Engleski jezik 4

šk.god. 2016/17
Jerkić Sara

IRON AND STEEL

The first step in the production of steel is to refine the iron ore containing many unwanted
impurities, into cast or pig iron. The refinement of iron ore is usually done in reducing
atmosphere of a blast furnace.

The modern BLAST FURNACE is a huge tubular furnace made of steel and lined with
firebrick. Around the bottom of the furnace are openings (tuveres) through which hot air may
be forced. An opening near the top allows gases to escape. The „charge“, consisting of
alternate layers of coke ande ore into which a“flux“, usually limestone, is mixed, is fed into
the furnace at the top through a bell-shaped opening (hopper), beginning with a layer of coke.

The coke burns and produces enough heat to melt the iron. The excess carbon from the coke
unites with the iron and lowers its melting temperature. The melted iron forms at the bottom
of the furnace where it is drawn off when a sufficient quantity has coliected. The flux melts
and collects the impurities. It floats on top of the molten iron where it can be drawn off the
furnace through an opening higher than the one through which zhe iron is taken ou. The
oparation of the furnace is continuous and the right proportions of ore, limestone, and coke
are regularly dumped in at the top of the furnace. Every few hoursa batch of blast furnace
iron (pig iron) is drawn off from the bottom of the furnace. The iron coming out of the blast
furnace is called pig iron because it was formerly cast into bars called „pigs“. As it contains
some impurities and a relatively large amount of carbon, this pig iron cannot be used directly
but requires additional processing and refining before it becomes cast iron, wrought iron or
steel.

CAST IRON is usually made by remelting pig iron and scrap with or without additions of
alloying elements in a cupola or induction furnace, where the pig iron is refined to eliminate
some of the excess carbon and other impurities. Cast iron usually contain 2-4% C. They fall
into three main groups: gray cast iron, malleable iron, and nodural cast iron.

WROUGHT IRON contains the least amount of carbon of any of the ferrous m
etals used commercially. It is manufactured in a puddling furnace. To make wrought iron,pig
iron is melted on the hearth of the reverberatory or puddling furnace which is lined with iron
oxide. This process brings about the almost complete removal of the carbon, silicon, and
manganese. As the carbon is removed, the fusion temeprature of the iron rises, it becomes
pasty and can be rolled up in balls and removed from the furnace. It is then squeezed through
rollers to remove most of the excess slag. The wrought iron is rolled into muck bars and
finally into commercial forms. Wrought iron is soft, tough and malleable. It is ideal for
ornamental work,as it is rust resisting, easily shaped, and may be easily welded.

STEEL may be defined as iron combined with .03 to 1.7% of carbon. It is produced by
reducing cast iron and strap steel in one of several types of furnace. The furnaces and
processes used to produce steel and alloy steel are discussed in the following unit.

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 Engleski jezik 4
šk.god. 2016/17
Jerkić Sara

Željezo i čelik

prvi korak u proizvodnji čelika jeste prečišćanje ţeljezne rude koja sadrţi mnoge gruge
neţeljene nečistoće u liveno ili sirovo gvoţĎe.
Moderna visoka peć je ogromna cjevasta peć napravljena od čelika i obloţena šamotnom
opekom (vatrostalna cigla). Oko dna peći nalaze se otvori (duvnice) kroz koje se moţe
upuhivati vruć zrak. Otvor prvi vrhu omogućava plinovima da izaĎu (napuste visoku peć).
Šarţa koja se sastoji od naizmjeničnih spojeva, koksa i rude u koju se dodaje topitelj,
uobičajeno krečnjak, usipa se u peć na vrhu kroz zvonasti otvor (lijevak), počevši sa slojem
koksa.
Koks sagorijeva i proizvodi dovoljno toplote da ispoti ţeljezo. Višak ugljika iz koksa se spaja
sa ćeljezom i sniţava njegovu temperaturu topljenja. Istopljeno ćeljezo se obrazuje na dnu
peći odakle se ispušta kada se skupi dovoljna količina. Topitelj se topi i skuplja se nečistoća.
On pluta prvi vrhu odakle se moţe ispustiti iz peći kroz otvor koji je višlji ngo otvor kroz koji
se ispušta ţeljezo. Proces peći je neprekidan i odreĎen odnos (pravilne mjere) rude, krečnjaka
i koksa se kontinuirano ubacuje kroz vrh peći. Svakih nekoliko sati uloţak ţeljeza iz visoke
peći (sirovo ţeljezo) se ispušta iz dna peći. Ţeljezo koje izlazi iz visoke peći se naziva sirovo
gvoţĎe jer se prethodno lije u kalupe zvane „pigs“. Zbog toga što sadrţi neke nečistoće i
relativno velik udio ugljika, ovo sirovo gvoţĎe ne moţe se direktno koristiti nego zahtjeva
dodatnu preradu i prečišćenja prije nego postane liveno gvoţĎe, kovno gvoţĎe ili čelik.
Liveno gvoţĎe se obično dobije pretopljavanjem sirovog gvoţĎa i metalnih otpadaka sa ili
bez dodataka legirajućih elemenata u kupolnoj ili indukcijskoj peći, gdje se sirovo gvoţĎe
prečišćava da se eliminiše jedan dio viška ugljika i ostalih nečistoća. Livena gvoţĎa obično
sadrţe 2-4% ugljika. Dijele se na 3 glavne grupe: sivo liveno gvoţĎe, kovano gvoţĎe,
neduralno liveno gvoţĎe.
Kovano gvoţĎe sadrţi najmanji udio ugljika od svih ţeljeznih metala koji se koriste
komercijalno (eksploatišu se). Proizvodi se u pećima za pudlovanje. Da bi se dobilo kovano
gvoţĎe, sirovo gvoţĎe se topi u gnijezdu plamene ili peći za pudlovanje koja je obloţena
ţeljeznim oksidom. Ovaj proces dovodi do skoro potpunog odtranjivanja ugljika, silicijuma i
mangana. Kada se ugljik otklanja, temperatura taljenja ţeljeza raste, ono postaje pastasto i
moţe biti uvaljano u lopte i uklonjeno iz peći. Zatim se propušta kroz valjke da bi se uklonila
troska. Kovno gvoţĎe se valja u šipke od pudlovanog čelika i konačno u oblike za prodaju.
Kovno gvoţĎe je mekano, teško i kovno. Idealno je za ukrasne radove jer je otporno na hrĎu,
lako se oblikuje i moţe se lako zavarivati.
Čelik se moţe defnisati kao ćeljezo kombinovano sa 0,03 do 1,7% ugljika. Proizvodi se
reduciranjem livenog gvoţĎa u čeličnog otpada u jednoj od nekoliko tipova peći. Peći i
procesi korišteni za proizvodnju čelika i legiranog čelika su dati u narednom poglavlju.