BASIC SCIENCE PAPER

“ TEMPERATURE AND HEAT “

BY : GROUP 4

1. I MADE SUKAYASA (1913071013)

2. NI WAYAN ANIK PRIANTINI (1913071014)
3. MAWARNIWATI WARUWU (1913071016)
4. RAULINA BR SINAGA (1913071020)

PROGRAM FOR STUDY IN S1 SCIENCE EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND TEACHING OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

SINGARAJA

2019
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude let us pray to the presence of God Almighty who has
given so many favors that His creatures will not even be aware of the many favors
that have been obtained from God Almighty. In addition, the author also feels
very grateful for getting His guidance.
With his blessings and guidance we can also finish writing this paper
which is a basic Natural Sciences assignment 1. The author expresses his deepest
thanks to Ms. Dr.Ni Made Pujani, M.Si and Ms. Ni Luh Mitha Priyanka, S.Pd,
M.Pd. as a lecturer in Basic Science 1 and all parties who helped in the process of
preparing this paper.

The author realizes in this paper that there are still many shortcomings and
errors both from the contents and the structure of the writing. Therefore the
authors highly expect criticism and positive suggestions for improvement in the
future.

Thus hopefully this paper will provide general benefits to the readers and
especially to the writers themselves.

Author

Group 4

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ...................................................................................................1

1.3 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................ 2

2.1 Definition and Difference of Temperature and Heat ................................................... 2

2.2 Types of Thermometers ....................................................................................... ...... ..2

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Temperature Measuring Device ............... 3

2.4 Type of Thermometer Scale .......................................................................................... 5

2.5 Convert Various Scale Thermometers .......................................................................... 6

CHAPTER III CLOSING ................................................................................................ 8

3.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Suggestion ..................................................................................................................... 8

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 9

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Temperature and heat are two things that can not be separated in
everyday life. Many activities related to these two things such as the
simplest thing is the difference in air temperature during the day and night,
a decrease in the temperature of hot tea when added to ice cubes, and so
forth.
Heat is a form of energy which can change from one form to
another. Based on the law of conservation of energy, electrical energy can
be transformed into heat energy and vice versa, heat energy can be
transformed into electrical energy. Basically, human life has been
inseparable from temperature and heat. In human life that always makes
heat as a tool to maintain human stability in carrying out his life on this
earth.
This paper is specified in a review of problems seen from various
topics arising from temperature and heat itself, where the main topics of
discussion include :
a. Definition of temperature and heat
b. Components that exist in temperature and heat
c. Types of thermometers
d. Thermometer scale conversion

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the difference between temperature and heat?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of various temperature
measuring devices?
3. What are the types of thermometers?
4. How do you convert the scale of various thermometers?

1.3 Purpose
The purpose of making this paper are :
1. To find out the difference in temperature and heat
2. To find out the knackles and weaknesses of various temperature
measuring devices
3. To find out the types of thermometers
4. To find out convert various scale thermometers

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition and Difference of Temperature and Heat

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of an
object's molecules. Temperature is a number that is related to energy but
not energy itself. Temperature is measured by a number of units such as
Kelvin, Fahrenheit, Reamur and Celsius. So, temperature is the level or
measure of the heat of an object. Heat is the total energy contained in
matter, both associated with energy, both potential and kinetic energy.
Heat is the amount of heat energy contained in substances. Potential
energy is energy that is stored while kinetic energy is energy of motion.
This is measured in joules (J).

2.2 Types of Thermometers

2.2.1 Mercury Thermometer

Mercury Thermometers are a type of thermometer that is often
used compared to alcohol thermometers. This is because mercury has
many advantages when used as a thermometer filling material. Mercury
thermometers are known as maximum thermometers because they are able
to measure very high temperatures. when the temperature is hot, the
mercury will expand so that we can see the mercury in the glass tube
increases. However, if the temperature decreases, the mercury will remain
in a position when the temperature is hot, because there is a contraction
that stifles the mercury to return to its original place. To return the
mercury to its original position, you must turn the thermometer back and
forth strongly.

2.2.2 Alcohol Thermometer

Alcohol Thermometer is a liquid thermometer that uses alcohol as
a filler. This alcohol is more sensitive when expanded distinguished from
mercury, so that the volume changes are seen more clearly. Alcohol
thermometer is known as the minimum thermometer because it can
measure low temperatures. To avoid a style earth's gravity, the alcohol
thermometer must be flat. When the temperature is cold, the liquid alcohol
will move to the left and bring a colored index pointer, and vice versa.

2.2.3 Mechanical Bimetal Thermometer

Mechanical Bimetal Thermometer is a type of thermometer made
of 2 (two) pieces of metal that have different expansion coefficients.
Bimetal comes from a combination of 2 (two) words, namely "Bi" and

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 "Metal". Bi means two and metal means metal. If there is a change in
temperature, two pieces of metal on a mechanical bimetal thermometer
will curve. The working principle of the bimetallic thermometer when at
high temperatures, the bimetal chip will curve towards the metal which has
a higher expansion coefficient, and vice versa.

2.2.4 Infrared Thermometer

This type of Infrared Thermometer is used to determine fast-
moving temperatures, objects that have hot temperatures, or objects that
cannot be held because they are quite dangerous. Infrared thermometer is
named as a laser thermometer if it uses a laser beam to determine the
temperature of an object.

2.2.5 Clinical Thermometer

Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer that can be used for the
purpose of measuring a person's body temperature which can be measured
through the armpits and oral cavity. This tool can be divided into 2 (two)
types, namely Digital Clinical Thermometers and Analog Clinical
Thermometers. Comparison of the two thermometers is on the appearance
of the temperature value. On the Digital Clinical Thermometer, the
temperature value is displayed directly in the form of a number that is on
the small screen of the thermometer and on the Analog Clinical
Thermometer, the temperature value is displayed by rising.
Mercury and to find out the value can be done by looking at the
numbers achieved by mercury in the capillary tube.

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Temperature Measuring Devices

2.3.1 Mercury Thermometer
Advantages of a Mercury Thermometer :
a. Mercury does not wet the tube wall, so measurements are more precis
b. Mercury thermometers have a large measurement range of -39°C-
357°C
c. Mercury can quickly take the heat from the object being measured so
that the temperature of mercury can easily be equal to the temperature
of the object.
d. Mercury is shiny so it is easy to see
e. Expansion of mercury regularly against rising temperatures

Disadvantages of Mercury Thermometer :

a. Mercury is expensive and hard to fine
b. When the tube breaks, mercury is very dangerous, poisonous gas

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c. Mercury cannot be used to measure lower than -39°C, even though
temperatures at the North and South Poles are lower than those
temperatures.

2.3.2 Alcohol Thermometer

Advantages of Alcohol Thermometers :
a. Expansion of alcohol is linear (regular) against rising
temperatures
b. Has a large measuring range, because the freezing point is -
112°C
c. Alcohol quickly picks up the temperature of the object being
measured
d. Alcohol is cheaper
e. Alcohol expands faster although the temperature increase is
small so it is more accurate

Disadvantages of an Alcohol Thermometer :

a. Its low boiling point is 78°C
b. Alcohol soaks the tube wall
c. Alcohol is colorless so it needs to be colored so it is easy to
read
d. Alcohol is not regular expansion

2.3.3 Bimetallic Thermometer

Advantages of Bimetal Thermometers :
a. Resistant from shock
b. Non-flammable
c. The price is relatively cheap
d. Durable, durable and easily calibrated
e. Can be used for thermographs

Disadvantages of a Bimetal Thermometer :

a. Requires frequent calibration to maintain accurate response to
slow temperature changes
b. Inaccurate

2.3.4 Infrared Thermometer

Advantages of Infrared Thermometers :
a. Able to save measurement results to memory
b. Can do measurements remotely
c. The size of the thermometer is smaller

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 Disadvantage of Infrared Thermometers :

a. The infrared thermometer is less specific than the results of the

digital thermometer.
2.3.5 Clinical Thermometer
Advantages of Clinical Thermometers :
a. When placed on the body it will read automatically and be
displayed in the form of numbers
b. Not easily broken
c. Quickly capture temperature / equate temperature with the object
being measured
d. Can be used on all sites

Disadvantages of clinical thermometers :

a. Including expensive thermometers
b. Inaccurate
c. Easy to change position
d. Temperature measurement of a small region
e. Can be the same time point, line, surface temperature
f. Absolute temperature can be measured, relative humidity can be
measured

2.4 Type of Thermometer Scale

Thermometer Table Scale

No Scale Thermometer Inventor Fixed point Scale Unit

Under Above

1 Celcius Andreas 0° 100° 100 °C

Celcius
(Swedia)

2 Reamur Reamur 0° 80° 80 °R

(Perancis)

3 Fahrenheit Fahrenheit 32° 212° 180 °F

(Jerman)

4 Kelvin Lord Kevin 273° 373° 100 K

(Inggris)

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2.5 Conversion of Temperature Scales
Temperature scale conversion is a way to determine the degree of temperature
degrees.
Kinds of temperature scales can be divided into 4, namely :

 Conversion of Temperature from Celsius (C) to Reamur (R) The

formula is :

R = (4/5) C

R = Temperature on the Reamur Scale

C = Temperature on the Celsius Scale

 Conversion of Temperature from Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F)

F = (9/5) C + 32

F = Temperature on the Fahrenheit Scale

C = Temperature on the Celsius Scale

 Conversion of Temperature from Celsius (C) to Kelvin (K) The

formula is :
K = C + 273
K = Temperature in Kelvin
C = Temperature in Celsius Apart from the Celsius (C) scale,
conversions can also be done from other scales, including
Reamur (R), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K).

In summary, the formula C R F K for converting temperature from one

scale to another is :

For temperature conversion from Celsius (C) to Reamur (R), Fahrenheit

(F), and Kelvin (K), namely:

R = (4/5) C

F = (9/5) C + 32

K = C + 273

As for the temperature conversion formula from Reamur (R) to Celsius

(C), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K), among others are as follows :

C = (5/4) R

K = F = (9/4) R + 32

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 K = C + 273 = (5/4) R + 273

If from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C), Reamur (R), and Kelvin (K) the
temperature convergence is :

C = 5/9 (F-32)

R = 4/9 (F-32)

K = 5/9 (F-32) + 273

If from Kelvin (K) to Celsius (C), Reamur (R), Fahrenheit (F) the
temperature convergence is :

C = K – 273

R = 4/5 (K-273)

F = 9/5 (K-273) + 32

So, the formula C R F K is the formula for converting temperature from

one scale to another. And for this temperature conversion the purpose is to
state the temperature of the measurement with a certain thermometer so
that it can be read using another thermometer without having to change the
size of that temperature.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Based on material above the temperature or temperature of an object is a
quantity that states the degree of heat of an object. Hot objects have a high
temperature, while the desired object has a low temperature. Heat is energy that
moves from an object whose temperature is higher to an object whose temperature
is lower when two objects touch. The amount of heat given to an object used to
raise the temperature depends on:

1. The mass of objects

2. The heat of the type of object
3. The difference in temperature of the two objects

3.1 Suggestion
Hopefully with this paper we can add insight into our knowledge, we
know what material is and how it changes, so that the material can be useful in
this world and hopefully we are more critical in distinguishing temperature
and heat.

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REFERENCES: https://rumusrumus.com/rumus-c-r-f-k/
https://belapendidikan.com/jenis-jenis-termometer-beserta-
fungsinya/
https://docplayer.info/32566656-Materi-suhu-dan-kalor.html