CHAPTER – RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Made by: Himanshu Dixit

Steps taken by the French revolutionary to create a sense of collective identity

among the French people: -

 The idea of la patrie (the father land) and le citoyen (citizen) emphasized the nation of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
 A new French flag, the tri colour was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
 The state journal was elected by the people of active citizen and renamed the National Assembly.
 New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
 Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weight & measures was
adopted.
 A centralised administration centre practising uniform laws for all citizens within its territory was setup.
 Regional language was discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

Napoleonic Code (1804): -

 All privileges based on birth were taken away. The equality before the law was established and the right
to property was secure.
 In countries like the Dutch Republic Switzerland, Italy and Germany Feudalism was abolished and
peasants were freed from the serfdom and the manorial dues.
 He removed guild restriction from the town.
 He stress on the infrastructure i.e. transport, communication and banking system.
 Low Caste people i.e. peasants, artisans etc. were given more freedom.
 Uniform law were adopted for all either it was a businessman or a small scale producer of goods. *

Oppose of Napoleon Code: -

 The administration arrangement did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
 The new regulation led to increased taxes.
 Compulsory enrolment of people into the French army to concurred the rest of Europe.
 People were not free to express their views because of censorship.

Making of Nationalism in Europe: -

Introduction : -
 Till the mid-18th century, there was no nation state as it exist today. Non – existence of the nation state is
clear from the following point.
 The large countries like Germany & Italy were divided into small countries.
 The eastern and central Europe were Under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which diverse
people.
 People spoke different languages and belong to different ethnic groups.
 The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria, Hungary, for e.g. was a patch work many different regions
& people.
 It includes Alpine Regions where a aristocracy was predominant German speaking.
 It also includes Italian speaking provinces of Venetia & Lombardy.
 In Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar while other half spoke dialects.
 In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke polish.
 Beside this three dominant group in the boundaries of empire, mass of subject, peasants people
Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south and Romans to the east in
Transylvania.

Role Played by middle-class making Nation State or Growth of Industrialisation

change the social and political situation of Europe: -

 Industrialisation began in England in the second half of 18th century but in France & other part of
Germany occur in 19th century.

 In western and parts of central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth
of town and urban centres.

 It also meant emergence of common classes whose existence was based on production of market.

 So, in the wake, new class of social group came up – working class population, Middle class made of
industrialist, businessmen and professionals.

 In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups were smaller in number till late 19th century.

 It was among the educated, liberal middle class, those ideas of national unity following the abolition of
aristocratic gain popularity.

Meaning of Liberalism: -

For Middle Class: -

 Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

For Politicians Class: -

 Liberalism stood for end of autocracy and clerical privileges.

 They voiced for constitutional and representative government through parliament.3-They did not

stand for universal suffrage.

For Economic Class: -

 Liberalism stood for freedom of market & abolition of various restrictions imposed on the movement of
Goods & Capital.

Custom Union (Zollverein – 1834 by Friedrich List): -

 It was form at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German state.

 The union abolished trade barrier & reduced the no. of currencies from 30 to two.

 The creation of a network of railways stimulated mobility, harnessing economic to national unification.

 A wave of economic nationalism strength the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
 Conservatism: -

 Conservatism believed in the reinstatement of tradition monarchs, the church, social hierarchies,
property and the family.

 They did not propose a return to property to pre-revolutionary day. They realised that modernisation
could infect strengthen traditional institution like the monarchy. It could make state power more
effective and strong.

 They believed that modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of
feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe.

Ideas of Liberal Nationalists in Economic Sphere-

 1-Liberalism stood for the freedom of the markets.

 2-Abolition of state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital.
 3-Introduction of own currency.
 4-Abolition of tariff barriers.
 5-Creation of unified economic territory for the free movement of goods, people and capital.
 6-Introduction of a system of weight and measures.

Vienna Congress [1815]

 In 1815, representatives of European powers Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively
defeated Napoleon met at Vienna.

 The purpose of this Congress popularly known as the Vienna Congress was to draw up a settlement for
Europe.

 Metternich played a major role in this Congress by hosting it.

Treaty of Vienna (1815): -

 Headed by Duke Metternich Australian held from September 1814 to June 1815. Russia, England,
Australian – who had collectively defeat Napoleon.

 The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power.

 France lost the territories. It has annexed under Napoleon.

 A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

 Belgium was setup in the North and Genoa was added Piedmont in the South.

 Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers while Austria was given control of
Northern Italy.

 In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

 The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
 Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order
was created in Europe.

 Giuseppe Mazzini: -

 He was a Italian revolutionary.

 He became a member of secret society of Carbonari.

 He was captured in Liguria and sent exile in 1831.

 He founded two secret society- Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

 He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

 He opposed to monarchies and regions of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

 Duke Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of our social order.

Age of revolution-
 Many revolutions occurred during the time period of 1830-48.
 As conservatives regimes try to consolidate their power, liberal and nationalist opposed them. There
revolutions were led by liberal nationalist belonging to educated middle class.
 The revolutions occurred in Italy, German states, Poland, and provinces or state Ottoman Empire.

Upheaval in France(July revolution)-

 It took place in July 1830.

 The Bourbon dynasty which was restored in 1815 was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.

 A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head.

Uprising in Brussels-
 The July revolution sparked and uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the
United Kingdom of Netherland.

Uprising in Greece(war of independence)-

 Greece had been a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.

 The growth of revolutionaries’ nationalism in Europe sparked of a struggle for independence among the
Greece in 1821.

 The nationalism got support from other Greek people who are living outside the country and also from
west European who liked ancient Greek culture.

 Poet and artist crowded Greece as Cradle of European civilization and mobilized public to support its
struggle.

 English poet Lord Byron organised fund and later when to fight in the war where he died for ever in
1824.
 With long struggle the treaty of Constantinople is signed and Greece got independence in 1832.

Romantic imagination and national feeling:-

 Romanticism was a cultural movement for the development of certain types of nationalist
feelings.
 Romantic artists did not appreciate the glorification of science and reason but glorified
emotions, intuition and mystical feeling.
 In Germany romanticism was spread through folklores, folk dance and folk poetry.
 Karol Kurpinski spread the sprit of nationalism through opera and music to illiterate masses.
 Language was used to spread nationalistic feelings in Poland which was under Russian
dominance.
Hunger, hardship and popular revolt
