BASIC Formulas in Probability

1.) Variance (s²)

w/o probability; s² = Σ(x - ẋ) ²
n-1

w/ probability; s² = Σ[x ² - f] - ẋ²

2.) Standard deviation (s)

s = ˩ s²
3.) Mean, ( ẋ )

ẋ = X1P1 + X2P2 + XnPn

Experiment 1: Tossing of 2 Coins

Event Outcome No. of Probability
Heads
1 HH 2 ¼
2 TT O ¼
3 TH 1 ¼
4 HT 1 1/4

Solve
ẋ = 2(1/4) + 1(1/4) + 1(1/4)
ẋ = 1.0

s² = [2² (1/4) + 1²(1/4) + 1²(1/4) - 1²]

s² = 0.5
s = ˩0.5
s = 0.71
 Experiment No.2 : Single Die
Event No. of dots Probability
1 1 1/6
2 2 1/6
3 3 1/6
4 4 1/6
5 5 1/6
6 6 1/6

Solve
ẋ = 1(1/6) + 2(1/6) + 3(1/6) + 4(1/6) + 5(1/6) + 6(1/6)
ẋ = 3.5

s² = [1² (1/6) + 2²(1/6) + 3²(1/6) + 4²(1/6) + 5²(1/6) + 6²(1/6) – 3.5

s² = 2.92
s = ˩2.92
s = 1.71

Experiment 3: Student’s Grades

Grades Given: 10,13,16,19,21
Sample Size: n=2
Population Mean: 5P = 10+13+16+19+21 = 15.8
N s

Experiment 3: Student’s Grades

Sample No. ẋ s² s
1 10,13 4.5 2.12
2 10,16
3 10,19
4 10,21
5 13,16
6 13,19
7 13,21
8 16,19
9 16,21
10 19,21

Solve:
s² = Σ(x - ẋ) ²
n-1
s² = [10-(10+10/2)) ² + 10 – (10+13/2)]
s² = 4.5
s = ˩4.5 = 2.12