Step 3

Luis Reinel Nova

Group 203058_4

1101758176

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 10-23

Introduction
In introducing the document's usually described, and a brief explanation or summary thereof
is given. A reader to read the introduction should be able to get an idea about the content of
the text before reading itself. (4 to 10 lines).

Questions: (write with your own words)

What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves travel through the guides through various configurations
that we call propagation nodes.

One way is the way in which energy can be propagated along the waveguide, it
is clear that all modes must satisfy certain boundary conditions so that they can
occur.The propagation modes depend on the wavelength, polarization and guide
dimensions,the longitudinal mode of a waveguide is a particular type of standing
wave formed by waves confined in the cavity.

Transversal modes are classified into different types:

TE (Transversal electric) mode, the electric field component in the propagation

direction is zero.

TM (Transverse Magnetic) mode, the magnetic field component in the direction

of propagation is null.

TEM mode (Transversal electromagnetic), the component of both the electric

and magnetic fields in the direction of propagation is zero.

Hybrid mode, are those that do have component in the direction of propagation
in both the electric and magnetic fields.

What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

 The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is defined as the path described by
the electric field vector component in its propagation, so as to maintain
orthogonality with respect to the magnetic field vector component.

Figure 1. Polarization
What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
This occurs when a wave passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to a
medium with a smaller refractive index, the phenomenon of total reflection occurs.
When the phenomenon of total reflection occurs if the transmission coefficient can be
said to be zero, because in terms of impedance the entire incident field is reflected
towards medium 1 when the impedance of medium 2 is much lower than that of the
medium one; It becomes almost negligible, that is, zero.

Figure 2. phenomenon of total reflection

 What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
The refraction coefficient in TM (Magnetic Transversal) mode using Snell's law
(θ −θ )
is expressed as r12_TM = (θ1 +θ2)then when the sum of the angles of incidence and
1 2

refraction It is 90 ° the coefficient of Fresnel reflection is canceled where the

parallel electric field is not reflected, but is completely refracted. This condition
is called total refraction.

θ1 + θ2 = 90° → r12_TM = 0

Figure 3. phenomenon of total refraction

What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
This law is defined in a formula that allows to calculate the angle of refraction (it is
the change of direction that a wave exerts the passing from one material to another)
of the light when passing from one surface to another.
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 (𝜃𝑐 ) (It is the angle of incidence limit)
𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛90°
𝑛2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1
 Figure 4

Application exercises:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 4 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
110𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

2.
Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

𝟏𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟎π
reflection coefficient: 𝒓 = 𝒏𝟐−𝒏𝟏
𝒏𝟐+𝒏𝟏
= =−𝟎, 𝟓 = 𝟎, 𝟓 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟐𝟎π

reflectance 𝑹 = |𝒓|𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓%

transmittance 𝑻 = 𝟏 − 𝑹 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟓% = 𝟕𝟓%

𝒎𝒘 𝒎𝒘 𝒎𝒘
reflected power |𝒑−
𝟏 | = 𝑹 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓% ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟐
 𝒎𝒘 𝒎𝒘 𝒎𝒘
transmitted power |𝒑−
𝟐 | = 𝑻 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓% ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝟐

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 4 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a

wave generator located 30𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 110𝛺
and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Solution

𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝟎
𝒏=√ = 𝜺𝒓 = ( )𝟐
𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝒏

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝟐
𝜺𝒓 = ( )
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝝐𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟒
Now we calculate the phase constant of the wall
𝒘
𝜷 = 𝒘√𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝜺𝒓=𝝐 √𝜺𝒓
𝟎

𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝜷= √𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟒
𝒎

we find the input impedance seen, from the first frontier

𝒏 𝒏 +𝒋𝒏𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒙)
𝒊𝒏=𝒏𝟏 𝟐
𝒏𝟏 +𝒋𝒏𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒙)

𝒏 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅+𝒋𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟏𝟕.𝟗𝟒𝒙 𝟎.𝟐𝟎)
𝒊𝒏=𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒋𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟏𝟕.𝟗𝟒𝒙 𝟎.𝟐𝟎)

𝒏𝒊𝒏=(𝟏𝟐𝟓−𝟏𝟓𝟑𝒊)

calculate reflection coefficient

𝒏𝒊𝒏 − 𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝒊 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅

𝑟1= =
𝒏𝒊𝒏 + 𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅

𝑟1= − 0,37 − 0,41𝑖=0,55(−132°)

we found transmission coefficient

𝜏1= 1 + 𝑟1 = 0.37 − 0.41𝑖

we found percentage of power transmitted to the wall

𝑇1= 1 − |𝑟1 |2 =1 − 0,552=0,69

reflectance on the first face of the wall

𝑅 = 1 − 𝑇1 = 1 − 0,70 = 0,30

coefficient of reflection on the second side

𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑟2 =
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
120𝜋 − 110
𝑟2 = = 0,54
120𝜋 + 110

we calculate transmittance

𝑇2= 1 − |𝑅2|2=1-0,542 = 0,70

we calculate transmittance

𝑇𝑡 = 0,70 ∗ 0,69 = 0,483

200 𝑚𝑤 𝑚𝑤
|𝑃𝑟 + | = 0,483 ( 𝑚2
) = 96.6 𝑚2
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
activity, it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning
obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid
superficiality and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Examples of bibliography format:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
http: // ...
Chapter of an electronic book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http: // ...