Rain Water Harvesting

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Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru
INTRODUCTION
Rain is a definitive wellspring of new water. With the ground zone around houses and structures
being solidified, especially in urban communities and towns, water, which keeps running off from
patios and rooftops, was depleting into low-lying territories and not permeating into the dirt.
Consequently, valuable water is wasted, as it is depleted into the ocean in the end. Rain water
gathering is a framework by which, the water that gathers on the rooftops and the region around
the structures is coordinated into open wells through a channel tank or into a permeation load,
constructed particularly for this reason. Water is gathered straightforwardly or revived into the
ground to enhance ground water stockpiling. Water that isn't removed from ground amid blustery
days is the water spared.
HISTORY:
Water collecting and use frameworks have been utilized since antiquated circumstances and
confirmation of rooftop catchment frameworks go back to early Roman circumstances. Roman
estates and even entire urban communities were intended to exploit water as the chief water hotspot
for drinking and residential purposes since no less than 2000 B.C. In the Negev leave in Israel,
tanks for putting away overflow from slopes for both local and farming purposes have permitted
home and development in zones with as meager as 100mm of rain for each year. The most punctual
known proof of the utilization of the innovation in Africa originates from northern Egypt, where
tanks running from 200-2000m3 have been utilized for no less than 2000 years – numerous are as
yet operational today. The innovation likewise has a long history in Asia, where water gathering
hones have been followed back right around 2000 years in Thailand. The little scale gathering of
water from the overhang of rooftops or by means of straightforward drains into conventional jugs
and pots has been polished in Africa and Asia for a huge number of years. In numerous remote
provincial regions, this is as yet the technique utilized today. The world's biggest water tank is
most likely the Yerebatan Sarayi in Istanbul, Turkey. This was built amid the lead of Caesar
Justinian (A.D. 527-565). It quantifies 140m by 70m and has a limit of 80,000 cubic meters.
Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

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SCENARIO IN INDIA:
A large quantity of water is used for irrigation and there is an urgent need for proper water
management in irrigation sector. Over-irrigation through canals has led to water-logging in western
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Hirakud command area. Seepage along the canals can be
checked by lining them. The overdraft by tube-wells has resulted in lowering of water table in a
number of villages in Haryana, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh.
In arid areas, wherever water has been brought for irrigation, saline and alkaline tracts have
emerged, rendering the soil infertile. Wasteful use of water should be checked. Sprinkler irrigation
and drip irrigation can play a crucial role in conserving scarce water resources in dry areas. Drip
irrigation and sprinkles can save anywhere between 30 to 60 per cent of water.
Only 0.5 per cent—nearly half of this in Maharashtra—is under drip irrigation and 0. 7 per cent
under sprinklers. There is large-scale pollution of water as a result of industrialization and
urbanization. This trend has got to be checked. Although one-eighth of India is declared as food
prone, there are several thousand villages in India which do not have potable drinking water. The
basins should be treated as one unit for planning water utilization. Dry farming should be practiced
in dry areas. The experimentation under the National Watershed Development Programme for
Rainfed Agriculture is being carried on since 1986-87.There is a great demand of water in
industries and the industrial sector offers great opportunities to conserve water. The economy in
water-use in this sector will have two benefits. Firstly, the saved water may be used to meet the
demand in other sectors. Secondly, the affluents thrown in the water bodies will be less.
Water in most industries is used for cooling purposes, thus, it is not necessary to use fresh potable
water. Instead, the recycled water may be used for this purpose. By using the recycled water over
and over again, fresh water can be conserved.
Demand of water for domestic use can also be reduced. For example, in most urban areas about
12.5 litres of water is used in one flushing. In some cities cisterns requiring only 5 to 7 litres of
water in one flushing are now used.

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CHAPTER – 1
STUDIES ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Studies Carried Out Globally:
Very nearly 85 percent of the water falls specifically into the ocean and never achieves the land.
The little leftover portion that hastens on the land tops off the lakes and wells, and furthermore
keeps the waterway streaming. For each 50,000 grams of sea water just a single gram of crisp
water is accessible to humanity making it a rare and valuable product. Water covers around seventy
five percent of the world's surface. The aggregate volume of water has been evaluated to be in
excess of 1400 million Km3, enough to cover the whole earth with a layer of300 m profundity.
Around 97.0% of this water is in the seas. Of this 3.0% that is crisp, 79% untruths solidified in the
Polar Regions. In this manner, all the rest of the water in the lakes and streams, in under-ground
repositories and in type of the dampness in the air, soil and the vegetation, adds up to just about
O.6% of the aggregate. Of this 0.6% (that is fluid new water), just 53 % is accessible as stream
and lake water. Shockingly it is the salt water of the seas that is a definitive wellspring of crisp
water on this planet.
Around 113,000 cu. km. of new water is created every year by the worldwide hydrological cycle,
out of which 72,000 cu. km. is lost to vanishing, leaving just 41,000 cu. km accessible for utilize.
Water gathering is by all accounts an ideal swap for surface and ground water as later is worried
about the increasing expense and additionally biological issues. In this manner, water reaping is a
savvy and moderately lesser complex method for dealing with our restricted assets guaranteeing
supported long haul supply of water to the group. Keeping in mind the end goal to battle with the
water shortage, numerous nations began reaping precipitation. Real players are Germany (Biggest
reaping framework in Germany is at Frankfurt Airport, gathering water from tops of the new
terminal which has a huge catchment region of 26,800 m2), Singapore (as normal yearly
precipitation of Singapore is 2400 mm, which is high and most appropriate for water collecting
application), Tokyo (as RWH framework saves water which can be used for crisis water requests
for seismic catastrophe), and so forth.

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Studies Carried Out In INDIA:
India has an aggregate yearly accessibility of inexhaustible new water of 2.085 million m3, lower
than Brazil (6.949), Russia (9.465), Indonesia (2.530), the USA (2.478) and China (2.427). The
conservative utilization of water must be advanced both in the created and the creating social
orders. Horticulture represents 80 percent of all water use in the creating social orders.
India's per capita water accessibility in 2004 was 2000 m3 contrasted and 110,000 for Canada,
9900 for US and 4400 for Japan. These nations have possessed the capacity to outfit vast parts of
their water assets through legitimate administration. Shockingly, we have not possessed the
capacity to make legitimate use of our water assets, prompting enormous water worry in numerous
parts of India. Starting today, the nation is encountering perpetual water deficiencies, and the
influenced region is probably going to increment essentially by 2025. We can't stand to ignore the
bona fide requirement for ideal usage of water assets. Legitimate administration and usage of water
assets have turned into a noteworthy worldwide issue with huge ramifications for populace
arranging, welfare, social solidness and peace.
Today, just 2.5 for each penny of the whole world's water is new, which is fit for human utilization,
horticulture and industry. In a few sections of the world, nonetheless, water is being utilized at a
considerably speedier rate than can be refilled by precipitation. In 2025, the per capita water
accessibility in India will be decreased to 1500 cubic meters from 5000 of every 1950. The United
Nations cautions that this lack of freshwater could be the most genuine snag to creating enough
nourishment for a developing total populace, lessening neediness and ensuring the earth.
Henceforth the water shortage will be a basic issue on the off chance that it isn't dealt with now in
its shelled nut organize. Differentiating figures of water shortage in world between two course of
events (1999 and 2025) are appeared in the fig. 2 and fig 3. A portion of the significant city where
water collecting has officially executed is Delhi (Center for Science and Environment's (CSE)
plans sixteen model undertakings in Delhi to setup water gathering structures in various
settlements and establishments), Bangalore (Rainwater reaping at Escorts-Mahle-Goetze,
Designed by S .Visvanatha), (Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) has declared a refund of 6 for
every penny on property impose for the individuals who have actualized the water collecting work
in their home/cottage/building).

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Today because of rising population and temperate development rate, requests for the surface water
is expanding exponentially. Because of this reality the wellsprings of water are being abused;
which will eventually bring about water deficiency all around the globe. Here is a pictorial
investigation indicating locales influenced by water lack in year 1990 and those which will be
influenced by the water deficiency by year 2025.
Bengaluru Scenario:
Bangalore (Figure 2.1) is located in the Deccan plateau, toward the south east of Karnataka state
extending from 12o49’5”N to 13o8’32”N in latitude and 77o27’29” E to 77o47’2”E in longitude.
Bangalore city is/was known with various names such as “GANDU BHOOMI” (land of heroes),
“BENDAKAALURU” (land of boiled beans), “LAND OF LAKES” where a large number of lakes
were constructed to store water, during the regime of Kings and British, along with it, numerous
parks, gardens were created such as Lalbagh, Cubbon park etc. which gained the city with name
“GARDEN CITY”. Post-independence due to industrialization, growth in technology and science,
the city acquired “Silicon Valley” status and provided job opportunities. However, during post
independent era, with globalization the city lost its glory due to unplanned, unrealistic and
irresponsible urbanisation.
Average annual rainfall in Bangalore is about 787 mm with 75% dependability and return period
of 5 years. Catchment wise water yield analysis indicates about 49.5% (7.32 TMC) of water yield
in the Vrishabhavathi valley (including Arkavathi and Suvarnamukhi), followed by 35.2% (5.2
TMC) in Koramangala Challaghatta valley and 15.3% (4.2 TMC) in Hebbal valley and the total
annual water yield in Bengaluru is about 14.80 TMC. Domestic demand of water (at 150 LPCD)
is 20.05 TMC per year (1573 MLD). This means about 73% of Bangalore’s water demand can be
met by efficient harvesting of rain water. Quantification of sewage generated shows that
about16.04 TMC (1258 MLD) of sewage is generated in the city.

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Fig-1
Ground Water Level in Bengaluru
Here in GITAM University:
Dodaballapur taluk enjoys semi-arid to arid climate. Dry and hot weather prevails during major
part of the year. GITAM University area falls under Eastern dry Agro-climatic zone of Karnataka
state and is categorized as drought prone. The normal annual rainfall in the taluk for the period
1981 to 2010 is 757 mm. Seasonal rainfall pattern indicates that, major amount of (433 mm)
rainfall was recorded during South-West Monsoon seasons, which contributes about 57% of the
annual normal rainfall, followed by North-East Monsoon season (204 mm) constituting 27% and
remaining (120 mm) 16% in Pre-Monsoon season.
The average rainfall in the year 2019 is observed to be 755 mm.

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Fig-2
Fluctuation in Ground Water Level in the state of Karnataka

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Fig-3
Rainfall Data Analysis for GITAM University, Bengaluru
Computations were carried out for the 30 year blocks of 1981- 2010, the mean monthly rainfall at
Doddaballapur taluk is ranging between 1 mm during January to 156 mm during September. The
coefficient of variation percent for premonsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season is 56, 29 &
57 percent respectively. Annual CV at this station works out to be 28 percent (Table-2). The
frequency of occurrence of drought is once in 4 years at Doddaballapur taluk.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Critchley et al. 1991
Runoff may be harvested from roofs and ground surfaces as well as from intermittent or ephemeral
watercourses and thus water harvesting falls into two broad categories: Water harvesting
techniques which harvest runoff from roofs or ground surfaces named RWH and all systems
which collect discharges from water courses named flood water harvesting.
2. Gitte and Pendke (2002)
A study on the water conservation practices, water table fluctuations and ground water recharge
in watershed areas. The study revealed that water conservation measures were found to be
effective for rising of water table in observation wells, located in the middle and lower reach
of the watershed. The overall groundwater recharge due to corresponding rainfall was in the tune
of 3.76 to 8.85 cm in the influence of area of soil and water conservation structure.
3. Naidu (2013)
In his study conducted in Bidar district of Karnataka revealed that the major problems/reasons
for non-adoption or partial adoption of watershed technology include, lack of capital for
contour bund and land levelling, unawareness of technology for compartment bunding
and live bunds, lack of knowledge and hard sub-surface soil in opening of ridges and furrows and
plantation of horticulture and forest tree species.
4. Naik (2016)
Reported the major reasons for non-adoption of water harvesting structures and grade
stabilization structures in the Kanakanala and IndawarHullalli watersheds in Northern Dry
Zone of Karnataka that non availability of credit and high interest rates were severe problems (69%
each) followed by long gestation period (68%), high hiring charges of improved implements
(65%) and small holdings (61%) etc. in the non-watershed area.

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5. Narayanagouda 2017)
Reported that the adoption level of soil and moisture conservation practices was higher
among the participants of Chitravati watershed in Kolar district of Karnataka as compared to
non-participants. However, he observed that a higher percentage of farmers had not adopted the
practice of stabilization of bunds with vegetative species. Lack of conviction and difficulty to
establish were the dominant reasons for their lack of adoption
6. Anand (2017)
In his study conducted in Bidar district of Karnataka revealed that the major problems/reasons
for non-adoption or partial adoption of watershed technology include, lack of capital for
contour bund and land levelling, unawareness of technology for compartment bunding
and live bunds, lack of knowledge and hard sub-surface soil in opening of ridges and furrows and
plantation of horticulture and forest tree species.

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CHAPTER – 2
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain water harvesting is one of the most effective methods of water management and water
conservation. It is the term used to indicate the collection and storage of rain water used for human,
animals and plant needs. It involves collection and storage of rain water at surface or in sub-surface
aquifer, before it is lost as surface run off. The augmented resource can be harvested in the time of
need.
Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented
at a rate exceeding that under natural conditions of replenishment. The collected water is stored
and pumped in a separate pipe distribution. This is a very useful method for a developing country
like India in reducing the cost and the demand of treated water and also economizing the treatment
plants operation, maintenance and distribution costs.
Need:
i. To overcome the inadequacy of surface water to meet our demands.
ii. To arrest decline in ground water levels.
iii. To enhance availability of ground water at specific place and time and utilize rain water for
sustainable development.
iv. To increase infiltration of rain water in the subsoil this has decreased drastically in urban areas
due to paving of open area.
v. To improve ground water quality by dilution.
vi. To increase agriculture production.
vii. To improve ecology of the area by increase in vegetation cover etc.

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Advantages:
i. The cost of recharge to sub-surface reservoir is lower than surface reservoirs.
ii. The aquifer serves as a distribution system also.
iii. No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved.
iv. Ground water is not directly exposed to evaporation and pollution.
v. Storing water under ground is environment friendly.
vi. It increases the productivity of aquifer.
vii. It reduces flood hazards.
viii. Effects rise in ground water levels.
ix. Mitigates effects of drought.
x. Reduces soil erosion.
The New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment estimates that merely capturing the
rain water and run off on 2 per cent of India’s land area could supply 26 gallons of water per
person. As such much effort is to being made to popularize the concept of rain water harvesting
at the grass roots level.
Potential Areas:
i. Where ground water levels are declining on regular basis.
ii. Where substantial amount of aquifer has been de-saturated.
iii. Where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months.
iv. Where due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into subsoil has decreased drastically
and recharging of ground water has diminished.

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Methods and Techniques:
The methods of ground water recharge mainly are:
Urban Areas:
Roof top rain water/storm runoff harvesting through
(i) Recharge Pit
(ii) Recharge Trench
(iii) Tube-well
(iv) Recharge Well
Rural Areas:
Rain water harvesting through
(i) Gully Plug
(ii) Contour Bund
(iii) Gabion Structure
(iv) Percolation Tank
(v) Check Dam/Cement Plug/Nala Bund
(vi) Recharge Shaft
(vii) Dug-well Recharge
(viii) Ground Water Dams/Subsurface Dyke

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RAINWATER HARVESTING IN GITAM

The Gandhi Institute of Management and Technology, Bengaluru is a wide spread educational
campus with a vast area of around 18 acres. There are around 3500 students studying in two
academic blocks, whose daily requirement has to be served. Due to this fact there can be a possible
water shortage in the future. The nearby water-tables are being exploited daily at a fast pace. And
there are fields in the nearby area which require this water. So, this create a situation here of the
usage of the rainwater. This huge area can be utilized for the purpose of Rainwater Harvesting.
With the annual rainfall of around 755 mm and an intensity of 35 mm per hour in this area of
Dodballapur provides good opportunities to harvest the rainwater.
Fig – 4
Land Use Analysis of GITAM University, Bengaluru

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DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT AREA
The catchment area is the first point of contact for rainfall. The surface that receives rainfall
directly is the catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or
unpaved open ground.
Total land available and land use details
SL NO. Land Use Area (Sq. m) %

1 Institutional area 47281.51 62.90
2 Park & open spaces 8583.50 11.42
3 Visitors parking 4169.17 5.55
4 Road widening area 5815.50 7.74
5 Access Drive way 308.76 0.41
6 Parking for built up area 9011.28 11.99
Total 75169.72 100
Table-1
From the above table we can determine the data useful for us:
• Percentage of area available that is useful for the surface runoff water harvesting
technique = 25.12(%) .
• Catchment area of all types available =18,877 (sq. m).

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Classification of Catchment area for the rain water harvesting:
Park and open spaces:
SL Name Type of surface (classification for the Area in

NO. determination of runoff co-efficient) Sq. m
1 Park-1 Parks & Farms 55.20
TOTAL 8583.50
Table-2
1. Visitors parking:
SL Name Type of surface(classification for the Area in
NO. determination of runoff coefficient ) (Sq. m)
1 Visitors-1 Parks & Farms 3086.55
2 Visitors-2 Road Surface 465.50
3 Visitors-3 Parks & Farms 617.02
Total 4169.17
Table-3

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2. Road Widening area :
SL NO. Name Type of surface(classification for the Area in (Sq.

determination of runoff coefficient ) m)
1 Road-1 Parks and spaces 648.31
4 Road-4 Road Surface 395.11
Total 5815.50
Table-4
3.Access Drive way
SL NO. Name Type of Area in (Sq. m)

surface(classification
for the determination
of runoff coefficient )
1 Access drive way Road Surface 308.76
Total 308.76
Table-5
METHODOLOGY
Runoff coefficient
Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to
the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses due to
spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all
contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. In present
problem statement, runoff coefficient is equal to 1 as the rooftop area is totally impervious. Eco-
Climatic condition (i.e. Rainfall quantity & Rainfall pattern) and the catchment characteristics
are considered to be most important factors affecting rainwater Potential.

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As per manual of artificial recharge of ground water , Government of India Ministry of Water
Resource Central Ground Water Board. Given below the table showing the value of runoff
coefficient with respect to types of surface areas:-
Table-6
Table-7
ANNUAL RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL:
The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is called the
rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be effectively harvested is
called the water harvesting potential.

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Annual rainwater harvesting potential is given by:-
V = C × I× A
Where,
• V=Volume of water that can be harvested annually in m3 .

• C = Runoff coefficient
• I = Annual rainfall in (mm)
• A = Catchment area in (mm)

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Surface area K I A V(annual)

name (m) (m2) (m3)
Park-1 0.3 0.755 55.20 12.5
Park-2 0.3 0.755 68.71 15.5
Park-3 0.3 0.755 680.74 154.18
Park-4 0.3 0.755 4362.18 988.03
Park-5 0.3 0.755 1232.39 279.13
Park-6 0.3 0.755 1090.86 247.1
Park-7 0.3 0.755 287.55 65.1
Park-8 0.3 0.755 805.87 182.5
Visitors-1 0.3 0.755 3086.55 69.10
Visitors-2 0.8 0.755 465.50 281.162
Visitors-3 0.3 0.755 617.02 139.75
Road-1 0.3 0.755 648.31 146.84
Road-2 0.3 0.755 468.28 106.06
Road-3 0.3 0.755 4303.80 974.8
Road-4 0.8 0.755 395.11 238.64
Access drive way 0.8 0.755 308.76 186.032
Table-8
Similarly, for all the other useful building catchments we can easily calculate ANNUAL
RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL. The td below tabular form of which have been
represented: -
Discharge Calculations:
To find out the required diameter of the pipe to be used for draining the rainwater down from the
roof first we need to calculate the discharge Q i.e. given by:-
Q = C×I×A

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Where, Q= Discharge from roofs due to rainfall in( m3 /s)
C= Coefficient of runoff by rational method taken as 0.35 for this case
I= Intensity of rainfall i.e.38mm/hr.
A= Area of catchment
Surface area C I(mm/hr) A(m2) Q(m3/sec.)

name
Park-1 0.35 38 55.20 0.0002039
Park-2 0.35 38 68.71 0.0002538
Park-3 0.35 38 680.74 0.002515
Park-4 0.35 38 4362.18 0.01611
Park-5 0.35 38 1232.39 0.004553
Park-6 0.35 38 1090.86 0.00403
Park-7 0.35 38 287.55 0.0010624
Park-8 0.35 38 805.87 0.002977
Visitors-1 0.35 38 3086.55 0.0114039
Visitors-2 0.8 38 465.50 0.004914
Visitors-3 0.35 38 617.02 0.002279
Road-1 0.35 38 648.31 0.00239
Road-2 0.35 38 468.28 0.00173
Road-3 0.35 38 4303.80 0.01591
Road-4 0.8 38 395.11 0.00333
Access drive way 0.8 38 308.76 0.00260
Table-9

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CALCULATIONS FOR NUMBER OF RAINWATER PIPES(R.W.P.) TO

BE INSTALLED
Let us consider the R.W.P. to be provided are of diameter 100mm. So calculations will be as
follows:
FORMULAE USED: -
Q=CIA = n × π/4×d2×v
Where;
Q=Discharge calculated
I=Intensity of rainfall
A=Area of catchment
n=Minimum no. of pipes
d=Diameter of rainwater pipe i.e. R.W.P
v=Velocity of water on surface when it is at the verge of entering in the pipe due to the slope
available on the surface. v=0.1m/s
So, no. of pipes are calculated as: n=Q / (0.785d2×v)
Surface Q(m3/sec.) d(m) V(m/sec.) Actual Round

area name number of figure
pipes
Park-1 0.002039 0.1 0.1 2.5 3
Park-2 0.002538 0.1 0.1 3.2 4
Park-3 0.002515 0.1 0.1 3.2 4
Park-4 0.01611 0.1 0.1 20.5 21
Park-5 0.04553 0.1 0.1 18.2 19
Park-6 0.0403 0.1 0.1 15.8 16
Park-7 0.0010624 0.1 0.1 1.3 2

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Park-8 0.02977 0.1 0.1 3.7 4

Visitors-1 0.0114039 0.1 0.1 14.5 15
Visitors-2 0.004914 0.1 0.1 6.25 7
Visitors-3 0.002279 0.1 0.1 2.9 3
Road-1 0.00239 0.1 0.1 3.4 4
Road-2 0.00173 0.1 0.1 2.2 3
Road-3 0.01591 0.1 0.1 20.2 21
Road-4 0.00333 0.1 0.1 4.2 5
Access drive 0.00260 0.1 0.1 3.3 4

way
Table-10
Now as we know the Discharge pipe have to be designed for worse condition taking the fact that
it has to carry all the discharge of building collected from even starting of collection
We will provide Discharge pipes also of 100mm diameter. We will provide P.V.C. pipes of 100
mm diameter for both Discharge as well as for R.W.P.
Both of them will be connected by the “T” joints and Discharge pipes will be provide “S” joints
at required corners.
Total amount of rain water that can be harvested using our catchment area = 4086 Cu.m
Where, 4086 Cu.m = 4086000 Liters

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CHAPTER – 3
DESIGN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

The design of rain water harvesting system is categorized into two aspects.,
1. Design of Percolation Pits
2. Design of Storage Tanks
Water that is obtained through the catchment area can be further channelized to percolation pits to
recharge the underground water. The remaining water can be stored in storage tanks and after
treatment can be used in various consumption areas.
Design of Percolation Pits:

A percolation pit, in its most low-tech form, is a simple hole dug into the ground. It facilitates
groundwater recharge through infiltration of surface runoff into the soil or rock.
For achieving a significant effect, several pits are placed across an area and are planted with
appropriate plant species. Applied on a sufficient scale, this method can trigger reforestation
reviving perennial streams and creating springs along the way. In contrast to conventional
reforestation, this does not involve planting a forest tree by tree; it merely helps nature across a
threshold it cannot (quickly enough) pass on its own.
Steps of construction
1. Location of pit considering contributing micro watershed, available depression, water source,
purpose of pit (drainage / recharge), non-interference in farming operations, soil profile, distance
from well, investment capacity, mode of digging and social acceptance of technology.
2. Boring till 12 m depth, diameter of bore 250 mm, at the lowest point of depression
3. Insertion of strainer pipe (200 mm size) and inserting gravel between pipe and the bore
4. Strainer pipe to be kept 0.60 m above ground surface to prevent direct entry of water or any
other object
5. Strainer to be capped at the top to prevent any accident

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6. Digging a pit of size 4.0 m x 3.0 m x 2.0 m around the bore

7. Filling the pit by half-baked broken bricks, till .50 m below ground surface to provide sufficient
free board for water to stand in the pit
8. Constructing a bund around the pit with a provision to allow the water to come into it from the
watershed area
9. Galvanized wire net may be provided at the entry of pit preventing any organic impurity to enter
the pit .
10. Surface area of pit may not be increased beyond 4 m x 3 m as cultivable farm land would be
utilized in digging a pit to hold water which would be rarely collected in later part of monsoon or
rare events of high intensity rains.
Fig-5
Percolation Pit Cross-Sectional Design Layout

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Design of Storage Tanks:
The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:
• Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the greater the
storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer people under the same
roof area.
• Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household based on habits and
also from season to season. Consumption rate has an impact on the storage systems design
as well as the duration to which stored rainwater can last.
• Average annual rainfall
• Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall -whether evenly
distributed through the year or concentrated in certain periods will determine the storage
requirement. The more distributed the pattern, the lesser the size.
• Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the selection of the
runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by measuring the area covered by the
catchment i.e., the length and horizontal width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the
required cistern (tank).
Design procedure:
Following details are available:
Area of the catchment (A) = 18,877 sq. m.
Average annual rainfall (R) = 755 mm (0.755 m)
Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.35
1. Annual water harvesting potential = 4086 Cu.m

= 4086000 Liters
But only 50% of the rain water potential is being stored in the storage tanks. So, the total amount
of water that is to be stored is 2043000 Liters.
2. Determine the tank capacity: This is based on the dry period, i.e., the period between the two
consecutive rainy seasons. For example, with a monsoon extending over four months, the dry
season is of 245 days.
As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e., 2451600 litres..

27
3. A typical size of a rectangular tank constructed in the basement will be about 10.0 m x 10.0 m
x 10.0 m can fetch a storage capacity of 1000 Cu.m of water. So, by providing 2 No’s of the
proposed tanks can store the rain water which is being harvested.
STORAGE TANK
10m X 10m X 10 m
Fig-6
Design Layout of Proposed Storage Tank
Filters used in storage tank:
Gravity Filters These are the most widely used filters. In these filters, three layers consisting of
coarse sand/fine gravel of 2-4 mm size, gravel of 5 – 10 mm size and boulders of 5-20 cm size are
placed one above the other. Coarse sand /pea gravel shall be placed at the top so that the silt content
that will come with runoff will be deposited on the top of the coarse sand/ pea gravel and can easily
be removed. For smaller roof area, pit may be filled with broken bricks /cobbles. These filter beds
require minimum maintenance, except periodic scrapping of fine clay and silt deposited on the
filter bed. Silt deposited on the filter media should be cleaned regularly by removing the top
deposited silt. Once in a year the top 5-10 cm sand /pea gravel layer should also be scrapped to
maintain the constant recharge rate through filter material. Thickness of these layers varies from
0.3 to 0.50 m depending up on the silt load of the storm water. Filtration rate= 200lts/hour/m2.

28
CHAPTER – 4
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
GITAM Students consume a lot more than the avg daily consumption 135 LPD given by IS 1172
Standards. It is calculated that on an average a hostel student consumes 350-400 LPD. But the
water GITAM dependent on is totally purchased water. GITAM spends around Rs.45,000 per day
by purchasing 50 tankers @ Rs.900. It costs Rs.13,50,000 for the entire month.
The total consumption of GITAM Campus ranges from 1000000 to 12000000 LPD. Though
the campus is provided with 32 Bore wells, only 2 are in working condition and the remaining are
completely dried. These 2 bore wells contribute to around 20% of the total consumption of campus.
By adopting the proposed rain water harvesting system we can partially counteract the water
demand in the campus.
If storage tank is completely filled with the harvested rain water, it can yield GITAM for 2 to 3
days which can reduce up to,
Rs.900 * 3 days = Rs. 1,35,000 a month.
The percolation pits can infiltrate the harvested rain water at a greater rate than the normal soil.
This ultimately arrests the decline in ground water level and raises it within months. Entire
process will help GITAM in recharging its dried bore wells and regaining its power to fight
against water demand. So, it eventually decreases the amount of water that is to be purchased and
hence the water cost investment also decreases.

29
CONCLUSION
The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting system lies in its ability to meet the site requirements
and end use preferences. Though simple, these systems are site specific and need to be detailed
out before implementation. With decrease in availability of water, rain water harvesting presents
the best option for times to come. Ground water levels in the region of Bengaluru has drastically
declined over years which resulted in draining out drilled bore wells. GITAM Bengaluru campus
has been consuming water which is being purchased from outside vendors ever since the water in
their bore wells got emptied.
Adopting Rain water system for the campus will ultimately result in reduction in water
purchasing cost. This will also help to arrest the decline in ground water level and raises it within
months. Entire process will help GITAM in recharging its dried bore wells and regaining its power
to fight against water demand. So, it eventually decreases the amount of water that is to be
purchased and hence the water cost investment also decreases.

30
REFERENCES
1. Rural Water Supply Network. "Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site". www.rural-
water-supply.net/en/self-supply. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
2. Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). "Advantages of integrated and sustainability based
assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems". Science of The
Total Environment. Elsevier. 527-528: 220–231.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097.
3. Zhu, Qiang; et al. (2015). Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply. Beijing:
Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-981-287-964-6.
4. Devkota, J.; Schlachter, H.; Anand, C.; Phillips, R.; Apul, Defne (November 2013).
"Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater
and composting toilets in buildings". Journal of Environmental Management.130: 397–404.
doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Devkota, Jay; Schlachter, Hannah; Apul, Defne (May 2015). "Life cycle
based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation". Journal of Cleaner
Production. 95: 311–321. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021.
6. Rainwater harvesting by fresh water flooded forests
7. "Rain fed solar powered water purification systems". Retrieved 21 October 2017.
8. "Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India". Retrieved 5 December
2017.
9. "New rooftop solar hydropanels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time".
Retrieved 2017-11-30.
10. "Harvesting rainwater for more than greywater". SmartPlanet. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
11. Kumar, Ro. "Collect up to 10 gallons of water per inch of rain with Rainsaucers' latest
standalone rainwater catchment".LocalBlu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
Retrieved 11 February 2013.
12. "Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud". SmartPlanet. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
13. O'Brien, Sara Ashley. "The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution". CNN
Money. Retrieved 13 November2014.

31
14. Braga, Andrea. "Making Green Work, and Work Harder" (PDF). Geosyntec. p. 5. Retrieved
30 November 2014.
15. "Rain water Harvesting". Tamil Nadu State Government, India. Retrieved 23 January 2012.

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Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

STUDIES ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Studies Carried Out In INDIA:

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Ground Water Level in Bengaluru

Here in GITAM University:

The average rainfall in the year 2019 is observed to be 755 mm.

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Fluctuation in Ground Water Level in the state of Karnataka

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Rainfall Data Analysis for GITAM University, Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

2. Gitte and Pendke (2002)

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

plants operation, maintenance and distribution costs.

ii. To arrest decline in ground water levels.

due to paving of open area.

v. To improve ground water quality by dilution.

vi. To increase agriculture production.

vii. To improve ecology of the area by increase in vegetation cover etc.

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

i. The cost of recharge to sub-surface reservoir is lower than surface reservoirs.

ii. The aquifer serves as a distribution system also.

iv. Ground water is not directly exposed to evaporation and pollution.

v. Storing water under ground is environment friendly.

vi. It increases the productivity of aquifer.

vii. It reduces flood hazards.

viii. Effects rise in ground water levels.

ix. Mitigates effects of drought.

x. Reduces soil erosion.

i. Where ground water levels are declining on regular basis.

ii. Where substantial amount of aquifer has been de-saturated.

iii. Where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months.

Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM Bengaluru

Rain Water Harvesting System for GITAM UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru

Methods and Techniques:

The methods of ground water recharge mainly are:

Roof top rain water/storm runoff harvesting through

(i) Recharge Pit

(ii) Recharge Trench

(iv) Recharge Well

Rain water harvesting through

(i) Gully Plug

(ii) Contour Bund

(iii) Gabion Structure

(iv) Percolation Tank