Report Truss Bridge 160716155917 PDF

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
Building Structures (ARC2213)
Project 1
Fettuccine Truss Bridge
Analysis Report
Lee Yen Chei 0320568
Lee Ka Hoe 0315908
Tan Ree Han 0315978
Tan Yew Siang 0320755
Yvonne Chin Yun Miin 0315662

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT 5
2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY 7
2.2 MAKING OF FETTUCCINE BRIDGE 7
3.0 PERCEDENT STUDY
3.1 Waddell "A" Truss Bridge 11
3.2 Gatton Railway Bridge 14
4.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
4.1 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 17
4.2 ADHESIVE ANALYSIS 21
5.0 BRIDGE TESTING AND LOAD ANALYSIS 22
6.0 FINAL BRIDGE MODEL
6.1 MODEL MAKING 24

6.2 2D ILLUSTRATION 27
6.3 3D ILLUSTRATION 28
6.4 JOINT ANALYSIS & CALCULATION 29
7.0 CONCLUSION 44
8.0 CASE STUDY EXERCISE 46
9.0 REFERENCES 65
1
INTRODUCTION
ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project aims to develop our understanding of the building structure by

understanding the tensile and compression strength of construction materials and
force distribution in a truss.
Truss is a structure made up of three or more members which are normally

considered to be pinned or hinged at the joints. The figure below shows a list of
trusses. Load applied to the truss is transmitted to the joints causing each individual
member to be in either pure tension or compression.
In a group of 5, we were required to conduct a precedent study on a selected

existing truss bridge. By analyzing the connections and orientation of the members,
we were able to understand how design of the truss can affect the distribution of
forces. After conducting the research, we were required to design and conduct a
truss bridge using fettuccine.

1.1 REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT
The requirement for the fettuccine bridge are as follow: the fettuccine bridge should
consists of 350mm clear span with a maximum weight of 70g.These requirements
are to be met, or else it may result in reduction of grade. The bridge is then being
tested whether it fails or not.
Other than aesthetic value, the design of the bridge must have high efficiency. The
formula to find the efficiency of the bridge is given as follow:
Maximum Load
Efficiency , E 
Weight of bridge
In order to achieve higher efficiency, we are needed to analyze and evaluate each of
the following items.
- Material strength
o By adopting appropriate method to determine the strength of fettuccine, such
as the tension and compression strength
o By knowing the strength of fettuccine, we will be able to determine which
members to be strengthened
- Structural analysis of the truss

o We are to perform detailed structural analysis of the truss, by applying 100kN
at the center of the truss
o Identify critical members
o Strengthen the critical members
After the testings, discussion and identification for the causes of the bridge failure
were made with our group members.

2
METHODOLOGY

2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY
By analysing the precedent studies, we were able to explore how truss design
affects the force distribution. Besides, we were able to identify the types of force
exerted on the truss which mainly consist of tension and compression forces.
Adjustment and modification were applied to our fettuccine bridge.
2.2 MAKING OF FETTUCCINE BRIDGE
2.2.1: Properties of Material
Understanding the properties of fettuccine is crucial in order to maximize the load

capacity of the bridge. Consideration were made while designing the joints of the
bridge based on the tensile and compression strength of fettuccine because it’s
relatively low when compared to stiff materials like aluminium or steel.
2.2.2: Type of Adhesive Used
Type of adhesive plays an important role in the strength of the bridge. Different types
of adhesive have different characteristics. The brand of the adhesive also have to be
taken in consideration as the stability of the bridge structures solely depends on the
quality of the adhesive used.
2.2.3: Model Making
The design of our truss bridge were drawn in AutoCAD and were printed out in 1:1
scale. This is to ensure the precision in making our bridge model and have a better
work flow. Each fettuccine member was marked and cut into respective lengths
according to the printed AutoCAD drawing. In this way, we can ensure the accuracy
of the placement of each member in our truss bridge.

2.2.4: Model Testing
Once our truss bridge model has completed, it was left aside for around an hour to
allow the adhesive to dry completely. During the load testing, the position of hook
was marked before hanging the load to ensure an even load distribution on the
bridge. Results and the failure component were recorded for further analysis in the
future.
2.3 PROGRESS TIMELINE
Date Work Progress
30th March 2016 -Prepare and buy materials such as Fettuccine,

different type of adhesive ,sandpaper and etc.
5th April 2016 -Testing the strength of fettuccine bridge using 1, 2, 3
and 4 layers
-Testing the strength of different types of adhesives
6th April 2016 -Testing the strength of fettuccine bridge with I- beam
structure with different layers and orientation
12th April 2016 -Discuss and do research on the precedent study
-Discuss and design suitable truss bridge structure
with Autocad to scale
13th April 2016 -Start construct our first bridge model design
-Load testing the first bridge model
-Record and analyse the failing components for
further construction and proceed to second bridge
model
19th April 2016 -Load testing of second bridge model
-Record and analyse the failing components and
proceed to third bridge model
21st April 2016 -Load testing of third bridge model
proceed to fourth bridge model
26th April 2016 -Load testing of fourth bridge model
proceed to fifth bridge model

27th April 2016 -Load testing of fifth bridge model
-Record and analyse the failing components
-Attempt on strengthening the weak parts of the

bridge truss members and joints then proceed to final
bridge model
8th May 2016 -Continue construct final bridge model and refining the
joints of it
9th May 2016 -Final submission and load testing for final fettuccine
bridge model

3
PERCEDENT STUDY

3.0 PRECEDENT STUDY
3.1 Waddell "A" Truss Bridge
3.1.1 Background History
The Waddell "A" Truss Bridge in Parkville, Missouri, also known as Linn Branch
Creek Bridge, was built in 1898. It was designed by engineer John Alexander Low
Waddell and is the subject of a U.S. patent, U.S. Patent 529,220. This bridge
spanned the Linn Branch Creek, in Missouri, but was removed for the construction
of Smithville Lake.
The bridge served rail traffic until 1939, and then road traffic for Missouri Hwy 4 from
1953-1980. It was dismantled in 1981 and moved to its current location at English
Landing Park in Parkville, MO, in 1987.
A second Waddell "A" Truss bridge spans the Cross Bayou in Shreveport, Louisiana.
Now abandoned, the bridge once carried the Kansas City Southern Railway across
the bayou. Like the Missouri bridge, the Cross Bayou bridge is recognized as a
historic site by the City of Shreveport.

3.1.2 Structure Diagram
Figure 3.1: identification of members in Wadell “A” truss bridge
Figure 3.2: detail diagram Figure 3.3: detail diagram

3.1.3 Force Distribution
Figure 3.4: Force distribution diagram of Wadell A truss bridge
The compression members of the trusses are shop- riveted built up sections, made
of channels, angles, and plates, while most tension members are made of pairs of
eye bars. The bottom chord is in four sections, 25 feet by 17 feet, sway- braced by
angle braces and supporting a pair of girder stringers which are, in turn , angle
braced The floor system consists of cross-braced, built up wooden floor beams and
stringers.

3.2 Gatton Railway Bridge
3.2.1 Background History
The Lockyer Creek Bridge at Bageli Park, designed by William Pagan, is one of the
largest of its type in Queensland and one of Australia's first reinforced concrete arch
rail bridges. The bridge, built in 1910/1911, features three spans, each supported by
two arches, and appeared on a stamp that was part of a series featuring landmark
bridges
The bridge is still used for very heavy Brisbane bound coal and grain traffic. Another
single arch bridge on the same line, but over a side gully, with the same name, is
closer to Gatton and was built in 1903. Further downstream in the district of
Clarendon, an earlier railway structure (1885) built of timber piles with a deck of iron
trusses, is possibly as spectacular. This bridge is no longer used by rail traffic.

3.2.2 Truss analysis
The design of Howe truss is the opposite to that of Pratt truss in which the diagonal
members are slanted in the direction opposite to that of Pratt truss (i.e. slanting away
from the middle of bridge span) and as such compressive forces are generated in
diagonal members. Hence, it is not economical to use steel members to handle
compressive force.
Fig 3.5 diagram of Howe truss

4
MATERIALS &
EQUIPMENTS

4.0 MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT
Penknife To cut the fettuccine
V –Tech Super glue Adhesive for bridge joints
Act as load for truss

Water
testing
Plastic Bag To carry load
Sand the edge of joints so

Sandpaper that it would fit the
member nicely
Pail To carry load
To take photo and video

Camera
the process

To hook the plastic bag or
S hook
pail to the bridge
To weigh the load can be

Electronic scale
taken by the bridge
Material for bridge

Fettuccine
construction
4.1 MATERIAL ANALYSIS
Strength of fettucine is being analysed and determined. Construction method to

obtain the maximum performance of the member is tested in terms of orientation and
type of adhesive.
4.1.1 Data Collection for the experiment on strength of material
Breaking point at weight (g)
Layers of Length of Types of Glue

Fettucine Fettucine
White glue 502 UHU glue
5cm 300
1 layer 10cm 250
15cm 150
20cm 150
5cm 550 1000 900
2 layers 10cm 400 400 450
15cm 200 400 300
20cm 150 250 300

5cm 800 1000 1050
3 layers 10cm 450 550 500
15cm 400 450 450
20cm 350 400 350
5cm 1000 1500 1000
4 layers 10cm 900 1500 900
(Vertical 15cm 850 1200 1200
Orientation) 20cm 750 1300 800
Table 1.0 showing the experiment on the strength of fettuccine on different layers
with different type of adhesive
Procedure:
2.Water is poured into

1.The plastic bag the plastic bag to test 3.The fettuccine is
is inserted to the the strength of the bend at first and it
middle of fettuccine breaks
fettuccine
Observation: For shorter length, it breaks in the middle point (compression)
For longer length, it breaks at two sides (tension)

4.1.2 Testing the I-beam structure for fettuccine
Breaking Point Using V-tech

I-beam Ratio Length of Fettuccine / cm super glue / g
1. 1:1:1 7.5 1200
15 1000
2. 2:1:2
7.5 1800
15 1400
3. 2:2:2 7.5 3600
15 1600
4. 1:2:1 7.5 1600
15 1200
Table 1.1 showing the experiment on the strength of fettuccine with different layers in
I-beam structure.
4.1.3 Conclusion
It can be concluded that shorter length of fettuccine provide stronger. Besides, we

have found that adding more layers together able to withstand higher load. However,
we have to take weight limit into or consideration, so we would implement 2 or 3
layers used in our truss bridge.
Using I beam structure for fettuccine is stronger than normal layering system.
Therefore, we would implement I-beam structure with 1:2:1 layering on beam
structure for our truss bridge.

4.2 ADHESIVE ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Testing the strength of adhesive
Type of Adhesive Advantages Disadvantage

All Fix White Glue - User friendly - Low efficiency
- Have plenty time to - Slow solidifying
place the fettuccine time
in correct position
UHU - Easy to use - Low efficiency

- Have plenty time to - Slow solidifying
place the fettuccine time
Glue
in correct position
v- - High efficiency - Fettuccine turns
Tec - Fast solidifying brittle after long
h time hours
Sup - Increase efficiency - Unable to position
er of truss fettucine properly
Glue as it dry too fast
4.2.2 Conclusion
V-Tech super glue was used to connect all the truss members together for our truss
bridge. It dries up fast and has an adequately good strength in joining the fettucine to
carry load. Indirectly, it helps to enhance the tensile and compressive strength in
fettuccine.

5
BRIDGE TESTING &
ANALYSIS

6
FINAL BRIDGE MODEL

6.0 FINAL BRIDGE MODEL
6.1 MODEL MAKING

We began with using an accurate AutoCAD drawing of the bridge as a template.
Each and every trusses are cut based on the plotted measurements. Firstly, we cut
and glue the required components, such as T-beam or I-beam. Our I-beams are
orientated in a 1.2.1 sequence, 1 for each vertical and 2 layers for a horizontal
fettuccine.

Fettuccine IS chosen to eliminate twisted and curved strips, as to increase accuracy
of bridge building. The fettuccine IS then marked, cut and glued to make a 39cm,
15cm, 7cm-long I-beam. The completed I-beams are then sanded with sand paper to
get an accurate and clean angle.
Next, the square center frame is assembled using 3 vertical standing columns made
of 5cm long, 3 layered fettuccine on top of the base I-beam. A 7cm horizontal I-beam
is then placed on top. The vertical members serve as vertical poles to resist
compression force.
Subsequently, the triangle frames are constructed with diagonal trusses connecting
to the top corners of the square frame from the bottom I-beams. 3 layer fettuccine
vertical post are then inserted between the diagonal trusses, this is to withstand
vertical compression forces as well as supporting the top truss.
Internal diagonal members are then inserted and placed in between vertical posts.
These members acts as a brace to resist shear forces acting on the bridge.
Horizontal members are also placed to connect both sides of the bridge. The
placement of these members are determined and placed at the underside of the top
chords and top side of the bottom chords, while being placed by the side of the
vertical members.

Lastly, a core is then placed in the centre of the
bridge for the placement of an S-hook. The core is
constructed using triangular orientated members and
being placed on a 3 layered I-beam.

6.2 2D ILLUSTRATION

6.3 3D ILLUSTRATION

6.4 JOINT ANALYSIS & CALCULATION

7
CONCLUSION

7.0 CONCLUSION
For this project, we have constructed a total of 5 fettuccine bridges and

experimented on its efficiency in withstanding loads. The precedent studies we
chosen are Waddell ‘A’ truss bridge and Gatton Railway bridge. We have decided on
using a combination of both.
In our final model testing, we achieved the highest efficiency compared to the
previous 5 models we have done. Our fettuccine bridge achieved an efficiency of
223.1 % withstanding of a total of 15.39kg and its weight is only 69g. This project
has allowed us to understand load distribution in a structure deeper, as we were able
to calculate and identify the type of force applying in each member. We explored
different arrangement of structural members and realized it is important to identify
the different forces such as compression, tension, zero, or critical in structural
members in order to achieve a high effect bridge design.
It is very important to understand how each member work together as a whole

in a structural system in attaining a higher efficiency. We also realized the
importance or proper planning, in terms of work delegation and the time interval
between completion of bridge and load testing. It is due to the efficiency of
completing the bridge on time and giving an adequate time for the adhesives to dry
out and maintain its strength until load testing.
Besides that, we have found that workmanship is really crucial in constructing

a stronger truss bridge. The joints of two members have to fit to each other as nicely
as possible in order to become a stronger bridge. The reason behind is because
during the load is added to the bridge, the load is able to distribute evenly from one
member to another member, providing a stronger structure and hence produce a
stable bridge.
In a nut shell, it has been a great experience working together on this project.
As an architecture student, it is critical for us to understand deeply what makes a
structure function efficiently without being prone to failure for the safety of future
users and occupants.

8
CASE STUDY
EXERCISE

9
REFERENCES

9.0 REFERENCE
1. Design Analysis and Evaluation of Waddell "A" Truss Bridge. (2016).

prezi.com. Retrieved 11 May 2016, from
https://prezi.com/mac7bkdjf3ki/design-analysis-and-evaluation-of-waddell-a-
truss-bridge/
2. Waddell \. (2016). Wikipedia. Retrieved 11 May 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddell_%22A%22_Truss_Bridge
3. Boon, G. (2016). Garrett's Bridges » Howe Truss. Garrettsbridges.com.
Retrieved 13 May 2016, from http://www.garrettsbridges.com/design/howe-
truss/
4. How to identify forces of compression or tension in simple truss?. (2016).
Physics Forums - The Fusion of Science and Community. Retrieved 10 May
2016, from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-identify-forces-of-
compression-or-tension-in-simple-truss.580931/
5. How to identify forces of compression or tension in simple truss?. (2016).
Physics Forums - The Fusion of Science and Community. Retrieved 12 May
2016, from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-identify-forces-of-
compression-or-tension-in-simple-truss.580931/
6. Analysis of pin-jointed Truss - method of joints. (2016).
Civilengineer.webinfolist.com. Retrieved 12 May 2016, from
http://civilengineer.webinfolist.com/mech/prob31.htm

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

Building Structures (ARC2213)

Fettuccine Truss Bridge

Lee Yen Chei 0320568

Lee Ka Hoe 0315908

Tan Ree Han 0315978

Tan Yew Siang 0320755

Yvonne Chin Yun Miin 0315662

2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY 7

2.2 MAKING OF FETTUCCINE BRIDGE 7

3.0 PERCEDENT STUDY

3.1 Waddell "A" Truss Bridge 11

3.2 Gatton Railway Bridge 14

4.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

4.1 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 17

4.2 ADHESIVE ANALYSIS 21

5.0 BRIDGE TESTING AND LOAD ANALYSIS 22

6.0 FINAL BRIDGE MODEL

6.1 MODEL MAKING 24

8.0 CASE STUDY EXERCISE 46

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 3

This project aims to develop our understanding of the building structure by

Truss is a structure made up of three or more members which are normally

In a group of 5, we were required to conduct a precedent study on a selected

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 4

- Structural analysis of the truss

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 5

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 6

2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY

2.2 MAKING OF FETTUCCINE BRIDGE

2.2.1: Properties of Material

Understanding the properties of fettuccine is crucial in order to maximize the load

2.2.2: Type of Adhesive Used

2.2.3: Model Making

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 7

2.3 PROGRESS TIMELINE

Date Work Progress

30th March 2016 -Prepare and buy materials such as Fettuccine,

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 8

-Attempt on strengthening the weak parts of the

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 9

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 10

3.1 Waddell "A" Truss Bridge

3.1.1 Background History

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 11

Figure 3.1: identification of members in Wadell “A” truss bridge

Figure 3.2: detail diagram Figure 3.3: detail diagram

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 12

Figure 3.4: Force distribution diagram of Wadell A truss bridge

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 13

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 14

Fig 3.5 diagram of Howe truss

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 15

ARC 2213 BUIDLING STRUCTURE |FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE ANALYSYS REPORT 16

Penknife To cut the fettuccine

V –Tech Super glue Adhesive for bridge joints

Act as load for truss

Plastic Bag To carry load

Sand the edge of joints so

Pail To carry load

To take photo and video