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Herbert Hoover
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Design Methods And Requirements
ACI BUILDING CODE When two different materials, such as
steel and concrete, act together, it is understandable that the
analysis for strength of a reinforced concrete member has to be
partly empirical. These principles and methods are being
constantly revised and improved as results of theoretical and
experimental research accumulate. The American Concrete
Institute (ACI), serving as a clearinghouse for these changes,
issues building code requirements, the most recent of which is the
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14),
hereafter referred to as the ACI Code.
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Design and Analysis Philosophies
Design involves the determination of the type of structural
system to be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the
required reinforcement. The designed structure should be able to
resist all forces expected to act during the life span of the
structure safely and without excessive deformation or cracking.
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Design Methods (Philosophies)
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Service load is the load, such as dead, live, snow, wind, and
earthquake, which is assumed actually to occur when the
structure is in service.
The working stress method may be expressed by the following:
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Analysis of beams in bending at service loads
Introduction
A beam is a structural member used to support the internal
moments and shears and in some cases torsion.
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The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the
concrete at the same level, i.e. εs = εc at same level.
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Safety provisions
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Stages of flexural behaviour
If load w varies from zero to until the beam fails, the beam will
go through three stages of behavior:
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At small loads, when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus
of rupture, the beam behaves like a solid rectangular beam made
completely of concrete.
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Stage II: Concrete cracked –Elastic Stress range
Once the tensile stresses reach the modulus of rupture, the section
cracks. The bending moment at which this transformation takes
place is called the cracking moment Mcr.
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As the stresses in the concrete exceed the linear limit (0.45 fc’),
the concrete stress distribution over the depth of the beam varies
non-linearly.
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1- Cracking moment.
2- Elastic stresses due to a given moment.
3- Moments at given (allowable) elastic stresses.
4- Ultimate strength moment (next lecture).
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Cracking moment Mcr
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Elastic stresses – Cracked section
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Example 2:
Calculate the bending stresses for the section shown, M= 180 kN.m
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Example 3:
Calculate the allowable moment for the section shown,
fs(allowable)= 180 MPa, fc (allowable)= 12 MPa
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Example 4: uncracked transformed section
For reinforced concrete beam shown in figure determine the
stresses caused by a bending moment M=61 kN.m. Take f`c=28
MPa and fy=420 MPa.
y or
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Example 5:
For reinforced concrete beam shown in figure determine the
stresses caused by a bending moment M=122 kN.m. Take f`c=28
MPa and fy=420 MPa.
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Example 6:
The beam is shown in figure is made of normal weight concrete
weighting (23 KN/m3). Considering the dead weight of the beam,
find the value of the concentrated mid-span load (P) that will cause
the beam to crack. Use f'c = 27.6 Mpa, fy = 414 Mpa.
6m
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ܨ௫ ൌ Ͳ
ܥൌܶ ܣ௦ୀఘௗ
ͳ ߳ ൌ ߳௦
ܥൌ ݂ ܾ݇݀ ܶ ൌ ܣ௦ ݂௦ ݂ ݂௦
ʹ ൌ
ͳ ܧ ܧ௦
݂ ܾ݇݀ ൌ ܣ௦ ݂௦ ݂௦
ʹ ݂ ൌ ܧ
ܧ௦
ͳ ݂௦
݂ ܾ݇݀ ൌ ߩܾ݂݀௦ ݂ ൌ
݊
ʹ
ͳ
݂ ݇ ൌ ߩ݂௦
ʹ
From stress diagram
݂௦ ݂ ݀ െ ݇݀ ͳെ݇
ൌ ݂௦ ൌ ݂݊ ݂௦ ൌ ݂݊
݊ ݀ െ ݇݀ ݇݀ ݇݀ ݇
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݂௦ ͳെ݇ ͳ ݂௦
ൌ െͳൌ ͳ ݂௦
݂݊ ݇ ݇ ݂݊ ൌ ͳ
݇ ݂݊
ͳ
݇ൌ
݂௦
ͳ
݂݊
ͳ ͳെ݇
݂ ݇ ൌ ߩ ݂݊
ʹ ݇
݇ൌ ݊ߩ ଶ ʹ݊ߩ െ ݊ߩ
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Balance Steel ratio
ͳ ͳ
݂ ܾ݇݀ ൌ ܣ௦ ݂௦ ݂ ܾ݇݀ ൌ ߩ ܾ݂݀௦
ʹ ʹ
ͳ ݂
ߩ ൌ ݇
ʹ ݂௦
ͳǤͶ
ߩ ൌ
݂௬
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ͳ
ܯൌ ݂ ܾ݆݇݀݀
ʹ
ܯൌ ܣ௦ ݂௦
݇݀ ݇
݆݀ ൌ ݀ െ ݆ ൌͳെ
͵ ͵
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abbreviation
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Bar arrangement in layers
The bars in successive layers must be directly above the bottom
bars.
Reinforcement bar arrangement for two layers
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ܾ ൌ ͲǤ͵ െ ͲǤ ݀
1- Concrete not exposed to weather or earth 40 mm.
2- Concrete exposed to weather or earth:
No.15 mm and smaller 40 mm
Larger No.15mm 50 mm
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Example:
Calculate the maximum flexural stresses for the beam section
shown below, if the applied moment is 95 kN.m , and n = 9.
Sol.
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Example:
A rectangular beam simply supported over a span of (6 m) as
shown in the figure. Calculate the maximum stress developed in the
concrete and the steel when the beam carries a load of (8 KN/m)
inclusive of self weight of the beam. Use
f′c=21mpa,fy=414mpa,n=13.
Solution I:
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Solution II:
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Example:
Determine the area of flexural steel required by the ACI code if the
section must carry a moment M=20 KN.m, use f′c =12 Mpa ,fy=275
Mpa.
Solution:
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Example:
Proportion a beam having reinforced rectangular section with
tension reinforcement only to withstand a moment 120 KN.m, Use
f'c=20 Mpa, fy=345 Mpa.
Solution:
fy=345 G=50 this means
fs=140
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ܾ ݁݉ݑݏݏܣൌ ͲǤͷ݀
ͳ
ͳʹͲ ൈ ͳͲ ൌ ൈ ͻ ൈ ͲǤ͵ͷ ൈ ͲǤͺͺ ൈ ͲǤͷ ݀ଷ
ʹ
݀ ൌ ͷͶͻ ݉݉ ൎ ͷͷͲ݉݉ ͳǤͶ ͳǤͶ
ߩ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͲǤͲͲͶͳ
݂௬ ͵Ͷͷ
ܾ ൌ ͲǤͷ ൈ ͷͷͲ ൌ ʹͷ݉݉ ͳ ݂
ߩ ൌ ൈ݇ൈ
ʹ ݂௬
ͳ ͻ
ߩ ൌ ൈ ͲǤ͵ͷ ൈ ൌ ͲǤͲͳͳ
ʹ ͳͶͲ
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