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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
The Chapter 1 should contain a discussion of each of the following topics:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of the study
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Significance
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Conceptual Framework
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
1.8 Design Considerations
 PAGE|2

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

(ASHRAE) defines air conditioning as: “The process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the
requirements of the conditioned space.” Air conditioning is the process of altering the
properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions,
typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a
building, house or vehicle to improve thermal comport and indoor air quality. In common
use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air temperature. The cooling is typically
achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used.
Air conditioning system can also be made based on desiccants.

In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that
modifies the condition of air (heating, (de-)humidification, cooling, cleaning, ventilation, or
air movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cool
air. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is
referred to as HVAC. The basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been
applied in ancient Egypt, where needs were hung in windows and were moistened with
tricking water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window. This
process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In
Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of certain houses
to cool them. Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisternsand wind
towers to cool buildings during the hot season.

Modern air conditioning emerged from advances in chemistry during the 19 th

century, and the first large-scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used in 1902
 PAGE|3

by American inventor Willis Carrier. The introduction of residential air conditioning in the
1920s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States.

The first modern air conditioning system was developed in 1920 by a young
electrical engineer named Willis Haviland Carrier. It was designed to solve a humidity
problem at the Sackett-Wilhelm Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn. N.Y.
Paper stock at the plant would sometimes absorb moisture from the warm summer air,
making it difficult to apply the layered inking techniques of the time. Carrier treated the air
inside the building by blowing it across chilled pipes. The air cooled as it passed across
the cooled pipes, since cool air can’t carry as much moisture as warm air, the process
reduced the humidity in the plant and stabilized the moisture content of the paper.
Reducing the humidity also had the side benefit of lowering the air temperature and a
new technology was born.

Most homes in warm climates have air conditioning. For some air conditioning may
be a luxury, but for many, it is a necessity. Given the expense of the equipment and the
power to run it, ASHRAE wants consumers to be informed about their air conditioning
systems. These ten points should make a consumers more aware of the air conditioning
system and better able to care for it and use it well. Should it become necessary to replace
that system, seek out a qualified HVAC professional. The previous points have focused
on cooling, but the original definition of air conditioning contains more than that; an ideal
air conditioner should heat, cool, clean, ventilate, humidity and dehumidify as needed to
provide health and comfort. In fact the second most important objective of the original
definition is to provide ventilation. Whether or not the piece of equipment we call an air
conditioner provides it, ventilation is needed.
 PAGE|4

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

(APBPO) is a Philippine based business process outsourcing company. We

specialize in outbound Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C)
telemarketing: appointment setting, load generation, market research and surveys are a
few of the services we offer. We also provide inbound customer service and sales, virtual
assistance for data entry, research, list development, live chat and others. Current
clientele include mostly business in North America.

The BPO is owned and personally operated by managers who have been in the
industry for many years. We pride ourselves of our experienced, professional and hard
working team who are all fluent, well versed in English and graduates of prestigious
colleges and universities.

Asia Pacific Business Process Outsourcing values excellence and integrity. Our
center makes sure that we exhaust all means necessary for our clients to get their
money’s worth and more. Our services are fairly priced and affordable but at the same
time of high quality. Contact us and let us know more about what your requirements are,
so we find the best way to provide you optimum results.
 PAGE|5

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.

These objectives should be closely related to the research problem.

The general objective of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the
study in general terms. It is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective
into smaller, logically connected parts. These are normally referred to as specific
objectives. Specific objectives should systematically address the various research
questions. They should specify what you will do in your study, where and for what
purpose.

The proposed system specifically aims to:

1. To develop a smart air quality monitoring system that can intelligently interface
with existing ventilation and air treatment systems to maximize their energy
efficiency and effectiveness.

2. To develop a particulate matter detector based upon a miniaturized electric field

particle sensor.

3. To improve substantially the health, quality of the life and productivity of EU

citizens by providing a comprehensive air quality monitoring capability to
transform air quality control.

4. To develop a combustion gas and VOC detector module comprising advanced

structured sensors capable of detecting a range of gaseous pollutants.
 PAGE|6

5. To reduce energy consumption from computers without compromising

availability or performance.

6. To implement general and appropriate air conditioning system.

 PAGE|7

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Regardless of the type of air conditioner, in general air conditioning offers a

number or benefits. Particularly when considering the severe temperatures that can be
experienced in Australia while on the road or out in the field in heavy machinery, there is
some true values to having your trucks, sleeper cabins and heavy vehicles air
conditioned. So what are some of the benefits?

1. Extreme conditions such as heat and humidity can impact on our overall physical
intellectual activity, making even the simplest of tasks an absolute chore. Having a
proper air conditioning system in place helps reduce heat and humidity, thus reducing
the impact on our ability to perform and complete work tasks.

2. The lower temperatures that air conditioners create can help reduce dehydration as
they lessen the likelihood of excessive sweating. However, there is a footnote worth
mentioning here, which we will discuss later in this article.

3. When the air conditioning system has been installed properly, it effectively helps
renew and improve air quality.
 PAGE|8

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

First of all, there is a footnote that comes with the fact that air conditioners can help
reduce dehydration in terms of staving off sweating, their design also means that they
also cause dehydration.

To keep it basic, air conditioning works by reducing the humidity and heat within
an a set environment. The way it does this is by removing moisture from the air and then
pushing cooler temperatures through; this known as evaporation cooling. Over time this
means the area will have less and less moisture in the air, which can lead to dehydration.

1. So when you’re driving or working in an air conditioned environment, make sure

you continue to drink fluids. If you feel you’re becoming too dehydrated, turn off your
air conditioning, keep up the fluids and wait until you start to feel better.

2. Be mindful of the fact that sudden shifts in temperature (from very hot to very cold)
can impact on your health. Such shifts can affect respiratory system and can lead to
falling sick. The suggested ideal temperature for an air condition units ranges
anywhere between 21 to 25 degrees Celsius. Keep it within that range and you’ll find
that the shift between temperatures won’t feel as severe. If it starts to get too cold
within you vehicle or sleeper cabin, put the temperature up one or two degrees.

3. Another effect long exposure to an air conditioned environment can have is that of
tiredness. Particularly when using recycled air, this leads to an increase in CO2 while
straight oxygen reduces. To combat this, either change your air conditioner to accept
incoming air from outside or occasionally turn off your air conditioning, roll down the
windows and let the fresh air wake you back up.
 PAGE|9

1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

From the review of related literature and studies, the researcher may formulate a
theoretical scheme for his research problem. This scheme is a tentative explanation or
theoretical explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as a basis for the
formulation research hypotheses. Thus, the conceptual framework consists of the
investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have
bearing on the problem. It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the
previous model which the researcher had studied.
 PAGE|10

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The basic requirements for realistic estimates of heating and cooling loads is an
accurate survey of the load components of the space to be air conditioned.

The following physical aspects must be considered:

1. Orientation of the building geographic location of the space to be air conditioned with
respect to:
a. Compass Points – sun and wind effects
b. Nearby Permanent Structures – shading effect
c. Reflective Surfaces – water, sand, parking lots etc.

2. Use of Space(s) – office, hospital, department store, specially shop, factory, machine
shop, assembly parts, etc.

3. Physical dimensions of space(s) – length, width and height

4. Ceiling height – floor to floor height, floor to ceiling, clearance between suspended
ceiling beams.

5. Construction Materials – types of materials, thickness for floors, walls, roof, ceiling
floors, partitions and their relative positions in the structure.
6. Surrounding Conditions – exterior color of the wall and roof, shaded by adjacent
building or sunlight. Attic spaces vented or unvented, gravity or force ventilation.
Surrounding spaces conditioned or unconditioned temperature of non-conditioned
adjacent space such as furnace and boiler room and kitchen. Floor on ground, crawl
space and basement.

7. Windows – type of glass, single or multi-plane, wood or metal sash, single or double
hung, size and location type of shading device, dimension of reveals and overhangs.
 PAGE|11

8. Doors – type, size, location and frequency of use.

9. People – number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any special concentrations.

At times, it is required to estimate the number of occupants on the basis of square per
meter per occupant, or on average traffic.

10. Lighting type – incandescent, fluorescent, recessed, exposed wattage of lamps and
type of fixture if the lights are recessed, the type of air flow over the lights, exhaust, return
or supply, should be anticipated. At times it is required to estimate the wattage on a basis
of watts per square meter, due to lack of exact information.

11. Appliances – business machine, electronic equipment location, related wattage,

steam or gas consumption hooded or unhooded, exhaust air quality installed or required
and usage. Electronic equipment often requires individual air conditioning. The
manufacture’s recommendation for temperature and humidity variation must be followed,
and these requirements are often quite stringent.

12. Ventilation – one per person, cms per square meter scheduled ventilation. Excessive
smoking or odors, code requirements. Exhaust fans – type, size, speed and cms delivery.

13. Thermal storage – includes system operating scheduled (12, 16 or 24 hours per day
) specifically during peak outdoor conditions, permissible temperature swing in space
during a design days, rugs or floors, nature of space materials enclosing the space.

14. Continuous or intermitted operation – whether system be required to operate every

business day during cooling session, or only occasionally, such as churches and
ballrooms. If intermitted operation, determine duration of time available for pre cooling or
pull down.
 PAGE|12

1.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

In designing two-storey building, it is important that they follow a logical

sequence through the various stages of the design process. Six steps that define this
consequence are described below. In addition, it is important for the designer to
understand some overarching principles of good design – so that the result is not only
sensible but is also ‘good’.

1. Initial design considerations – The basic building shape will normally

be chosen, or at least heavily influenced, by other members of the design team. It will
often be dictated by site restrictions, be they physical or regulatory such as planning
restrictions. Before developing this basic shape into a design the engineer should make
sure he/she is aware of any project specific requirements.

2. Choice of grids – Having recognized any building specific requirements,

decided on the most appropriate number of floors and, in general terms, how the frame
will be established, the designer should start to consider in more detail how to frame will
be laid out. The structural grid is defined principally by a regular spacing of columns, with
the primary beams spanning between columns, secondary beams spanning between the
primary beams, and floor slabs spanning between the secondary beams. Wherever
possible the beams are laid out in an orthogonal arrangement to provide rectangular floor
plates as this arrangement enables simple orthogonal connection details between beams
and columns to be adopted.
3. Preliminary sizing – Once the grids are established it is possible to
estimate preliminary sizes of the beams using some rules of thumb for span to depth
ratios.

4. Analysis – Before the frame can be analyzed and the structural members
designed it is necessary to determine the magnitude the loads and other actions such as
thermal movements, which may result in stresses in the structure. The main load types
are the self-weight of the structure (and non-structural components), imposed floor
 PAGE|13

loadings, environmental loading including wind and snow, and induced additional loads
caused by frame imperfections and away.

5. Element design – Having determined the moments and forces in the

frame members and joints it is possible to move on to detailed design. As noted above,
when a frame is continuous it may be necessary to undertake some iteration because the
size of the members affects the moments and forces that are attracted to themselves and
their neighbors.

6. Other checks – In addition to checking the frame members for gravity,

imposed and wind loads, some other verifications must also be made as they could affect
the final size of the members and joints. These other checks, include, but are not
restricted to, checking for sway sensitivity, fire performance, robustness and acoustics
performance.
 PAGE|14

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The chapter 2 should contain a discussion of each of the following topics:

2.1 Local Studies

2.2 Foreign Studies
2.3 Justification of the Study
2.4 Synthesis
 PAGE|15

2.1 LOCAL STUDIES

Air conditioning is a process that simultaneously conditions air, distributes

it combined with the outdoor air to the conditioned space; and at the same time controls
and maintains the required space’s temperature., humidity, air movement, air cleanliness,
sound level and pressure differential within predetermined limits for the health and
comfort of the occupants, for product processing, or both. The acronym HVAC&R stands
for heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigerating. The combination of these
processes is equivalent to the functions performed by air-conditioning. Because I-P units
are widely used in the HVAC&R industry in the U.S., I-P units are used in the chapter. A
table for converting I-P units to SI units is available in Appendix X of this handbook. Air-
Conditioning Systems an air-conditioning or HVAC&R system consists of components
and equipment arranged in sequential order to heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean
and purify, attenuate objectionable equipment noise, transport the conditioned outdoor
air and recirculate air to the conditioned space, and control and maintain an indoor or
enclosed environment at optimum energy use. The types of buildings which the air-
conditioning system serves can be classified as : * Institutional buildings, such as
hospitals and nursing homes * Commercial buildings, such as offices, stores and
shopping centers Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 9-3 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC
* Residential buildings, including single-family and multi-family low rise buildings of three
or fewer stories above grade * Manufacturing buildings, which manufacture and store
products types of Air-Conditioning Systems in Institutional, Commercial and residential
buildings, air-conditioning systems are mainly for the occupants health and comfort. They
are often called comfort air-conditioning systems. In manufacturing buildings, air-
conditioning systems are provided for product processing, or for the health and comfort
of workers as well as processing and are called processing air-conditioning systems.
Based on the size, construction, and operating characteristics, air-conditioning systems
can be classified as the following. Individual room or Individual systems. An individual air-
conditioning system normally employs either a single, self-contained, packaged room air-
conditioner (installed in a window or through a wall) or separate indoor and outdoor units
 PAGE|16

to serve an individual room, as show. “ Self contained, packaged “ means factory

assembled in one package and ready for use.

Space – Conditioning Systems or Space Systems. These systems have

their air-conditioning – cooling, heating, and filtration – performed predominantly in or
above the conditioned space. Outdoor air is supplied by a separation outdoor ventilation
system. Unitary Packaged Systems or Packaged Systems. These systems are installed
with either a single self contained, factory-assembled packaged unit (PU) or two split
units: an indoor air handler, normally with ductwork and an outdoor condensing unit with
refrigeration compressor(s) and condenser. In a packaged system, air is cooled mainly
by direct expansion of refrigerant in coils called DX coils and heated by gas furnace,
electric heating, or a heat pump effect, which is the reverse of a refrigeration cycle. Central
Hydronic or Central Systems. A central system uses chilled water or hot water from a
central plant to cool and heat the air at the coils in an air handling unit (AHU). For energy
transport, the heat capacity of water is about 3400 times greater than that of air. Central
systems are built-up systems assembled and installed on the site. Packaged system are
comprised of only air system, refrigeration, heating and control systems. Both central and
space-conditioning systems consist of the following: Air Systems. An air system is also
called an air handling system or the air side of an air-conditioning or HVAC&R system. Its
function is to condition the air, distribute it, and control and indoor environment according
to requirements. The primary equipment in an air system is an AHU or air handler; both
of these include fan, coils, filters, dampers, humidifier (optional), supply and return
ductworks, supply outlets and return inlets, and controls.

Water Systems. These systems include chilled water, hot water and
condenser water systems. A water system consists of pumps, piping work, and
accessories. The water system is sometimes called the water side of a central or space-
conditioning system. Central Plant Refrigeration and Heating Systems. The refrigeration
system in the central plant of a central system is usually in the form of a chiller package
with an outdoor condensing unit. The refrigeration system is also called the refrigeration
side of a central system. A boiler and accessories make up the heating system in a central
 PAGE|17

plant for a central system, and a direct-fired gas furnace is often the heating system in
the air handler of a rooftop packaged system. Control Systems. Control systems usually
consist of sensors, a microprocessor- based direct digital controller (DDC), a control
device, control elements, personal computer (PC), and communication network. Based
on Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992, Energy Information Administration (EIA)
of the Department of Energy of United States in 1992, for commercial buildings having a
total floor area of 67,876 million , of which 57,041 million or 84% is cooled and 61,996
million or 91% is heated, the air-conditioning systems for cooling include: Individual
systems 19,239 million (25%) Packaged systems 34,753 million (49%) Central System
14,048 million (26%) Space – Conditioning systems are included in central systems. Part
of the cooled floor area has been counted for both individual and packaged systems. The
sum of the floor areas for these three systems therefore exceeds the total cooled area of
57,041 million .

(http://www.itiomar.it/pubblica/dispense/MECHANICAL%20ENGINEERING%20HANDB
OOK/Ch09.pdf)
 PAGE|18

2.2 FOREIGN STUDIES

This two-year Ontario College Diploma program, delivered in a compressed

format over 45 weeks, prepares students for employment in the heating, refrigeration and
air conditioning industry. The goal of the program is to provide students with a foundation
of knowledge and skills upon which they can build a lifelong career including the potential
for a head start on an apprenticeship.

All practical classes are taught in an Algonquin Center for Construction

Excellence (ACCE) facility. ACCE is fully outfitted with up-to-date equipment and tools
allowing Algonquin to teach both traditional, as well as advanced technology used in
today’s heating, refrigeration and air conditioning industry.

This program is delivered over three consecutive levels. After successful

completion of the provincial practical requirements at the end of the second 15 week term,
successful students may apply to write for their Oil Burner Technician 3 (OBT3) and Gas
Technician 3 (G3) certificates of qualification. After successful completion of the provincial
practical requirements at the end of the final 15-week term successful students may apply
to write for their OBT2 and G2 certificates of qualification.

In Level 01, students learn electrical and heating system fundamentals.

Courses have a significant hands-on component and are supplemented with training in
the essentials skills that employers are looking for from their employees in the areas of
communications, mathematics, related sciences and computer applications as they relate
to the industry.

In the next two levels, students continue their learning in controls, forced air
gas/oil heating systems, hydronics, as well as refrigeration concepts while continuing to
work on essential skills in communications, ethics, mathematics and related sciences.
 PAGE|19

Algonquin College is an accredited provider as approved by the Technical

Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA). This program incorporates the TSSA approved
curriculum for Gas Technician 3 (G2) and Oil Burner Technician 3 (OBT3), 2 (OBT2).

Students who successfully complete the TSSA examination are able to

install, service, maintain and troubleshoot residential heating systems. Graduates have
the potential to enter an apprenticeship in refrigeration and air conditioning through
employment with a qualified contractor/employer.

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD): Students are expected to have and use a
laptop or mobile computing device when registered in this on-campus program. Hardware
and software specifications required by your program are outlined at
http://algonquincollege.com/byod. Mobile devices/laptops and supplies can be purchased
directly from Algonquin’s New Technology Store at Educational rates.

SUCCESS FACTORS:
This program is well-suited for students who:

 Enjoy a hands-on approach to learning about the heating, refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.

 Are team-oriented and enjoy working with others.

 Are self-reliant and enjoy challenges.

(http://www.algonquincollege.com/acce/program/heating-refrigeration-and-air-
conditioning-technician/#courses)
 PAGE|20

2.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

It should be made clear that there is no duplication of other studies. The

present inquiry may only be a replication of another study. It should be stressed also that
in spite of similar studies, the present study is still necessary to find out if the findings of
the studies in other places are also true in the locale of the present study. There may also
be a need to continue with the present investigation to affirm or negate the findings of
other inquiries about the same research problem or topic so that generalization or
principles may be formulated. These generalizations and principles would be the
contributions of the present investigation together with other studies to the fund of
knowledge. This is one of the more important purposes of research: the contribution that
it can give to the fund of knowledge.
 PAGE|21

2.4 SYNTHESIS

it should be emphasized in this area that the major findings, ideas,

generalizations, principles or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem
under investigation. Generally, such findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or
conclusions are summarized, paraphrased or synthesis.
 PAGE|22

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Generally, the research design is explained in this chapter. Among those

topics included in the research design which need to be given some kind of explanations
are the following:

3.1 Methods of Research

3.2 Building Profile
3.3 Individual Components of Cooling Load Using Cltd/Clf Method
3.4 Heat Flow thru Building Structures
3.5 Solar Heat Gain thru Transparent Surfaces
3.6 Heat Gain through Infiltration or Air Leakage with the Space
3.7 Heat Gain thru Lights
3.8 Infiltration and Ventilation
3.9 Duct System
3.10 Fan Power
 PAGE|23

3.1 METHOD OF RESEARCH

Suppose the descriptive method of the research was used in the study of the
teaching of science in the high schools of Province A. Briefly the discussion follows: The
descriptive method of research was used in the study. Descriptive method of research is
a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It
describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices,
situations, or any phenomena. Since the present study or investigation was concerned
with the present status of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A, the
descriptive method of research was the most appropriate method to use.
 PAGE|24

3.2 BUILDING PROFILE

NAME OF THE BUILDING: Asia Pacific Business Process Outsourcing

LOCATION: Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City

ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING SITE:

Latitude: Latitude is 11°37’20” N. Longitude is 77°10’54” E on the
northeast section of Batangas bay along southern part of Luzon.
Batangas is 120km, south of Metro Manila. Sea distance to Manila via
North of Mribacan Island is 92.2 nautical miles.

OUTDOOR CONDITIONS:
Temperature: Dry bulb = 35°C
Wet bulb = 22°C
Daily Range = 11°C
Wind Velocity: 55 m/s

INDOOR CONDITIONS:
Relative Humidity (Ǿ) = 50%
Dry bulb = 22°C

DESIGN MONTH: October

 PAGE|25

3.3 INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF COOLING LOAD USING CLTD/CLF METHOD

The Current Cooling Load Temperature (CLTD) / Cooling Load Factor (CLF)
method was developed as a hand calculation method, which would use tabulated CLTD
and CLF values. The tabulated CLTD and CLF data were calculated using the transfer
function method, which yielded cooling loads for standard environmental conditions and
zone types.

The CLTD/CLF method uses predetermined set of data to expedite and simplify
the process of cooling/heating load approximation. The data is divided into many
different sections based on many different variables. These variables include external
loads ( heat gain through roofs, heat gain through walls, glass and partition, roof, floors,
slabs) and internal loads ( people, lighting, appliances and ventilation, infiltration).

EXTERNAL LOADS

A. HEAT GAIN THROUGH ROOFS

= (U) (A) (CLTD)
Where:
U – roof design heat transfer coefficient = 1/ Resistance
A – area calculated form building plans
CLTD – Cooling Load Temperature Difference based on Table 3.8

Adjust CLTD for:

a. Latitude – month correction
b. Exterior surface color
c. Indoor design temperature
d. Indoor design temperature difference
e. Attic conditions
f. U – values
 PAGE|26

g. Insulations
= [( CLTD+LM) K+ (25.5 - ) + (- 29.4)] f
Where:
CLTD - Cooling Load Temperature Difference based on Table 3.8

LM – Latitude Month Correction Factor based on Table 3.12

K – Color adjustment factor and is applied after first making month latitude
adjustment

– Indoor design temperature

– Outside temperature = daily range/2

F – Factor for attic fan or ducts about ceiling applied after all other
adjustments have been made

B. HEAT GAIN THROUGH WALLS ( EXTERIOR & INTERIOR)

= (U)(A)()

Where:

U – wall design heat transfer coefficient = 1/ Resistance

A – area calculated from building plans

CLTD - Cooling Load Temperature Difference based on Table 3.8

C. GLASS

CONDUCTION (Q) = UACLTD

 PAGE|27

SOLAR (q) = (A) (SC) (SHGF) (CLF)

Where:

A – area calculated by window

SC – shading coefficient from Table 3.18

SHGF – maximum solar heat gain by orientation latitude and month from
Table 3.25

CLF – cooling load factor from Table 3.27-3.28

D. PARTITION, ROOF, FLOORS, SLABS

Q= UAΔT

Where:

ΔT – design temperature difference, air conditioned area to room.

 PAGE|28

INTERNAL LOADS

A. PEOPLE (OCCUPANTS)

= (/person)(no. of people)(CLF)

CLF – cooling load factor from Table 4.6

B. LIGHTING

Q=q(Fu)(Fs)(CLF)

Where:

q – power rating

Fu – utilization factor or fraction of installed lamps are used

Fs – ballast factor

CLF – cooling load factor from Table 4.4

C. APPLIANCES

= (q)(Cs)(CLF)

= (q)()

Where:
 PAGE|29

q – power rating

– sensible heat gain from Table 4.8 - 4.9

– latent heat gain from Table 4.7

CLF – cooling load factor from Table 4.10 - 4.11

D. VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION

= 1.23QΔT

= 3010QΔW

Where:

Q – volume flow rate of outside air (lps)

ΔT – temperature difference (°C)

ΔW – humidity ratio difference (kgw/kga)

 PAGE|30

3.4 HEAT FLOW THRU BUILDING STRUCTURE

The heat gain through building structure such as walls, floors, doors and window
constitutes the major portion of sensible heat load. Passive cooling is a building design
approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to
improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or nil energy consumption. This approach
works either by preventing heat from entering the interior ( heat gain prevention ) or by
removing heat from the building ( natural cooling ) utilizes on-site energy, available from
the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components
(e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat. Therefore,
natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but how it
uses the local site natural resources as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or
dissipates heat.)

To maintain body temperature within a narrow band, the heat produced by an

occupant must be released to the indoor environment. If to much heat is lost, room
temperature should be increased or warmer clothes be worn. The heat transfer on the
human skin, the indoor temperature and the heat transfer through the building envelope
are factors that influence thermal comfort. The equivalent temperature difference is that
temperature difference which result in the total neat flow thru the structures as caused
by the variables solar radiation and the outdoor temperature. To incorporate the effect
of the thermal storage an equivalent temperature difference called the cooling load
temperature difference has been developed for commonly used wall sections. CLTD
values for several wall and roof section are presented in tables.
 PAGE|31

3.5 SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU TRANSPARENT SURFACES

Heat gain due to solar energy incident on a surface will defend upon the physical
characteristics. For transparent surface, such as windows, the solar energy passing
through the surfaces in watts is:

= (SC)(SHGF)(A)(CLF)

Where:

SC – shading coefficient

SHGF – solar heat gain factor

A – area computed from building plans

CLF – cooling load factor

A shading coefficient Sc is used to adjust the SHGF values for other types of
glass or to account for inside shading devices. Typical values of the shading coefficient
SC for several types of glass with and without internal shading are presented in table. If
the internal surfaces shade the window, SHGF values for north latitude are for the
shaded portion of the windows.

One more factor must be considered since the solar energy entering the spaces
does not appear instantaneously as a load on the cooling system. The radiant energy is
first, absorbed by the surfaces in the space, during which time these surface
temperatures increase at a rate dependent on their dynamic thermal characteristics.
Thus, the solar absorbed is delayed before being transferred to the air in the space by
convection. Since this process may involve a significant time lag, it is also usual to
include cooling load factor calculating the cooling load attributable to radiation through
 PAGE|32

glass values of CLF derived from an extensive computer analysis are presented in
table.
 PAGE|33

3.6 HEAT GAIN THROUGH INFILTRATION ON AIR LEAKAGE WITH THE SPACE

Infiltration is the uncontrolled entry of unconditioned outside air directly into the
building, resulting from natural forces, such as wind and buoyancy due to the
temperature difference inside and outside.

Infiltration gains should be added to the room heat gains.

Recommended infiltration rates are ½ air change per hour for most air conditioning
cases or ¼ air change per hour for double glazing or if special measure have been
taken to prevent infiltration.
 PAGE|34

3.7 HEAT GAIN THRU LIGHTS

= RATING × Fu ×

Where:

Fu – utilization factor or fraction of installed lamps in use for commercial

application; assuming all lamps are use then Fu = 1, as used for commercial
purposes

- ballast factor for fluorescent lamp

– heat gain thru lights

ESTIMATING THE COMMON LOAD THRU LIGHTS

= (CLF)

Where:

– heat gain thru light; W

CLF – cooling load factor from the table 4-6 no. of hours after light are turned on
vs. hours of operation

Considering 8 hours of operation @ 1200 hrs. light are on for 4 hrs.

CLF = 0.72

@ 1400 hrs. light are on for 6 hrs.

CLF = 0.75

@ 1600 hrs. light are on for 78 hrs.

CLF = 0.78
 PAGE|35

= Cooling load in W

INTERNAL LOAD

The various internal loads consist of sensible and latent heat transfer due to
occupants, processes appliances and lighting. The lighting load is only sensible, the
conversion of sensible heat gain (from lighting, people, appliances, etc.) to space cooling
load is affected by the thermal storage characteristics of that space and is thus subject to
appropriate cooling load factors to account for the time lag of the cooling load caused by
the building mass. The weighing factors equation determine the CLF factors. CLF= Q
cooling load / Q internal gains.

For heat producing equipment, it is also necessary to estimate the power used
along with the period and/or frequency of use in a manner similar to that used for lighting.
For equipment having a little radiant energy transmission the CLF can be assumed equal
to 1.

Internal heat gain is the sensible and latent heat emitted within an internal space
from any source that is to be removed by air conditioning or ventilation, and/or results in
an increase in the temperature and humidity within the space. Benchmark values for
internal heat gains are based on either surveys of measured internal heat gains from a
number of buildings of particular types and usage, or empirical values found appropriate
from experience, survey and considered good practice in the industry.
 PAGE|36

PEOPLE

All active animal bodies including humans lose heat to their surroundings due to
their metabolic activity, which is related to the activity to subject in performing (i.e
sedentary, sleeping, dancing etc.). The heat can be released as sensible or latent heat.
The sensible heat release is due to the higher temperature the surface of the skin can
have in respect to the surrounding environment, while the latent heat is released by
means of respiration and sweating. Table 6.3 provides representatives heat emissions
from an average adult male in different states of activity. The figures for a mixture of males
and females assume typical percentages of men, women and children for the stated
building types.

The metabolic heat release of occupants in the building is considered by a

contribution linked to the number of occupants. It is assumed that the metabolic heat
release rate of people in a house is similar to that of people typing.

The heat generated by the occupants can be calculated using formula:

Q-ps= N-p * Fu * qs * CLF-h (sensible heat gain)

Q-pl= N-p * Fu * ql (latent heat gain)

Where:

Q-ps = sensible heat gain (SHG) from people

Q-pl = latent heat gain (LHG) from people

N-p = number of people (maximum or design from occupancy criteria for building)

Fu = diversity factor or percentage of maximum design for each hour of the

 PAGE|37

day = 0 when there are no people in the room = 1 when the maximum design
number of people are in the room 0<=Fd<=1

qs = sensible heat gain (SHG) per person for the degree or type of activity in the
space (ASHRAE table 8.18)

ql = latent heat gain (LGH) per person for the degree or type of activity in the space
(ASHRAE Table 8.18)

CLF-h = cooling load factor (CLF) for the given hour. This depends on the zone
type, hour entering space, and number of hours after entering into space (ASHRAE
Table 8.19)

The sensible heat has to be first absorbed by the surroundings and then released
into the air. The cooling load factor accounts for this time delay. The latent heat is an
instantaneous cooling load so there is no cooling load factor associated with it. The
following table gives example of SGH and LGH from people. It demonstrates the range
of heat gain value due to people. When this information is combined with design space
occurancy density (25 /person for an aerobics class and 250 /person for an apartment)
the heat gain from people becomes very significant.

LIGHT

All the electrical energy used by a lamp is ultimately released as heat. The energy
is emitted by means of conduction, conduction, convection or radiation. When the light is
switched on the luminaire itself absorbs some of the heat emitted by the lamp. Some of
this heat may then be transmitted to the building structure, depending on the manner in
twhich the luminaire is mounted. The radiation energy emitted from a lamp will result in
the heat gain to the space only after it has been absorbed by the room surfaces.this
storage effect results in a time lag before the heat appears as a part of the cooling load.
In determining the internal heat gain due to artificial lighting the following must be known:
 PAGE|38

*Total electrical input power *Fraction of heat emitted which enters the space *Radiant,
convective and conductive ratio of the heat emitted by the lighting system.

The heat release of lighting and appliances is then linked to the total floor area of
the building. This approximation is based on the experience that larger houses generally
have a larger number of lights and other appliances. Special features like heated fish-
tanks contribute, as well.

HEAT GAIN FROM PRODUCTS

𝑸𝒔 = 𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒑 (𝒕𝒑 − 𝒕𝒓 )

Where :

𝑸𝒔 = heat gain from products, kw

𝒎𝒑 = mass of products, kg/s

𝑪𝒑 = specific heat of products, kj/kg-k

𝒕𝒓 = room temperature,

𝒕𝒑 = product temperature,

HEAT GAIN FROM MOTORS

𝑸𝒎𝒔 = (motor rating)(power factor)(no. of motors)

Latent heat gains

 Latent heat from infiltration air

Qil = (3000) Q (Wo-Wi)
 PAGE|39

Where:

Q = rate of infiltration air,

Wo = outdoor air humidity ratio

W i = indoor air humidity ratio

Computation of Q is the same as in

 Latent heat gain from occupants

Qol= (heat gain per person) (No. of occupants) CLF
 Latent heat from materials or products
 Latent heat gain from other sources
 PAGE|40

3.8 INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION

The entry of outside air into the space influence both the air temperature and
humidity level in the space. Usually a distinction is made between two effects, referring
to the temperature effect as sensible load and the humidity effect as latent load.

INFILTRATION – is the unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into

building, typically through cracks in the building envelope and through use of doors for
passage. Infiltration is sometimes called air leakage. The leakage of room air out of a
building, intentionally or not, is called exfiltration. Infiltration is caused by wind, negative
pressurization of the building and by air buoyancy forces known commonly as the stack
effect. Because infiltration is uncontrolled and admits unconditioned air, it is generally
considered undesirable except for ventilation air purposes. Typically, infiltration is
minimized to reduce dust, to increase thermal comfort, and to decrease energy
consumption. For all buildings, infiltration can be reduced via sealing crarcks in a
building’s envelope, and for new construction or major renovations, by installing
continuous air retarders in buildings where forced ventilation is provided, their HVAC
designers typically choose to slightly pressurize the buildings by admitting more outside
air than exhausting so that infiltration is dramatically reduced.

VENTILATION – ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of “processing” or

replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature,
replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airbone bacteria and
carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating and to prevent stagnation of
the interior air.

INFILTRATION

Sensible: = 1.23 (Q) (ΔT)

 PAGE|41

Latent: = 3010 (Q) (ΔT)

Where:

Q = number of air changes

= a + bVc (to - ti)

A, b, and c experimentally – determined constant considering average

construction from table 4.5 of stocker and jones RAC.

A = 0.20, b= 0.015, c= 0.014

V = wind velocity

= 49 m/s

To = outside design temperature

Ti = inside or room temperature

 PAGE|42

3.9 DUCT SYSTEM

THE DUCT SYSTEM, used in air heating and air cooling your home, is a collection
of tubes that distributes the heated or cooled air to the various rooms. This system can
make a big difference in both the cost and the effectiveness of of heating and cooling the
home. The duct system can have an important effect on health of the occupants through
the distribution of indoor air pollution. Changes and repairs to a duct system should
always be performed by a qualified professionals.

Ducts are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air, and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the
supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptance indoor air quality
as well as thermal comfort.

Duct work on the principle air pressure difference. It is a pressure difference exists,
air will move from the higher pressure area to the lower pressure places. The greater this
pressure difference, the faster the air flow. Ducts commonly used for carrying air are
round, square or rectangular. The square or rectangular conforms better to building
construction. It fits into walls and calling better than round ducts. It is easier to install
rectangular ducts between joints and studs. For the design, we used a rectangular duct.

DUCT SIZING

Sizing of duct-works in ventilation systems can also be done by the

 Velocity method
 Constant pressure loss method (or equal friction method)
 PAGE|43

 Static pressure recovery method

The main goal of designing HVAC duct systems is to use the lowest cost ( read
smallest ) duct sizes that can be used without violating certain sizing constraits. First and
operating cost considerations dictate that duct systems should be designed to operate at
the lowest possible static pressure. The most widely used method to size duct is constant
friction loss method. The other methods are velocity reduction method and static regain
method.

EQUATIONS:

PRESSURE LOSS (ΔP) =

f = friction factor

v = velocity of air, m/s

p = density, kg/

D = duct diameter

PRESSURE LOSS DUE TO ELBOWS

∈ 𝑣2
ΔP =
2𝑔

Where:

ϵ - minor loss coefficient based on what n-type of elbow used

v – velocity of air

g – gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/

 PAGE|44

General Procedure in Ducting Design

 Lay out the most convenient system of placing the various ducts to obtain
adequate distribution and to facilitate construction.
 From the heating or cooling load, calculate the air requirements at each duct, zone,
or division of the building.
 Determine the sizes of these outlet branches, using a proper velocity or pressure
drop to deliver the required quantity.
 Calculate the size of each duct by one of the following methods:
- The assumed velocity method
- The constant pressure drop method
- Balanced pressure loss method
- Static regain method
 Determine from the calculations described in procedure 4, the circuit that offers the
greatest frictional resistance. It is not necessarily true that the selected circuit is
frequently the longest circuit. The maximum resistance determines the static
pressure the fan must deliver to supply the air through the ducts.

PRESSURE DROP IN FITTINGS

Most common elbows used in duct system are of 90 – degree turn, either circular
or rectangular section.

𝑣2
Ploss = 𝜌 (geometric factor)
2

BRANCH TAKEOFFS

When a main duct supplies air to several branch ducts, a takeoff must be provided
for each branch. From the upstream position 1 there is a pressure loss both to the
downstream position 2 and into the branch to point 3.

Pressure Loss in a Straight-through, 1 to 2

 PAGE|45

The pressure loss 1 to 2 is due to the pressure build-up from the higher velocity at
1 to the lower velocity at 2.

𝜌 𝑣
Ploss = v22 ( )(0.4) (1- 𝑣2 )2
2 1

Where:

Ploss = pressure loss, Pa

V = velocity, m/s

Pressure loss from 1 to 3

The pressure loss is expressed in terms of p for several different angles of takeoff.

(𝑣3 )
= 𝜌 ( geometric factor ), Pa
2

Pressure Drop in Rectangular Ducts

Since rectangular ducts are widely used in an air conditioning practice, an equation
for the pressure drop in rectangular duct is necessary, as presented below.

𝐿 𝑣2
Δp = f 𝐷 𝜌
𝑒𝑞 2

Where:

4 ( 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) 4 𝑎𝑏 2(𝑎+𝑏)

Deq = = 2 (𝑎+𝑏) =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎+𝑏

Deq = equivalent diameter in circular duct, m

a = heaight of the duct, m

b = width of the duct, m

 PAGE|46

𝑓(𝑎+𝑏)𝐿𝑣 2 𝜌
Then the equation of Δp = 4𝑎𝑏

Determination of pressure drop using fig. 6-2 (stocker, p 107) and using the new
equivalent diameter.

Deq = 1.3

Where:

Deq = new equivalent diameter, m

Note: this equation holds for width – to – height ratios up to 8:1

RELATED DESIGN

The CACS of Al Goto King in Balagtas, Batangas City will be designed similar to
the view, section and isometric layout presented below.
 PAGE|47

3.10 FAN POWER

Fan power ( FP ) is a parameter that qualifies the energy efficiency of fan air
movement systems. It is a measure of the electric power that is needed to drive a fan ( or
collection of fans), relative to the amount of air that is circulated through the fans. T is not
constant for a given fan, but changes with both air flow rate and fan pressure rise.

The ideal power consumption for a fan (without losses) can be expressed as,

Pi =dp q (1)

Where:

Pi = ideal power consumption (W)

dp = total pressure increase in the fan (Pa, N/)

q = air volume flow delivered by the fan (/s)

Power consumptions at different air volumes and pressure increases are

expressed below:
 PAGE|48

FAN EFFICIENCY

The fan efficiency is the ratio between power transferred to airflow and the power
used by the fan. The fan efficiency is in general independent of the air density and can
be expressed as:

𝜇𝑓 = dp q / P (2)

Where:

𝜇𝑓 = fan efficiency ( values between 0 – 1 )

dp = total pressure (Pa)

q = air volume delivered by the fan ( /s )

P = power used by the fan ( W. Nm/s )

The power used by the fan can be expressed as:

P = dp q / 𝜇𝑓 (3)

The power used by the fan can also be expressed as:

P = dp q / 𝜇𝑓𝜇𝑏𝜇𝑚 ) (4)

Where:

𝜇𝑏 = belt efficiency

𝜇𝑚 = motor efficiency
 PAGE|49

Typical motor and belt efficiences:

 Motor 1kw – 0.4

 Motor 10kw – 0.87
 Motor 100kw – 0.92
 Belt 1kw – 0.78
 Belt 10kw – 0.88
 Belt 100kw – 0.93

Power consumptions – Imperial Units

Fan energy use can also be expressed as:

Pcfm = 0.1175 qcfm dpin / ( 𝜇𝑓𝜇𝑏𝜇𝑚 ) (4b)

Where:

Pcfm = power consumption, W

Qcfm = pressure increase ( in, wg)

Dpin = volume flow rate , cfm

Fan and Installation Loss ( System Loss )

The installation of a fan will influence on the overall system efficiency

dpsy = xsy pd (5)

 PAGE|50

Where:

dpsy = installation loss, Pa

xsy = installation loss coefficient

pd = dynamic pressure in the nominal intake and outlet of the fan, Pa

Fan and Temperature Increase

Near all of the energy lost in a fan will heat up the air flow and the temperature
increase can be expressed like

dt = dp / 1000 (6)

where:

dt = temperature increase (K)

dp = increase pressure head (Pa)

 PAGE|51

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

The chapter 4 should contain a discussion of each the following topics:

4.1 Design of Cooling Load Calculation

4.2 Heat Flow thru Building Structure Calculation and Solar Load through Solar
Radiation Calculation

4.3 Heat Gain Through Lights Calculation

4.4 Heat Emission from Occupants

4.5 Duct Design Calculations

4.6 Tons Of Refrigeration

4.7 Cooling Tower Calculation

 PAGE|52

4.1 Design of Cooling Load Calculation

Exterior Wall

Description Resistance
Outside Air Film 0.0290
Finish 0.031
Face Brick, 90 mm
=(0.76)(90 mm)(1000 mm) 0.0684
Concrete Block 0.18
Cement 0.04
Finish 0.031
Inside Air Film 0.120

RTOTAL = 0.4994
U = 1/ 0.4994 = 2.0024

Window Glass
Description
Outside Air Film 0.029
Aluminum Frame 0.000025
Glass 0.06
Air Space 0.150
Aluminum Frame 0.000025
Inside Air Film 0.125

RTOTAL = 0.42405
U = 1/ 0.42405 = 2.3582
 PAGE|53

4.2 Heat Flow thru Building Structure Calculation and Solar Load through Solar
Radiation Calculation

Production Area

Facing South
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582
𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 9.5 m x 3.20 m = 30.4 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 2 (1.50 m x 3.20 m) = 9.6 m2
Total Area = 20.8 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (20.8 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 − ℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (9.6𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker
 PAGE|54

𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 700 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 9.6 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (700 ) 9.6𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Facing West
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 14.55 m x 3.20 m = 46.56 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 3 (1.50 m x 3.20 m) = 14.4 m2
Total Area = 32.16 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 2
) (32.16 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚 −℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (14.4 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64
 PAGE|55

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker

𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 645 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 14.4 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (645 ) 14.4 𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Office

Facing West
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 3.45 x 3.20 m = 11.04 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 1.50 m x 3.20 m = 4.8 m2
Total Area = 6.24 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (6.24 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 − ℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (4.8 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
 PAGE|56

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker
𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 645 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 4.8 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (645 ) 4.8 𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Facing North
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 7 m x 3.20 m = 22.4 m2

∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (22.4 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 − ℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟒𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Pantry

Facing East
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 2.25 m x 3.20 m = 7.2 m2

 PAGE|57

Area of Glass (AG) = 0.6m x 0.6 m = 1.2 m2

Total Area = 6m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (6 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 −℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟑 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (1.2𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker
𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 645 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 1.2 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (645 ) 1.2 𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟒𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Conference Room
 PAGE|58

Facing East
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 4.3 m x 3.20 m = 13.76 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 1.50 m x 3.20 m = 4.8 m2
Total Area = 8.96 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (8.96𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 2
) (4.8 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚 −℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker
𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 645 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 4.8 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (645 ) 4.8 𝑚2
𝑚2
 PAGE|59

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

File Storage

Facing East
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 4.85 m x 3.20 m = 15.52 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 1.50 m x 3.20 m = 4.8 m2
Total Area = 10.72 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (10.72 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2−℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟗 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (4.8 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 − ℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker
 PAGE|60

𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 645 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 4.8 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (645 ) 4.8 𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Facing South
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Wall (UW) = 2.0024 𝑚2 −℃
𝑊
Thermal Conductivity of Glass (UG) = 2.3582 𝑚2 −℃

Area of Wall (AW) = 5 m x 3.20 m = 16 m2

Area of Glass (AG) = 1.50 m x 3.20 m = 4.8 m2
Total Area = 11.2 m2
∆𝑇 = ( 32℃ − 23℃)

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑈𝑊 𝐴𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝑤 = (2.0024 ) (11.2 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2
−℃
𝑄𝑤 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑄𝐺 = 𝑈𝐺 𝐴𝐺 ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄𝐺 = (2.3582 ) (4.8 𝑚2 )(32℃ − 23℃)
𝑚2 −℃
𝑄𝐺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Solar Load through Solar Radiation

𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Shading Coefficient (SC) = 0.64

 PAGE|61

@ Table 4-11, p. 76 by Stoecker

𝑤
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGFMax.) = 700 𝑚2

@ Table 4-10, p 75 by Stoecker

Area = 4.8 m2
𝑤
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 0.64 (700 ) 4.8 𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑄𝑆𝐺 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = ∑ 𝑄𝑊 + ∑ 𝑄𝐺 + ∑ 𝑄𝑆𝐺

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟕 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 ≈ 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑾

 PAGE|62

File Storage
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 150 𝑊 + 118.08 𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Production Area
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑄𝐿 = 907.5 𝑊 + 354.24 𝑊 + 12(390 𝑊)
𝑄𝐿 = 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Conference Room
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 360 𝑊 + 118.08 𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Office
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 165 𝑊 + 78.72 𝑊 + 2(390 𝑊)
𝑄𝐿 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = ∑ 𝑄𝐿

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝟕, 𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 ≈ 𝟕. 𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑾

 PAGE|63

4.3 HEAT GAIN THROUGH LIGHTS CALCULATION

NO. OF LAMP
ROOM 𝐹𝑈 𝐹𝑏 CLF Q
LIGHTS RATING
PRODUCTION
9 40 1 1.2 0.82 354.24
AREA
CONFERENCE
3 40 1 1.2 0.82 118.08
ROOM
FILE
3 40 1 1.2 0.82 118.08
STORAGE
OFFICE 2 40 1 1.2 0.82 78.72
PANTRY 1 40 1 1.2 0.82 39.36
MALES
1 40 1 1.2 0.82 39.36
TOILET
FEMALES
1 40 1 1.2 0.82 39.36
TOILET
 PAGE|64

4.4 Heat Emission from Occupants

NO. OF
Rooms
CLF QP(w) QL(w)
OCCUPANT

PRODUCITON
11 1 82.5 907.5
AREA

OFFICE 2 1 82.5 165

FILE STORAGE 2 1 75 150

CONFERENCE
6 1 60 360
ROOM

PANTRY 2 1 75 150

MEN’S TOILET 1 1 60 60

WOMENS
1 1 60 60
TOILET
 PAGE|65

Office = 10.12m2/ OCCUPANT

@ Table 4-8, p.73 by Stoecker

Average = 12.5m2 per occupants

No. of Occupants = Area / Average

Sensible Heat Gain, QS

QL = QP x NO. OF OCCUPANT x CLF

HEAT GAIN (QP) @ Table 4-7, p. 73 by Stoecker

CLF = 1.0

Production Area

138.225
𝑁𝑂. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = 11 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
12.5

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠(𝑄𝑝 ) = 150 𝑥 .55 = 82.5

𝑄𝑆 = 11(82.5)(1) = 𝟗𝟎𝟕. 𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

File Storage
21.5
𝑁𝑂. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = 2 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
12.5

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠(𝑄𝑝 ) = 150 𝑥 .50 = 75

 PAGE|66

𝑄𝑆 = 2(75)(1) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Conference Room

24.25
𝑁𝑂. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = 6 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
12.5

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠(𝑄𝑝 ) = 100 𝑥 .60 = 60

𝑄𝑆 = 6(60)(1) = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Office

24.15
𝑁𝑂. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = 2 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
12.5

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠(𝑄𝑝 ) = 150 𝑥 .55 = 82.5

𝑄𝑆 = 2(82.5)(1) = 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

 PAGE|67

4.5 DUCT DESIGN CALCULATIONS

ROOM TEMPERATURE = 23 ℃

SUPPLY AIR TEMPERATURE = 18 ℃

CONSTANT PRESSURE DROP = 1.5 Pa / m

USING TABLE 6.2 BY STOCKER P. 106

𝑡𝑠 = 18 ℃ ƿ = 1.21262 kg / 𝑚3

FILE STORAGE

𝑄𝑆 = 4.81712 kJ / s

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

𝑄𝑆 = 1.0062 m ( 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 − 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 )

4.81712 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
m= 𝑘𝐽
1.0062 −℃ ( 23−18)℃
𝑘𝑔

m = 0.957487577 kg/s

𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑄𝐹𝐼𝐿𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸 =
ƿ

0.957487577 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑄𝐹𝐼𝐿𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸 =
1.21262 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑄𝐹𝐼𝐿𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸 = 0.7896.23297 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

CONFERENCE ROOM:
 PAGE|68

𝑄𝑆 = 2.24478 kJ/s

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

𝑘𝐽
2.24478
𝑆
m= 𝑘𝐽
1.0062
𝑘𝑔−℃ (23−18)℃

m = 0.4461896243 kg/s

𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑄𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 =
ƿ

0.4461896243 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑄𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 =
1.21262 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑄𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 = 0.3679550266 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

PRODUCTION AREA (3 DUCTING BRANCH)

11.70891 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
𝑄𝑆 =
3

𝑄𝑆 /𝐷𝑈𝐶𝑇 = 3.90297 kJ/s

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

3.90297 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
m= 𝑘𝐽
1.0062 −℃ (23−18)℃
𝑘𝑔

m = 0.7757841383 kg/s

𝑚/𝐷𝑈𝐶𝑇(𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐷.𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴)
Q/DUCT =
ƿ

0.7757841383 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Q/DUCT = 𝑘𝑔
1.21262 3
𝑚
 PAGE|69

Q/DUCT = 0.6397586534 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

OFFICE ROOM

𝑄𝑆 = 2.59944 kJ/s

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
m=
ƿ

2.59944 𝑘𝑗/𝑠
m= 𝑘𝑗
1.0062 −℃923−18)℃
𝑘𝑔

m = 0.5166845558 kg/s

𝑚𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑄𝑂𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 =
ƿ

0.5166845558 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑄𝑂𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 = 𝑘𝑔
1.21262 3
𝑚

𝑄𝑂𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑀 = 0.4260894227 𝒎𝟑 /s

 PAGE|70

MAIN DUCT DESIGN CALCULATION:

𝑄𝑆 = 21.37025 kj/s

VOLUME FLOW RATE:

21.37025 𝑘𝑗/𝑠
m= 𝑘𝑗
1.0062 −℃(23−18)℃
𝑘𝑔

m = 4.247714172 kg/s

𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 =
ƿ

4.247714172 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 =
1.21262 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 3.502922739 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

USING FIG. 6-2 BY STOCKER P. 107

Deq main duct = 0.65 m

DUCT SIZE:

(4𝐻 2 )0.625
0.65m = 1.3
(5𝐻)0.25

H = 0.314m

W = 4(0.314)

W = 1.256m
 PAGE|71

USING TABLE 6-2 BY STOCKER P. 107

Deq file storage = 0.375m

Deq conference room = 0.2875m

Deq /duct(Prod. Area) = 0.35m

Deq office room = 0.30m

DUCT SIZE CALCULATION:

W = 4H

(𝑊𝐻)0.625
Deq = 1.3
(𝑊+𝐻)0.25

(4𝐻 2 )0.625 (4𝐻 2 )0.625

Deq = 1.3 = = 1.3
(4𝐻+𝐻)0.25 (5𝐻)0.25

FILE STORAGE:

(4𝐻 2 )0.625
0.37 m =
(5𝐻)0.25

H = 0.18m

W = 4(0.18)

W = 0.72m
 PAGE|72

OFFICE ROOM:

(4𝐻 2 )0.625
0.30m = 1.3
(5𝐻)0.25

H = 0.145m

W = 4(0.145)

W = 0.59m

CONFERENCE ROOM:

(4𝐻 2 )0.625
0.2875m = 1.3
(5𝐻)0.25

H = 0.139m

W = 4(0.139)

W = 0.556m

PRODUCTION AREA/DUCT:

(4𝐻 2 )0.625
0.35m = 1.3
(5𝐻)0.25

H = 0.169 m

W = 4(0.169 m)

W = 0.676 m
 PAGE|73

4.6 TONS OF REFRIGERATION

Qs = 21. 912 kW
QL = 7.6723 kW
90 % Return Air
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑘𝐽
21.912 𝑘𝑊 = 𝑚 (1.0062 ) (23℃ − 18℃)
𝑘𝑔 − ℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 4.37
𝑠
Outside Air
𝑚𝑜 = 0.10(𝑚)
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜 = 0.10 ( 4.37 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜 = 0.4373
𝑠
@𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 4: 23℃ & 50% 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
Using Psychrometric Chart:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 43
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝜔4 = 0.0084
𝑘𝑔𝑑.𝑎.

@𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3: 𝑄𝐿 = 2501 (𝑚)(𝜔4 − 𝜔3 )

𝑘𝑔
7.6723 = 2501 (4.37 ) (0.0084 − 𝜔3 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜔3 = 0.007698
𝑘𝑔𝑑.𝑎.

𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑡3 = 18℃ &𝜔3 = 0.007698
𝑘𝑔𝑑.𝑎.
 PAGE|74

Using Psychrometric Chart:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = 37
𝑘𝑔

@ 32℃ & 90 %
Using Psychrometric Chart:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 100
𝑘𝑔

Return Air:
𝑚𝑟 = 𝑚 − 𝑚𝑜
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑟 = 4.37 − 0.4373
𝑠 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑟 = 3.9327
𝑠
Refrigeration Load:
= 𝑚𝑜 (ℎ1 − ℎ3 ) + (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 0.4373 (100 − 37 ) + (43 − 37 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 51.1461 𝑘𝑊
*1 TR = 3.516 kW
1 𝑇. 𝑅.
51.1461 𝑘𝑊 = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝑻. 𝑹.
3.516 𝑘𝑊
 PAGE|75

4.7 COOLING TOWER CALCULATION

REFRIGERANT R134A

EVAPORATED TEMPERATURE: 18℃

CONDENSER TEMPERATURE: 60℃

TONS OF REFRIGERATION: 14.55 TONS

∆𝑇 = 8

USING REFRIGERANT – PRESSURE TEMPERATURE CHART

h1 = 408.66 kj/kg

h2 = 426.6 kj/kg

h3 = 287.5 kj/kg

h4 = 287.5 kj/kg

HEAT REJECTION:

𝑄𝑅 = m ( h2 – h3 )

TR = m (h1 – h4)

𝑘𝑗
3.516
14.55 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 ( 𝑠)
𝑇𝑅 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
m=
(ℎ1−ℎ4)
=
408.66−287.5 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
 PAGE|76

m = 0.42 kg/s

𝑄𝑅 = (0.42 kg/s)(426.6-287.5)kj/kg

𝑄𝑅 = 58.422 kW

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑝𝑤 (8)

𝑄𝑅 58.422𝑘𝑗/𝑠
𝑚𝑤 =𝑐 = 𝑘𝑗
𝑝𝑤 (8) 4.187 −𝐾(8)𝐾
𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑤 =1.74kg/s
 PAGE|77

USING PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

@ 32℃ DB & 24 ℃ WB

h1 = 71.86 kj/kg

w1 = 0.0156 kg/kg d.a

v1 = 0.885 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

@ 24℃ SATURATED

h2 = 94.8 kj/kg

w2 = 0.025 kg/kg d.a

FROM STEAM TABLE

@ 32℃

h3 = 𝑐𝑝𝑤 𝑇𝑊

h3 = 4.187 (32)

h3 = 133.984 KJ/KG

CIRCULATED WATER OUT:

ENERGY BALANCE

m3h3 – m4h4 = 𝑚𝑎 (h2-h1)

𝑚𝑎 = vol. of air / V1
 PAGE|78

𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚𝑎 = 1 = 1.13 kg/s
0.885 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

MASS BALANCE

m4 = m3-𝑚𝑎 (w2-w1)

m4 = 1.74-1.13(0.0256-0.0156)

m4 = 1.7287 kg/s

MAKE UP WATER

m5 = 1.13 (0.0256-0.0156)

m5 = 0.0113kg/s

EFFICIENCY

𝑡3−𝑡4
eff. = 𝑡3−𝑡
𝑊𝐵1

h4 = m3h3-𝑚𝑎 (h2-h1)/m4

= (1.74)(133.984) – (94.8 – 71.86) / 1.7287

h4 = 119.86
 PAGE|79

THROUGH STEAM TABLE

h4 = 119.86

t4 = 28.58℃

32−28.58
eff. = 𝑥 100%
32−24

eff. = 42.75%

COOLING APPROACH

C.A = t4-𝑡𝑤𝑏1

= 28.58-24

C.A = 4.58℃
 PAGE|80

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

This is the last chapter of the thesis and the most important part because it is here
where the findings, and the whole thesis for that matter, are summarized generalization
in the form of conclusions are made; and the recommendation for the solutions and
problem discovered in the study are addressed to those concerned.
 PAGE|81

5.1 summary

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air, primarily temperature and
humidity to more comfortable conditions, typically with aim of disturbing the conditioned
air to an occupied space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality,

An air conditioning system, or standalone air conditioning provides cooling and

humidity

Control for all part of a building, air conditioned buildings are often have sealed
windows, because often windows would work against the system intended to maintain
constant indoor air conditions, outside fresh air is generally drawn into the system by
vent into the indoor heat exchanger section creating positive air pressure.

Central air conditioning is one of the most convenient and energy efficient ways
to get relief from hot, humid summer weather in the glen view and wilmettte area,
weather youre planning to install an A/C system for the first time or looking to upgrade
your current system. Its important to understand your HVAC operation.

The ‘central’ in central air conditioning comes frome the fact that the system
conditions the entire building from one large central location in your home. This system
cools and dehumidifies the air, then blows the cool air into your duct system and out
through the supply air registers located in each room.

In the dark contrast, window A/C units cool only one room of area. Trying to cool an
entire home with a window unit in each room would require not only inconvenience of
managing each separate unit, but it would also require more energy and be excessively
noisy.

Central air conditioning systems are typically combined with the furnace system,
if your home has one (or use dedicated air handler if it doesn’t) and both use the same
electrical system duct work.
 PAGE|82

The function of air conditioning is to control the temperature humidity, purity (that
is removal of the dust and other impurities) and air movement or circulation

Ventillation- is the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical

means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.

Psychometric – is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapor.

Psychometer – is an instrument used in the study of the properties of the air.

Saturated air – is air whose condition is such that any decease in temperature
will result in condensation of the water vapor into liquid.

Unsaturated air – is air conditioning superheated vapor.

Moist air – is binary mixture of dry air and water vapor.

Dry air – is the non conditioning components of the mixture. Mainly the nitrogen
and the oxygen.

Vapor – is the condensable component of the mixture the water vapor which
exists in a saturated or superheated state.

A central AC’s main components are:

 Fans that pull air through the system.

 Evaporator coils that change refrigerant from liquid to gas.
 A compressor that pressurizes refrigerant gas.
 Condenser coils that turn the refrigerant lines that carry refrigerant between the
coils.
 An expansion device that regulates refrigerant flowing to the evaporator.

How does an air conditioner work?

 PAGE|83

When liquid turns into gas or “evaporates” it absorbs heat. This is why pouring
water over your skin makes you feel cooler in hot weather. Air conditioners use
chemical compound known as refrigerant that turns from liquid to gas at low
temperature, refrigerant move through the air conditioning system, absorbing heat from
your house and transferring it out doors in continuous cycle.

1. Cold refrigerant is pumped through the evaporator coil. A fan blows air over
the coil, and the refrigerant in the coil absorbs heat from the air. The now-cool
air is blown into your ducts to be distributed through your home. As the
refrigerant absorbs heat. It evaporates into low-pressure gas.
2. Hot low pressure refrigerant gas moves to the compressor, which increases
the pressure and the temperature of the gas.
3. Hot high pressure refrigerant gas moves to the condenser. The gas releases
heat and, as it does so. It condenses back into a liquid.
4. The liquid refrigerant flows to the expansion valve, which regulates how much
refrigerants gets through the evaporator. From here the refrigerant flows to
the evaporator to start the cooling cycle over again.

Pressure Classification

Duct system are also divided into three pressure classification matching the way
supply fans are classified.

Static pressure

Low pressure 0 to 12 inch wg.

Medium pressure 2 to 6 inch wg.

High pressure 6 to 10 inch wg.

The pressures are total pressure and include all the losses through the air source unit,
the supply duct work, and the air terminals, return grilles, and return duct work.

VELOCITY CLASSIFICATION
 PAGE|84

Ducts are classified according to the velocity they are subjected to. Ducts are classified
into 3 basic categories.

1. Low velocity duct systems: Low velocity ducts are characterized by air velocities
in the range of 400 to 2000 feet per minute (fpm)
2. Medium velocity duct systems: Medium velocity (MV) duct system are
characterized by air velocities in the range of 2000 to 2500 fpm.
3. High velocity Duct system: High Velocity (HV) duct systems are characterized by
air velocities in the range of 2500 to 3500.

B. Duct shape

Ducts are usually fabricated in rectangular round shapes. Rectangular shape

ducts have a way of being easy to lay out and install as opposed to round or oval. As
noted, above ceiling is consideration on any project especially larger commercial jobs
requiring lots of air flow. Every trade knows that there will be a duct somewhere that
they have to miss with their pipe, wire whatever. recently, flat oval duct which is usually
a round spiral duct that has been stretched to an oval shape, has been utilized more
frequently, square duct has less resistance to air flow, is cheaper to make and more
economical to install. There are advantages and disadvantages to each shape.
 PAGE|85

5.2 CONCLUSION

Central air conditioning systems keep the condenser on the outside of the
building to keep noisy operations that are necessary to cool a home away from the
building. Many central air conditions cause noise inside the home so there is no need to
be disturbed by excess noise in order to enjoy cooling power of an air conditioner.
Comfort of the home owner and occupants of home are maximized when they were
able to simultaneously stay cool and enjoy quiet.

Air conditioning is used to cool products or building environment. The air

conditioning system ® transfers heat from cooler low energy reservoir to a warmer high
energy reservoir. Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of
air conditioning which are available for use, air conditioning (for space or machines) ,
split air conditioners, fan coil units in larger systems, air handling units in a larger
systems, air handling units in the larger systems.

The central air conditioners have different structures altogether. The condenser
typically sits on the roof or in the backyard. A set of pipes runs coolant from the
condenser into an air handler, which is usually located near the home’s furnace. The air
handle blows the cold air through the homes duct system and into individual room.