CHAPTER 59 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 246 Page 667

x
1. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) sin –1 4x (b) sin –1 2

dy 4 4
(a) If y = sin −1 4x , then = =
dx [1 − (4 x)2 ] (1 − 16x 2 )
x dy 1 1
(b) If y = sin –1 2 , then = =
dx [ 22 − x 2 ] ( 4 − x2 )

2 x
2. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) cos –1 3x (b) cos–1 3
3

dy −3 −3
(a) If y = cos–1 3x , then = =
dx [1 − (3x)2 ] (1 − 9x 2 )

2 x dy 2 −1  −2
(b) If y = cos −1 , then =   =
3 3 dx 3
 ( 32 − x 2 )  3 (9 − x2 )

1 –1 x
3. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 3 tan–1 2x (b) tan
2

dy  2  6
(a) If y = 3 tan −1 2x , then = 3  =
dx 1 + (2 x) 2  1 + 4x 2

 1 − 12 
x
1 x= dy 1 2  1 1
(b) If y = tan –1 , then =  2
=
( )
( ) 4 x (1 + x)
1
2 d x 2 1 + x  4 x 2 1 + x
 

3
4. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 2 sec–1 2t (b) sec–1 4 x

989 © 2014, John Bird

  
dy 2 2
(a) If y = 2 sec −1 2t , then = 2  =
 2t
dt ( 2t ) − 1  t ( 4t 2 − 1)
2


3
3 dy 4 1 1 1
(b) If y = sec −1 x=
, then = = =
4 dx 3  3 x  2   9x2 
−
 9 x 2 − 16  x ( 9 x 2 − 16 )
x   − 1 x  1  x  
4  4    16   16  4

4
=
x ( 9 x 2 − 16 )

5 θ
5. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) cosec–1 2 (b) cosec–1 x2
2

5 θ dy 5 −2  −5
(a) If y = cosec −1 , then =   =
2 2 d θ 2 θ
 (θ 2 − 22 )  θ (θ 2 − 4 )

dy − 2x −2
(b) If y = cosec −1 x 2 , then = =
d x x 2 ( x 2 )2 − 1 x ( x 4 − 1)

(b) cot–1 θ − 1
2
6. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 3 cot–1 2t

dy  −2  −6
(a) If y = 3cot −1 2t , then = 3  =
1 + ( 2t )  1 + 4t 2
2
dt

1
1
− (θ 2 − 1) 2 2θ
−
dy −θ −1
(b) If y = cot −1 θ 2=
− 1 , then = 2 =
dθ 1 +  θ 2 −1 2 
( )  (θ 2 − 1) [1 + θ 2 − 1] θ (θ 2 − 1)
 

x 1 + x2
7. Show that the differential coefficient of tan–1 1 − x 2 is
1 − x2 + x4

990 © 2014, John Bird

 (1 − x 2 )(1) − ( x )( −2 x ) 1 − x2 + 2 x2
(1 −=x2 ) (1 − x 2 )
2 2
 x  dy 1 + x2
If y = tan −1  = then =
 1− x  (1 − x 2 ) + x 2 1 − 2 x2 + x4 + x2
2 2
2 dx  x 
1+  
 1 − x2  (1 − x 2 )
2

1 + x2
=
(1 − x 2 + x 4 )

8. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 2x sin–1 3x (b) t2 sec–1 2t

 
( 2 x )   + ( sin −1 3 x )( 2 ) =
dy 3 6x
(a) If y = 2x sin =
–1
3x then + 2sin −1 3 x
dx  1 − ( 3 x )2  (1 − 9 x ) 2
 

 
dy  2  t
(b) If y = t 2=
sec −1 2t then (t 2 )   + ( sec 2t )( 2t ) =
−1 + 2 t sec −1 2t
dt  2t ( 2t ) − 1
2
 ( 4t 2 − 1)
   

9. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) θ2 cos–1(θ 2 – 1) (b) (1 – x2) tan–1 x

 
dy  −2θ 
(a) If y = θ 2 cos −1 (θ 2 − 1=
) then (θ 2 )   + cos (θ − 1)  ( 2θ )
−1 2
dθ  1 − (θ 2 − 1) 
2

   
2θ 3
= 2θ cos −1 (θ 2 − 1) −
1 − (θ 4 − 2θ 2 + 1) 

2θ 3
= 2θ cos −1 (θ 2 − 1) −
( 2θ 2 − θ 4 )
2θ 3
= 2θ cos −1 (θ 2 − 1) −
θ 2 (2 −θ 2 )

2θ 3
= 2θ cos −1 (θ 2 − 1) −
θ (2 −θ 2 )
2θ 2
= 2θ cos −1 (θ 2 − 1) −
(2 −θ 2 )

1 − x2
(1 − x 2 )  2  + ( tan −1 x )( −2 x ) =  2  − 2 x tan −1 x
dy 1
(b) If y = (1 – x2) tan–1 x then =
dx  1+ x   1+ x 

991 © 2014, John Bird

10. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 2 t cot–1t (b) x cosec–1 x

 −1    1 − 1    −2 t  1 
(a) If y = 2 t cot–1=
t then
dy
dt
( )
2 t  
 1+ t2 
+ [ cot −1 t
]  2  t 2   =  1 + t 2
 2  
 + [ cot −1 t ]  1 

  t2 

 −2 t  1
=
 1+ t2  + cot −1 t
  t

 1 −1 
 − x 2 
dy
=
(b) If y = x cosec −1 x then ( x) 2  + cosec −1 x  (1)
   
dx  
( )
2
 x  x − 1 
 
 −x 
=  + cosec −1 x 
 2 x x ( x − 1)   
 
1
= cosec −1 x −
2 ( x − 1)

sin −1 3x cos −1 x
11. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) (b)
x2 1 − x2

 
 3 
( x2 )   − ( sin 3 x )( 2 x )
−1

 1 − ( 3 x )  
2

(a) If y =
sin −1 3x
then
dy
=   
( x2 )
2
x2 dx

 
 3x 2 
 − 2 x ( sin 3 x )
−1

 1 − ( 3 x ) 
2
  
 
=  = x  3x
− 2sin −1 3 x 
x4 x4 
 (1 − 9 x 2 ) 


1  3x 
=  − 2sin 3 x 
−1
x3  (1 − 9 x 2 ) 

 
( ) −1  − ( cos −1 x )  (1 − x 2 )− 2 ( −2 x ) 
1
1
1− x 2 
cos −1 x dy 
 [1 − x 2 ]  2 
(b) If y = then =
1 − x2 ( )
2
dx 1 − x2
992 © 2014, John Bird
 x
−1 + 1 ( cos −1 x ) −1 +
x
( cos −1 x )
(1 − x )2 2
1 − x2
= =
1 − x2 1 − x2

993 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 247 Page 668

1. Use logarithmic equivalents of inverse hyperbolic functions to evaluate correct to 4 decimal

1
–1
places: (a) sinh 2 (b) sinh–1 4 (c) sinh–1 0.9

x  x + a 2 + x 2 
sinh −1 = ln  
a  a 

1 1 + 22 + 12   1+ 5 
(a) sinh −1 = ln  =  ln=
  ln1.618034 = 0.4812
2  2   2 
 4 + 12 + 42 
(b) sinh −1 4 = sinh −1
4
= ln 

( )
 =ln 4 + 17 =ln 8.123106 = 2.0947
1 1 

 0.9 + 12 + 0.92 
(c) sinh −1 0.9 = ln  ( )
 = ln 0.9 + 1.81 = ln 2.245362 = 0.8089
 1 
Each answer may be checked using a calculator

2. Use logarithmic equivalents of inverse hyperbolic functions to evaluate correct to 4 decimal

5
places: (a) cosh–1 4 (b) cosh–1 3 (c) cosh–1 4.3

x  x + x 2 − a 2 
cosh −1 = ln  
a  a 

5  5 + 52 − 42   5+3
(a) cosh −1 = ln  =  ln=
  ln 2 = 0.6931
4  4   4 

 3 + 32 − 12 
(b) cosh −1 3 = ln 
 1 
( )
 = ln 3 + 8 = ln 5.828427 = 1.7627

 4.3 + 4.32 − 12 
(c) cosh −1 4.3 = ln 
 1
=

(
ln 4.3 + 17.49 = )
ln 8.482105 = 2.1380

Each answer may be checked using a calculator.

994 © 2014, John Bird

3. Use logarithmic equivalents of inverse hyperbolic functions to evaluate correct to 4 decimal
1 5
–1
places: (a) tanh 4 (b) tanh–1 (c) tanh–1 0.7
8

x 1 a+x
tanh −1 = ln  
a 2 a−x
1 1  4 +1  1 5
(a) tanh −1 = ln   = ln = 0.2554
4 2  4 −1  2 3

5 1  8 + 5  1 13
(b) tanh −1 = ln   = ln = 0.7332
8 2  8−5 2 3

1  1 + 0.7  1 1.7
(c) tanh −1 0.7 = ln   = ln = 0.8673
2  1 − 0.7  2 0.3

Each answer may be checked using a calculator

995 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 248 Page 671

x
–1
1. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) sinh 3 (b) sinh–1 4x

x dy 1 1
–1
(a) If y = sinh 3 then = =
dx [ x 2 + 32 ] ( x2 + 9)

dy 4 4
(b) If y = sinh −1 4x then = =
dx ( 4 x ) + 1
2
(16 x 2 + 1)
 

t 1
2. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) 2 cosh–1 3 (b) cosh–1 2θ
2

t dy  1  2
(a) If y = 2 cosh −1 then = 2  =
3 dt  t 2 − 32  (t 2 − 9)

 
1 dy 1 2  = 1
(b) If y = cosh–1 2θ then =
2 dθ 2  ( 2θ ) − 1 
2
( 4θ 2 − 1)


2x
3. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) tanh–1 5 (b) 3 tanh–1 3x

2 2 2 2 25
2x ×
dy 5 5 5 5 1 = 10
–1
(a) If y = tanh 5 then= = = =
dx  2x 
2
4x 2 25 − 4 x 2
25 − 4 x 2 25 − 4x 2
1 −   1 − 25 25
 5 

dy  3  9
(b) If y = 3 tanh −1 3x then = 3  =
1 − ( 3 x )  1 − 9x 2
2
dx

3x 1
4. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) sech–1 4 (b) − sech–1 2x
2

996 © 2014, John Bird

 3
−
3x dy 4 −1 −1 −1
(a) If y = sech −1 = then = = =
4 d x 3x   3x  
2
 9x  2
 16 − 9 x 2  x (16 − 9 x 2 )
1 −    x  1 −  x  
 16   16  4
4   4  
−4
=
x (16 − 9 x 2 )
 
1 dy 1 −2  = −1
(b) If y = − sech–1 2x then =
2 
d x 2 2 x 1 − ( 2 x )2  2 x (1 − 4 x 2 )
 

x 1
5. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) cosech–1 4 (b) cosech–1 4x
2

x dy −4 −4
(a) If y = cosech–1 4 then = =
d x x x 2 + 42 x ( x 2 + 16 )

 
1 d y 1  − 4  −1
(b) If y = cosech −1 4 x then =   =
d x 2  4 x  4 x 2 + 1  2 x (16 x 2 + 1)
( )
2
 

2x 1
6. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) coth–1 7 (b) coth–1 3t
4

2 2 2 2
(49)
2x dy 7 7 7 7 14
(a) If y = coth −1 then= = = = =
7 dx  2x 
2
4 x 2 49 − 4 x 2
49 − 4 x 2 49 − 4x 2
1 −   1 − 49 49
 7 

1 dy 1 3  3
(b) If y = coth–1 3t then =   =
4 d t 4 1 − ( 3t )  4 (1 − 9t 2 )
2
 

(a) 2 sinh–1 ( x − 1)
2 1
7. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (b) cosh–1 ( x 2 + 1)
2

 1 1 
( )
−
2 − 1 2 (2 x )
 x 
(a) If y =2 sinh–1 x 2 − 1)
(= then
dy  2
2=  2x
  
( )
1
dx 2
 ( x 2 − 1) x2 −1 + 1
  x − 1 + 1 
2 2

 

997 © 2014, John Bird

 2x 2x 2
= = =
x2 −1 x2 x ( x 2 − 1) ( x 2 − 1)

 1 1 
( x 2 + 1) 2 (2 x) 
−
1 
dy 1 2 x
( x 2 + 1) then
(b) If y = cosh −1 = = 
2 dx 2    ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1 − 1)
  ( x + 1) − 1 
2
2 2
 
x x 1
= = =
2 ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 ) 2x ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1)

8. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) sech–1(x – 1) (b) tanh–1(tanh x)

1 ( x − 1)
dy −1 −1
(a) If y = sech −= then =
d x ( x − 1) [1 − ( x − 1) 2 ] ( x − 1) 1 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)

−1 −1
= =
( x − 1) (2 x − x )
2
( x − 1) [ x(2 − x) ]

dy sech 2 x sech 2 x
(b) If y = tanh–1(tanh x) =
then = =1
d x 1 − ( tanh x ) 1 − tanh 2 x
2

since 1 − tanh 2 x =
sech 2 x from Chapter 24

 t 
9. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) cosh  t − 1 
–1 
(b) coth–1(cos x)

(t − 1)(1) − (t )(1)
 t  dy ( t − 1)
2
t −1 − t
–1  
(a) If y = cosh  t −=
1  then d t =
2
 t  t2
( t − 1)
2
−1
  −1 ( t − 1)
2
 t −1 

−1 −1
= =
t 2 − ( t − 1)
2
t − t 2 + 2t − 1
2
( t − 1)
2
( t − 1)
2
(t − 1)
( t − 1)
2

−1
=
( t − 1) 2t − 1

998 © 2014, John Bird

 dy − sin x − sin x − sin x −1
(b) If y = coth −1 (cos x) then = = = = = = −cosec x
d x 1 − ( cos x ) 1 − cos x sin x sin x
2 2 2

10. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) θ sinh–1 θ (b) x cosh–1 x

dy  1 θ
(a) If y = θ sinh −1 θ=
then θ  + ( sinh −1 θ )(1) = + sinh −1 θ
dθ 
 (θ + 1) 
2  (θ + 1)
2

(b) If y = x cosh–1 x=
then
dy
dx
( x) 1
x2 −1
1 −1 
+ ( cosh −1 x )  x 2 
2 

x cosh −1 x
= +
x2 −1 2 x

2sech −1 t tanh −1 x
11. Differentiate with respect to the variable: (a) (b)
t2 (1 − x 2 )

  1 −1  
 2 − 2 t 2  
(t )  
2   − 2sech −1 t
( ) ( 2t )
2sech −1 t dy
 t 1− t 2 




( )
(a) If y = then =
(t )
2
t2 dt 2

  1  
 −  
(t ) 
2

 t 
t 1− t 
− 2sech −1 t( ) ( 2t )
 
=  
t4


(t 2 ) 
−1
 t 1− t

(
 − 4t sech

−1 t
)  −t

1− t

(
 − 4t sech
−1 t
)
= =  
t4 t4

 −1 

−
 − 4sech
−1 t
( ) 1 1 
=  
1 t
=−  + 4sech −1 t 
t3 t3  1− t 

999 © 2014, John Bird

 (1 − x 2 ) 
1 
 − ( tanh x )( −2 x ) 1 + 2 x tanh −1 x
(b) If y =
tanh −1 x
then
dy
=  1 − x2  =
(1 − x 2 ) dθ (1 − x 2 )
2
(1 − x 2 )
2

d
12. Show that [x cosh–1(cosh x)] = 2x
dx

d  sinh x 
= [ x cosh −1 (cosh x)] ( )
x   + ( cosh −1 (cosh x) ) (1)
dx  ( cosh 2 x − 1) 
 
x sinh x
= +x since cosh −1 (cosh x) = x
( sinh x )
2

x sinh x
= +x
sinh x
= x + x = 2x

1 3
13. Determine: (a) ∫ ( x 2 + 9)
dx (b) ∫ (4 x 2 + 25)
dx

1 1 x
(a) ∫ ( x 2 + 9)
dx=∫
x 2 + 32
d x = sinh −1 + c
3

3 1 1 3 1
=
(b) ∫ ( 4 x 2 + 25) d x 3=
∫  2 2  d x 3∫ = dx ∫
 ( 2x) + 5

  2 x 2   5  2 x  2 
5    + 1 
2
  + 1
   5     5  

2 2
35 3
=  ∫ 5 dx= ∫ 5 dx
52  2 x  2  2  2 x  2 
  + 1   + 1
 5    5  

3 2x
= sinh −1 +c
2 5

1 1
14. Determine: (a) ∫ ( x − 16)
2
dx (b) ∫ (t − 5)
2
dt

1 1 x
(a) ∫ ( x − 16)
2
dx=∫
x −4
2 2
d x = cosh −1 + c
4

1000 © 2014, John Bird

 1
1 1 1 1 1  5 5
=
(b) ∫ ( t 2 − 5) d t ∫=
 t 
dt
2 5 ∫ =
 t  2 
dt
5  1  ∫  t 2 
  dt
5  5 − 1     − 1   − 1
  
 5    5  
1
5 t
= ∫  t  2 
d t = cosh −1
5
+c
  − 1
 5  

dθ 3
15. Determine: (a) ∫ (36 + θ 2 )
(b) ∫ (16 − 2 x ) d x
2

dθ 1 1 6 1 θ
∫ (36 + θ 2 )
(a) = ∫=
6 +θ
2
dθ
2 6 ∫ 6 +θ
2 2
d θ = tan −1 + c
6 6

3 3 3 1 3 1 8
(b) ∫ (= d x ∫= dx ∫ = dx   ∫ dx
16 − 2 x ) 2 (8 − x )
( ) 2 8 ( 8)
2 2
2 2 2 8 − x2 −x 2

3 x
= tanh −1 +c
2 8 8

1001 © 2014, John Bird