Copyright reserved/ Kopiereg voorbehou

Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences

Fakulteit van Natuur en Landbouwetenskappe

Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Departement Mikrobiologie en Plantpatologie

Introduction to Microbiology (MBY161)/ Inleiding tot Mikrobiologie (MBY161)

DURATION/ DUUR: 2 HOURS/ 2 URE

DATE/ DATUM: 13 November 2014

TOTAL/ TOTAAL: 100 MARKS/ 100 PUNTE

DATE OF PERUSAL/ DATUM VAN INSAE: 26 November 2014

INTERNAL EXAMINER/ INTERNE EKSAMINEERDER: Prof. Wanda Markotter

EXTERNAL EXAMINER/ EKSTERNE EKSAMINEERDER: Dr. Vida van Staden

Instructions/ Instruksies:

 Answer all the questions on this answering sheet./ Beantwoord al die vrae op hierdie
antwoordblad.
 The question paper consists of 21 pages./ Die vraestel bestaan uit 21 bladsye.
 Mark allocation 1 mark per fact unless indicated otherwise./ Puntetoekenning: 1 punt per feit,
tensy anders aangedui

NAME AND SURNAME/ NAAM EN VAN:_____________________________

STUDENT NUMBER / STUDENTE NOMMER:_________________________

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Question 1/ Vraag 1: (25)
Choose the one option that best completes the statement or answers the
question. You may only choose one correct answer. Circle the correct answer
clearly on this answering sheet./ Kies die een opsie wat die stelling die beste
voltooi of die vraag antwoord. Jy mag net een korrekte antwoord kies. Sirkel die
korrekte antwoord duidelik op hierdie antwoord blad.

1.1) The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by/
Die formele sisteem vir klassifikasie en benoeming van organismes was ontwikkel
deur
A) Robert Koch
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Aristotle
D) Carolus Linnaeus
E) Louis Pasteur

1.2) Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses?/ Watter van die
volgende is NIE geassosieer met virusse nie?
A) organelles/ organelle
B) nucleic acid/ nukleiënsuur
C) envelope/ membraan
D) spikes/ uitsteeksels
E) capsid/ kapsied

1.3) If you were setting up an experiment to disprove the spontaneous

generation theory in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential
to the experiment?/ Indien u ‘n eksperiment sou wou opstel om die spontane
generasie teorie verkeerd te bewys in ‘n vloeibare medium, watter van die
volgende is noodsaaklik vir jou eksperiment?
A) supplying the liquid with nutrients/ verskaf die vloeistof met nutriente
B) starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms/ begin met ‘n vloeistof wat
mikroorganismes bevat
C) adding antibiotics to the liquid/ voeg antibiotika by die vloeistof
D) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms / gebruik ‘n steriele
vloeistof en elimineer blootsteling aan mikroorganismes
E) adding carbon dioxide to the liquid/ voeg koolstofdioksied by die vloeistof

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1.4) Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct
order?/ Watter van die volgende plaas die stappe van die Gram kleuring in die
korrekte volgorde?
1-Alcohol-acetone/ alkohol-asetoon
2-Crystal violet/ kristalviolet
3-Safranin/ safranien
4-Iodine/ jodium
A) 1-2-3-4
B) 2-1-4-3
C) 2-4-1-3
D) 4-3-2-1
E) 1-3-2-4

1.5) Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which

microscope?/ Eenvoudige kleuring is dikwels nodig om kontras te verbeter in
watter mikroskoop?
A) compound light microscope/ saamgestelde lig mikroskoop
B) phase-contrast microscope/ fase-kontras mikroskoop
C) darkfield microscope/ donkerveld mikroskoop
D) fluorescence microscope/ fluoressensie mikroskoop
E) electron microscope/ elektron mikroskoop

1.6) In using this microscope, the observer does NOT look directly at an image
through a lens./ As hierdie mikroskoop gebruik word, kyk die waarnemer NIE
direk na die beeld deur ‘n lens nie.
A) compound light microscope/ saamgestelde lig mikroskoop
B) phase-contrast microscope/ fase-kontras mikroskoop
C) darkfield microscope/ donkerveld mikroskoop
D) fluorescence microscope/ fluoressensie mikroskoop
E) electron microscope/ elektron mikroskoop

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1.7) Which type of stain is most useful in helping clinicians to decide which
antibiotic to prescribe for a bacterial infection?/ Watter tipe kleuring is die mees
behulpsaam om dokters te help besluit watter antibiotikum om voor te skryf vir ‘n
bakteriële infeksie?
A) negative stain/ negatiewe kleuring
B) simple stain/ eenvoudige kleuring
C) Gram stain/ Gram kleuring
D) endospore stain / endospoor kleuring
E) flagella stain / flagella kleuring

1.8) In the figure below, which line best depicts an obligate anaerobe in the
presence of O2?/ In die figuur hieronder, watter lyn stel die beste ‘n obligate
anaeroob in die teenwoordigheid van O2 voor?

A) a
B) b
C) c

1.9) In the figure below, which line best depicts a psychrotroph incubated at
0°C?/ In die figuur hieronder, watter lyn stel die beste ‘n psigrotroof voor wat by
0ºC geïnkubeer word?

A) a
B) b
C) c

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1.10) A sample of milk is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A
one-milliliter sample of the milk is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. One milliliter
of the third dilution tube is plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate has
54 colonies. How many cells did the original milk sample contain?/ ‘n Melk
monster word getoets vir die aantal bakterieë in ‘n plaat telling toets. Een
milliliter van die melk is verdun in ‘n 1:10 verdunnings reeks. Een milliliter van
die derde verdunnings buis is uitgeplaat in ‘n gietplaat. Na inkubasie het die plaat
54 kolonies. Hoeveel selle het die oorspronklike melk monster gehad?
A) 54
B) 540
C) 5400
D) 54,000
E) 540,000

1.11) The term “aerotolerant anaerobe” refers to an organism that/ Die term
“aerotolerante anaeroob” verwys na ‘n organisme wat
A) does not use oxygen but tolerates it/ nie suurstof gebruik nie maar dit verdra dit
B) is killed by oxygen / doodgemaak word deur suurstof
C) uses oxygen or grows without oxygen/ suurstof gebruik of sonder suurstof groei
D) requires less oxygen than is present in air/ minder suurstof benodig as wat in die lug
teenwoordig is
E) requires more oxygen than is present in air/ meer suurstof benodig as wat in die lug
teenwoordig is

1.12) A culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms grow and a

yellow halo surrounds Staphylococcus aureus colonies is called a(n)/ ‘n Kultuur
medium waarop net gram-positiewe organismes groei en ‘n geel sone omring
Staphylococcus aureus kolonies, word genoem ‘n
A) selective medium/ selektiewe medium
B) differential medium/ differensiële medium
C) enrichment culture/ verryking kultuur
D) selective and differential medium / selektiewe en differensiële medium
E) differential and enrichment culture/ differensiële en verryking kultuur

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1.13) The figure below shows a typical bacterial growth curve with the x-axis
indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the y-axis indicating time in
culture. Which sections of the graph illustrate a logarithmic change in cell
numbers?/ Die figuur hieronder dui ‘n tipiese bakteriese groei kurwe aan met die
x-aksis die log van die aantal bakterieë en die y-aksis die tyd in kultuur. Watter
gedeeltes in die grafiek illustreer ‘n logaritmiese verandering in sel aantal?

A) a & c
B) b & d
C) a & b
D) c & d
E) a & d

1.14) An experiment began with 4 bacterial cells and ended with 128 bacterial
cells. How many generations did the cells go through?/ ‘n Eksperiment begin met
4 bakteriese selle en eindig met 128 bakteriese selle. Hoeveel generasies het die
selle deur gegaan?
A) 64
B) 32
C) 6
D) 5
E) 4

1.15) If you have inserted a gene in the Ti plasmid, the next step is/ As jy ‘n geen
in die Ti plasmied ingevoeg het, is die volgende stap
A) transformation of E. coli with the Ti plasmid/ transformasie van E. coli met die Ti plasmied
B) cut with restriction enzymes/ sny met restriksie ensieme
C) transformation of an animal cell / transformasie van ‘n dier sel
D) inserting the Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium/ voeg die Ti plasmied in Agrobacterium in
E) inserting the Ti plasmid into a plant cell/ voeg die Ti plasmied in ‘n plantsel in

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1.16) You have a short gene that you wish to replicate by PCR. After 3 replication
cycles, how many double-stranded DNA molecules do you have?/ Jy het ‘n kort
geen wat jy wil repliseer met PKR. Hoeveel dubbeldraad DNS molekules sal daar
wees na 3 replikasie siklusse?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) thousands/ duisende

1.17) In the figure below, the gene that allows the plasmid to be self-replicating
is/ In die figuur hieronder is die geen wat die plasmied toelaat om self te
repliseer die

A) HindIII
B) ampR
C) ori
D) EcoRI
E) lacZ

1.18) A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is/ ‘n Bron van hitte stabiele DNS
polimerase is
A) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
B) Thermus aquaticus
C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
D) Bacillus thuringiensis
E) Pseudomonas

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1.19) Restriction enzymes are/ Restriksie ensieme is
A) bacterial enzymes that splice DNA/ bakteriese ensieme wat DNS sny
B) bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA/ bakteriese ensieme wat faag DNS vernietig
C) animal enzymes that splice RNA/ diere ensieme wat RNS sny
D) viral enzymes that destroy host DNA/ virus ensieme wat gasheer DNS vernietig

1.20) Which of the following statements about archaea are FALSE?/ Watter van
die volgende stellings oor archaea is ONWAAR?
A) They are prokaryotes/ hulle is prokariote
B) They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls/ hulle het nie peptidoglikaan in hulle selwande
nie
C) Some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles/ sommiges is termoasidofiele,
ander is ekstreme halofiele
D) They evolved before bacteria/ hulle het voor bakterieë ontstaan
E) Some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen/ sommiges produseer metaan
van koolstofdioksied en waterstof

1.21) The figure below shows the results of a gel electrophoresis separation of
restriction fragments of the DNA of different organisms. Which two organisms are
most closely related?/ Die figuur hieronder dui die resultate aan van ‘n gel
elektroforetiese skeiding van restriksie fragmente van DNS van verskillende
organisms. Watter twee organismes is die mees naverwant?

A) 1, 3
B) 2, 4
C) 3, 5
D) 2, 5
E) 4, 5

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1.22) The major contribution of Robert Koch's work is that/ Die belangrikste
bydrae van Robert Koch se werk is dat
A) microorganisms are present in a diseased animal/ mikroorganismes teenwoordig is in ‘n
siek dier
B) diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another/ siektes kan oorgedra word van
een dier na ‘n ander
C) microorganisms can be cultured/ mikroorganismes gegroei kan word
D) microorganisms cause disease/ mikroorganismes veroorsaak siektes
E) microorganisms are the result of disease / mikroorganismes die resultaat van siektes is

1.23) Assume a patient had chickenpox as a child. Which line on the graph in the
figure below would show the number of virions present in this person as a 60-
year-old with shingles?/ Neem aan ‘n pasiënt het waterpokkies as ‘n kind gehad.
Watter lyn in die grafiek in die figuur hieronder sal die aantal virions aandui in ‘n
person van 60-jaar oud met gordelroos?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e

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1.24) The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia, to alter their
surface molecules and evade destruction by the host’s antibodies is called/ Die
vermoeë van sommige mikrobes soos Trypanosoma of Giardia om hulle oppervlak
molekules te verander en vernietiging deur die gasheer se teenliggame te
ontduik, word genoem
A) antigenic variation/ antigeniese variasie
B) lysogenic conversion/ lisogeniese omskakeling
C) virulence/ virulensie
D) cytopathic effect/ sitopatiese effek
E) cytocidal effect/ sitosidiese effek

1.25) All of the following are examples of entry via the parenteral route EXCEPT/
Al die volgende is voorbeelde van binnegaan deur die parenterale roete BEHALWE
A) injection/ inspuiting
B) bite/ byt
C) surgery/ operasie
D) hair follicle/ haarfollikel
E) skin cut/ gesnyde vel

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Question 2/ Vraag 2: (5)
The following is used in microbial growth control. Match the description or action
in column B to the items/methods in column A./ Die volgende word gebruik om
mikrobiese groei te beheer. Pas die beskrywing of aksie in kolom B by die
items/metodes in kolom A.

Column A/ Kolom A Answer/ Column B/ Kolom B

a. Pasteurization/
Pasteurisasie
b. Filtration/ Filtrasie
c. Quaternary ammonium
compounds/ Kwaternêre
ammonium samestellings.
Antwoord
a. 1. Bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma
membrane/ Bakteriosidies, denatureer proteïene,
……………. ontwrig plasmamembrane
B 2. Denature proteins, dissolve lipids/ Denatureer
proteiene, los lipiede op
.……………..
c. 3. Used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids/ Word gebruik
om hitte-sensitiewe vloeistowwe te steriliseer
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d. UV light/ UV lig d. 4. Used to sterilize milk, ice cream, beer, fruit juice/
Word gebruik om melk, roomys, bier, vrugtesap te
………………. steriliseer
e. Ethanol, isopropanol/ e. 5. Non-ionizing radiation that causes thymine dimers in
Etanol, isopropanol DNA chains/ Nie-ioniserende bestraling wat timien-
………………. dimere in DNS-kettings veroorsaak

Question 3/ Vraag 3: (3)

One of the advantages of some rapid identification methods for bacteria is that
pure cultures are not needed. Explain why a pure culture is necessary for
biochemical tests such as the Enterotube, but not for DNA probes?/ Een van die
voordele van sommige van die vinnige identifikasie metodes vir bakterieë is dat
suiwer kulture nie benodig word nie. Verduidelik hoekom ‘n suiwer kultuur nodig
is vir biochemiese toetse soos die “Enterotube”, maar nie vir DNS peilers nie.
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Question 4/ Vraag 4 : (10)

4.1) Does the figure below depict a Gram positive or Gram negative bacterial cell
wall?/ Verteenwoordig die figuur hieronder ‘n Gram positiewe of Gram negatiewe
bakteriese selwand? (1)
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4.2) Complete the missing captions (4.2.1 – 4.2.9) as indicated in the figure
below. Provide the captions in the spaces provided below the figure / Voltooi die
ontbrekende byskrifte (4.2.1 – 4.2.9) soos aangedui in die onderstaande figuur.
Verskaf die byskrifte in die spasies verskaf onderaan die figuur. (9)

4.2.9 4.2.8.

4.2.7.

4.2.3.
4.2.4

4.2.6.
4.2.2

4.2.1.

4.2.5

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Question 5/ Vraag 5: (4)
5.1) Explain the difference between a fungal hypha and mycelium./ Verduidelik
die verskil tussen ‘n swam-hife en miselium. (2)
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5.2) How do fungal colonies differ from bacterial colonies?/ Hoe verskil swam
kolonies van bakteriële kolonies? (2)
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Question 6/ Vraag 6: (3)

Explain why the growth curve for viruses is a stepped rather than a smooth curve
(as with bacterial multiplication)./ Verduidelik waarom die groei kurwe vir
virusse trapsgewys in plaas van ‘n gladde kurwe is (soos in bakteriële
vermeerdering).
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Question 7/ Vraag 7: (5)
Complete the missing captions (7.1. – 7.5.) in the following diagram depicting
virus structure. Provide the answers in the space provided below the figure./
Voltooi die uitstaande byskrifte (7.1. – 7.5.) in die onderstaande diagram wat
virus struktuur aandui. Verskaf die antwoorde in die spasie voorsien onderaan
die figuur.

7.4.
7.1.

7.2.

7.3.
7.5.

7.1) ……………………………………………………………………………..
7.2) ……………………………………………………………………………..
7.3) ……………………………………………………………………………..
7.4) ……………………………………………………………………………..
7.5) ……………………………………………………………………………..

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Question 8/ Vraag 8: (4)
Briefly define the terms “incidence” and “prevalence”, and describe the
difference between the two./ Definieer kortliks die terme “insidensie” en
“voorkoms”, en beskryf die verskil tussen die twee.
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Question 9/ Vraag 9: (3)

Define symptoms, signs and syndromes in the context of infectious diseases./
Definieer simptome, tekens en sindrome in die konteks van infektiewe siektes.
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Question 10/ Vraag 10: (5)
Describe how to perform the E-test to determine the sensitivity of a bacterium to
various antibiotics. / Beskryf hoe om die E-toets uit te voer om die sensitiwiteit
van ‘n bakterium tot verskeie antibiotikas te bepaal.
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Question 11/ Vraag 11: (5)
List five positions in the virus replication cycle that antiretroviral drugs target to
inhibit the HIV virus/ Lys vyf posisies in die virus replikasie siklus wat
antiretrovirale medisyne teiken om die MIV virus te inhibeer.

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Question 12/ Vraag 12: (4)

Explain how the tuberculin skin test is performed. Explain the results that are
obtained./ Verduidelik hoe die tuberkulien vel-toets uitgevoer word. Verduidelik
die resultate wat verkry word.
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Question 13/ Vraag 13: (6)
Explain the genome structure of the Influenza virus and explain how this relates
to antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Also provide the definitions of antigenic
drift and antigenic shift./ Verduidelik die genoom struktuur van die Influenza
virus en verduidelik hoe dit verband hou met antigeniese skuiwing en
antigeniese drywing. Verskaf ook die definisies van antigeniese skuiwing en
antigeniese drywing.
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Question 14/ Vraag 14: (4)

Explain the membrane filter-method to enumerate and distinguish coliform
bacteria in water./ Verduidelik die membraan filter-metode om kolivormige
bakterieë in water te kwantifiseer en te onderskei.
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Question 15/ Vraag 15: (4)
Explain the activated sludge-method used in secondary waste water treatment./
Verduidelik die geaktiveerde slyk-metode wat gebruik word in sekondêre
afvalwater behandeling.
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Question 16/ Vraag 16: (3)

Define what the abbreviation HACCP represents and briefly explain the
principle./ Definieer wat die afkorting HACCP verteenwoordig en beskryf kortliks
die beginsel.
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Question 17/ Vraag 17: (4)
Explain how microorganisms are used to extract copper from ores by means of
leaching. You may use a diagram. / Verduidelik hoe mikroőrganismes gebruik
word om koper vanuit erts te ontgin deur middel van loging. Jy mag ‘n diagram
gebruik.
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Question 18/ Vraag 18: (3)
The following diagram depicts the wine making process. Describe what happens
at steps 18.1-18.3./ Die volgende diagram dui die wynmaak proses aan. Beskryf
wat gebeur by stappe 18.1-18.3.

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