASES: Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, November 23, 2010 Hacienda Luisita Inc. v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No. 171101, July 5, 2011 Garcia v. Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, June 25, 2013 D. necessity of deciding the constitutional question (lis mota) CASES: Zandueta v. De la Costa, G.R. No. L-46267, November 28, 1938 Flores v. Comelec, G.R. No. 89604, April 20, 1990 Tarrosa v. Singson, G.R. No. 111243 May 25, 1994 Sameer Oversees Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5, 2014 Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No.175352, January 18, 2011 (resolution) VIII. Declaration of unconstitutionality A. Effect 1. Orthodox view – law declared unconstitutional is void and deemed inexistent from the very beginning CASE: Yap v. Thenamaris Ship’s Management, G.R. No. 179532, May 30, 2011 2. Operative fact doctrine – actual existence of law before it is declared unconstitutional an operative fact with consequences that cannot be ignored CASES: Manila Motor Company Inc. v. Flores, G.R. No. L-9396, August 16, 1956 Agbayani v. PNB, G.R. No. L-23127, April 29, 1971 Umali v. Comelec, G.R. No. 203974, April 22, 2014 B. Partial unconstitutionality CASES: In Re Cunanan), [un-docketed], March 18, 1954 (resolution) Salazar v. Achacoso, G.R. No. 81510 March 14, 1990 C. Significance of the separability clause CASE: Tatad v. Secretary, G.R. No. 124360, November 5, 1997 D. Relative constitutionality CASE: Central Bank Employees Association v. BSP, G.R. No. 148208, December 15, 2004 IX. Powers of the Supreme Court [Sec. 5] A. Original jurisdiction B. Appellate jurisdiction (review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari) C. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require 1. temporary assignment shall not exceed 6 months without the consent of the judge concerned D. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice E. Rule-making 1. Scope a. protection and enforcement of constitutional rights CASE: Razon v. Tagitis, G.R. No. 182498, December 3, 2009 b. pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts CASE: Re Petition for Recognition of the Exemption of the GSIS From Payment of Legal Fees, A.M. No. 08-2- 01-0, February 11, 2010 c. admission to the practice of law CASE: In re Garcia, [un-docketed], August 15, 1961 d. the integrated bar CASE: In re Edillon, A.M. No. 1928, August 3, 1978 e. legal assistance to the under-privileged 2. Limitations a. shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases b. shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade c. shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights CASE: Primicias v. Ocampo, G.R. No. L-6120, June 30, 1953 3. Includes power to review the rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies, which shall remain effective unless SC disapproves CASE: De Guzman v. People, G.R. No. L-54288, December 15, 1982 4. Not subject to repeal, alteration or supplementation by Congress (unlike the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions) CASE: Primicias v. Ocampo, supra F. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law CASE: Re: Memorandum dated July 10, 2017 from AJ Teresita J. Leonardo-De Castro, A.M. No. 17-07-05-SC, July 3, 2018 G. Administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof [Sec. 6]; power to discipline judges of lower courts, or order their dismissal [Sec. 11] CASES: Ampong v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 167916, August 26, 2008 Civil Service Commission v. Andal, G.R. No. 185749, December 16, 2009 Re: Request for Guidance/Clarification on Section 7, Rule III of R.A. 10154, A.M. 13-09-08-SC, October 1, 2013 In Re Justice Gregory Ong, A.M. No. SB-14-21-J, September 29, 2014 X. Tenure of Judges (Sec. 11) CASE: Re: Report on the Judicial Audit in RTC-Branch 15, Ozamiz City, A.M. RTJ-04-1849, September 20, 2004 XI. Consultations and Decisions (Sec. 13 & 14) A. Prior consultation and assignment of a ponente – SC conclusions in any case shall be reached in consultation before the case the case assigned to a Member for the writing of the opinion of the Court B. CJ certification that there was prior consultation before assignment to ponente CASE: Prudential Bank v. Castro, A.M. No. 2756, March 15, 1988 C. Voting must be explained D. Decision shall express the facts and the law on which it is based CASES: Bernabe v. Geraldez, G.R. No. L-39721, July 15, 1975 University of the Philippines v. Dizon, G.R. No. 171182, August 23, 2012 E. petition for review or motion for reconsideration shall not be denied due course without stating the legal basis therefor CASES: Mendoza v. CFI, G.R. No. L-35612-14, June 27, 1973 (read also the concurrence of J. Barredo) Borromeo v. CA, G.R. No. L-82273, June 1, 1990 – validity of minute resolutions XII. Salaries of Judges [Sec. 10] CASE: Nitafan v. CIR, G.R. No. 78780, July 23, 1987 XIII. Periods of Decision [Sec. 15] CASE: Marcelino v. Cruz, G.R. No. L-42428, March 18, 1983 XIV. Annual Report [Sec. 16] XV. Non-designation of SC Members to quasi-judicial and administrative bodies [Sec. 12] CASES: In Re: Designation of Judge Rodolfo U. Manzano, A.M. No. 88-7-1861-RTC, October 5, 1988 Macalintal v. PET, G.R. No. 191618, November 23, 2010