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ReCall XP
Transmitted Received
signal signal
Antenna
Antenna
Received
Info. info.
Transmitter Receiver Destination
Source
Digital
Modulation
Information Channel
-------> Modulator ----------->
Source |
|
|
|
|
Information |
<------ Demodulator <--------------- |
Destination
Important points XP
5 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
▪ What is modulation?
▪ Modulation components
▪ Why modulate?
▪ Bit rate , Baud rate
▪ Basic Digital Modulation Techniques
▪ Constellation diagram
▪ Bandwidth Efficiency, Maximum Bandwidth Efficiency
▪ What Limits Transmission?
Information source
Radio carrier
Channel
Radio carrier
T he Messages (Informationsource)
Amplitude
Analog Signal
S(t)
(Continuous signal)
Time
0
Digital Signal
(Discrete signal)
Amplitude
1 0 1 1 0 1
+
0 Time
_
Bit
Modulator/Demodulator
The information source is usually not in a form that can
be sent directly through the channel.
The modulator converts the information source into a
signal that can be sent through the channel; i.e., it
couples the source to the channel.
At the other end of the channel, the demodulator
reconverts the signal received through the channel into its
original form.
For two-way (i.e., duplex) communication, both ends of
the link have a modulator and a demodulator, a
combination known as a modem.
By symmetry, we can consider only a one-way link for
now.
Digital Modulation
Techniques
A1 cos(2f c t) binary 1
s(t) Acos(2f c t) binary 1
A2 cos(2f c t) binary 0 On/Off s(t)
0 binary 0
keying
A cos2f1t
binary 1
s t
A cos2f 2t
binary 0
si t A cos 2f i t 1 i M
where,
f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d
f c = the carrier frequency
f d = the difference frequency
M = number of different signal elements = 2L
L = number of bits per signal element
Message signal
x(t)
A cos2f ct
binary 1
s t
A cos2f c t
binary 0
A cos2f ct
binary 1
A cos2f c t
binary 0
A cos 2f c t
4
11
A cos 2f c t
3
s t
01
4
3
A cos 2f c t
00
4
A cos 2f c t
10
4
• In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that every two incoming bits are split up
and PSK a carrier frequency. One carrier frequency is phase shifted 90o from the
other - in quadrature.
• The two PSKed signals are then added to produce one of 4 signal elements. L = 4
here.
Multilevel PSK
Using multiple phase angles with each angle having
more than one amplitude, multiple signals elements
can be achieved.
Higher bitrate can be achieved over voice grade lines
by employing more complex modulation schemes.
In general,
R R
D
L log 2 M
• D = modulation rate, baud
• R = data rate, bps
• M = number of different signal elements = 2L
• L = number of bits per signal element
Performance XP
• R = bit rate
• 0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
• fD = f2-fc=fc-f1
Constellation Diagrams XP
Constellation diagram
It is a convenient way to represent the symbols available when both I
and Q waves are modulated separately.
You can see that there are four symbols with QPSK, whereas BPSK
has only two.
Q Q
0,1
1 0 1,1 0,0
I I
1,0
A cos( 2 f t) binary 00
A cos( 2 f t 2 ) binary 01
s(t )
A cos( 2 f t 3 )
A cos( 2 f t )
binary 10
binary 11
or
4
More practical
Phase Data
0,0 / 4 45 00
135 01
0,1 3 / 4
225 11
1,0 3 / 4 315 10
/ 4
1,1
OQPSK Modulation XP
Transitions for a QPSK modulated signal Transitions for a OQPSK modulated signal
❖ Variation of QPSK
❖ Q channel is delayed by a ½ bit interval from I channel.
❖ I and Q channel signals transition at different times
❖ Range of phase transitions is from 0-90 degrees
❖ This eliminates the 180 degree phase shift so an OQPSK signal never goes
through a zero
❖ In non-linear amplification, a zero causes regeneration of sidelobes and
spectral spreading in the signal.
❖ Thus, OQPSK signals yield a more efficient amplification process
/4 QPSK XP
Note that successive symbols are taken alternately from the two constellations,
starting with the 'blue' one.
I I I
Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i.e. 1800 phase transition).
Highly linear amplifiers required.
In Offset QPSK (OQPSK) , the phase transitions are limited to 900, the
transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered.
In /4 QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so
transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest
envelope variations.
All QPSK schemes require linear power amplifiers
Amplitude Phase
QAM
16QAM(16-Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation) Q
Each IQ symbol location is represented
by 4 data bits
(000100) (001100) (011100) (010100) (110100) (111100)(101100) (100100)
64QAM (64-Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation)
Each symbol is now worth 6 bits (000101) (001101) (011101) (010101) (110101) (111101)(101101) (100101)
(00) (10)
(0000) (0100) (1100) (1000)
(00) (10)
(0000) (0100) (1100) (1000)
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 23
= 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate
is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log216 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4)
= 4000 bps
Spectral Efficiency XP
Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
where
B : RF BW
C : channel capacity (bps) of real data (not retransmissions
or errors)
To produce error-free transmission, some of the bit rate will be
taken up using retransmissions or extra bits for error control
purposes.
As noise power N increases, the bit rate would still be the
same, but max Bmax decreases