GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITION:-

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in
the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

In today's language, the law states that every point mass attracts every other point mass by
a force acting along the line intersecting the two points. The force is proportional to
the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them .
𝑚1𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟2

 RESEMBLANCE WITH COULOMB’S LAW:-

Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to
calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both
are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product of two charges in place of the product of
the masses, and the electrostatic constant in place of the gravitational constant.

 NEWTON’S LAW IN NORMAL LIFE

Newton's law has since been superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, but it
continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most
applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme accuracy, or when
dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and
dense objects, or at very close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).

We acknowledge Newton not just because of his idea, but because he formulated that idea into
an equation that made predictions with greater accuracy than ever before. But it wasn’t
perfect—Newton’s equations produced some incorrect predictions, and, more importantly, he
didn’t describe how gravity works the way it does. Newton was well aware of this when he said,
“Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws;
but whether this agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the
consideration of my readers”

( ISSAC NEWTON)

 MUTUAL FORCE:-
The force which acts between two bodies is called MUTUAL FORCE. If one object experiences A
force than it will also apply that same force on other object say force B.

This statement resembles with Newton’s third law which states that:

“ To every action there is always a reaction which is equal in magnitude but

opposite in direction”

 NEWTON LAWS OF MOTION :-

Newton concluded that our motion is absolute. His theory of motion based on his three
laws.
 Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. It may
be seen as a statement about inertia, that objects will remain in their state
of motion unless a force acts to change the motion.
This law is also called LAW OF INERTIA. This law describes the definition of
inertia.
 The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net
force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
This law helps to calculate the force.
 Where the third law is:
To every action there is always a reaction opposite in direction but of same
magnitude.

WHAT IS RELATIVITY:-
Until the end of the 19th century it was believed that Newton’s three Laws of Motion
And the associated ideas about the properties of space and time provided a basis on
Which the motion of matter could be completely understood. However, the formulation
by Maxwell of a unified theory of electromagnetism disrupted this comfortable state of
affairs – the theory was extraordinarily successful, yet at a fundamental level it seemed to
be inconsistent with certain aspects of the Newtonian ideas of space and time. It was Albert
Einstein who, by combining the
experimental results and physical arguments of others with his own unique insights, first
formulated the new principles in terms of which space, time, matter and energy were to
be understood. These principles and their consequences constitute the Special Theory
of Relativity. Later, Einstein was able to further develop this theory, leading to what
is known as the General Theory of Relativity. Amongst other things, this latter theory
is essentially a theory of gravitation. The General Theory will not be dealt with in this
course.
Relativity is certainly a thing which cancelled the Newton effects in relativistic motion. Relativity
caused a difference between classical and modern physics. Where relativity describes the
quantity with respect to different observers.
For Example, a ball is thrown upward in a moving train in inertial frame. So now the result of
the story depends upon the frame of observer. For a person inside the train, the ball moves
downward linearly but for the person outside the train the ball might be making a parabolic
path.
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY:-
In 1905, ALBERT EINSTEIN published his revolutionary theory which led the physics to a
modern era.

His special theory was based on a fact that frame must be inertial. So, here we have to kinds of
frame of references:

 INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERNECE

 NON INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
 In inertial frame of reference, the motion of subject must be non- accelerated i-e-
 The subject must be at rest
 The subject must move with uniform velocity

In physics, special theory of relativity is accepted and confirmed physical theory regarding
relationship between space and time.

Special Theory of Relativity based on two postulates:

 The laws of physics are invariant in all inertial frame of reference

 The speed of light is same for all observers in vacuum
 Principle of Relativity:-
 If we think about space stations drifting along in empty space, some statements that
are surely relative spring to mind right away: statements about velocity. Imagine that,
from the point of view of observer A sitting on the upper deck of his or own space
station, the station of observer B passes by at considerable speed.
But from the point of view of observer B, his own station is at rest. For him, it is
observer A's station that is moving.
So who is moving and who is at rest? The answer depends upon which observer you
ask. Whether or not a space station moves and with what speed.
Could one address these issues without relativity? Is there no way for any of our
observers to define “motion” not merely as relative to other stations, but in some
absolute way? Hypothetically, there could be. It is imaginable that there might remain a
state of absolute rest, and that each and every observer could detect his own motion
relative to that state simply by performing certain physical experiments inside his own
station.
 SPACETIME:-
In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model fuses the three dimensional of space
and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime
diagrams can be visualize relativistic effects such as why different observers perceive
where and when events occur differently.
According to Newton, time was an absolute quantity. Until the turn of the 20th century,
the assumption had been that the three-dimensional geometry of the universe (its
spatial expression in terms of coordinates, distances, and directions) was independent
of one-dimensional time. However, in 1905, Albert Einstein based his seminal work on
special relativity on two postulates: (1) The laws of physics are invariant (i.e., identical)
in all inertial systems (i.e., non-accelerating frames of reference); (2) The speed of
light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light
source.
Let’s take an example. If you want to meet a person. You will tell him the place where to
meet and he agrees upon it. Is this information sufficient? Well definitely not. You will
also tell him the time when to meet. Then the information will complete. First you told
him space then time. So, space and time are integral part of each other for complete
information of event. Space-time is a 4D continuum. With the help of space-time we
can predict future as well as past. As is figure:
The example which can be related to this graph, is of ripples produce in a pond when a
stone is thrown into it. Ripples form and grow away from point of production.
The universal origin story known as the Big Bang postulates that, 13.7 billion years ago,
our universe emerged from a singularity — a point of infinite density and gravity — and
that before this event, space and time did not exist (which means the Big Bang took
place at no place and no time).
In the same case, BIG BANG theory can be explained that how earth came to existence
and what were the causes of its production. As in figure:

In the same way, we can predict future also.

  GRAVITY:-
Space- time curve do define gravity. Albert Einstein stated that gravity is not a force
between to objects. It’s due to curve in space-time fabric. For hundreds of years we’ve been able
to predict the effects of gravity. But we had no idea how it worked until Einstein stepped in,
painting a strange and unintuitive picture. In Einstein’s view, gravity is far from a static,
unchanging force—it is a fundamental part of the structure of the universe, which curves and
twists and ripples as objects move and rotate and jostle about.

More than 200 years after the Principia was published, the world was still without an
understanding of gravity’s mechanism. Enter Albert Einstein—a man who was to change the
world in so many ways. But before we get to his work, we’ll have to take one more detour.

Gravity is actually the bend forms in space-time fabric and the objects revolving around a big
object put in the space-time fabric. Heavier the object to be placed, greater will be the gravity.
For example, if earth is put in the space-time, the curve will be smaller but sun will cause more
bend in space-time. Gravity is the curvature of the universe, caused by massive bodies, which
determines the path that objects travel. That curvature is dynamical, moving as those objects
move.
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