Ibrahim Ismail

22nd January, 2018

SEMINAR PAPER ON THE IMPACT OF ICT ON STUDENTS’

PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN
EKITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF KWARA STATE
NIGERIA

BY

IBRAHIM ISMAIL
(Inspiration-Life Global Solutions Ltd)

January, 2018

1
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
ABSTRACT
This research project examines the impact of ICT on students' Academic
performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local Government Area of
Kwara State. The main objective of the study is to validate and authenticate
the impact of ICT on the performance of student through evaluation of
different areas where the utilization of ICT can affect teaching and learning
process. The research work employ descriptive research methodology while
the theoretical/conceptual review of the research topic was vividly carried
out. The sample for the study was taken from ten selected public secondary
school in the local government using a simple random sampling of
respondents' opinion. Primary data was gathered by administration of
questionnaires to 80 randomly selected respondents. After careful analysis
of the formulated hypothesis using chi-square test, the researcher
concluded that ICT has great impact on stududent academic performance.
However, findings indicated that there are a poor ICT infastructural
development in Ekiti Local Government Area of Kwara State.

Key Words: ICT, Performance, Secondary Education, Ekiti LGA

1.1 INTRODUCTION It is also a known fact that the

development of any nation is usually
The importance of information and
influenced by the degree and extent of the
communication technology (ICT) in the
socio-economic improvement that are
development of any nation both
brought to bear through the
socially, politically and educationally
introduction of science, technology and
cannot be overemphasized. In recognition
mathematics. According to Bayah and
of the potentials of ICT, Zurich (2013)
Farmation (2002), Cited in Uwabueze
observed that Information and
and Ozionko (2011) sustainable
communication Technology (ICT) made
development leads to fulfillment of
our work more sustainable: saving
societal ideas considered relevant to the
energy and materials resources by creating
needs and aspirations of the society.
more value from less physical input,
Information technology means a set of
increasing quality of life forever more
tools that helps you work with
people without compromising the future
information and perform task related to
generation ability to meet their needs .
information processing. Hang and keen
in Nwogu (2007) thought the term ICT

2
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
originated as information technology however various economics policies
until recently when it was thought that aimed at ensuring a sustainable
communication should be an integral economic development in Nigeria vis-a-
part of information technology because of vis the National Economic Empowerment
its relevance and significance. and Development Strategies (NEEDS), the
Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)
Based on United Nations, the World
of 1986, etc. The current era of
Commission on Environment and
communication liberalization and
Development Brundtland (1987).
licencing of GSM operators enhance by
Sustainable development as a situation
ICT innovation contributed significantly
where current generations should meet
to sustainable economic development if
their needs without compromising the
properly harness and this rest on the
ability of future generations to meet theirs,
premise that it could help to improve
Also , Hughes and Johnston (2005)
education standard and hence boost
recognised that sustainable development
interpersonal relationship among others
is now as much about social equality
Nanighe (2013). The increasing rate of
for current generations as about
(ICT) development brings about radical
efficient resource use-and conservation
changes in the way we work, think,
of natural resources for future use.
learn and communicate Vassilos (2012).
Through information and communication,
Uwabueze and Ozioko (2011) in Nwogu
technology is associated with various
(2007) sees information and
challenges, it is no doubt play a
communication technology as a set of
significant role in sustainable
tools that helps you work with information
development especially in rural
and perform takes related to information
community Ilorin. The potentials and role
process. Lloyd and Jan (2011) cited in
of ICT as a tool for contributing to
Ritchie and Brindley (2005) define ICT
development is limitless and well
as the array of primarily digital
established. It is the believe that ICT
technologies designed to collect, organise,
supports the neural system if complex
store, process and communicate
society and can benefit various fields
information within and outside to an
of development. Abobakar (2010) cited
organization for the purpose of
in Sando (2002) especially with the
disseminating information. It is therefore
global trend of rapid growth of people
seen as those technologies like the simple
accessing the internet. There are

3
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
telephone, internet, credit card facilities, interest is paid to fill the digital gap
etc. between schools in the rural and urban
areas. The contribution of private sectors
Ayannuga (2009) defined ICT as the
in the education system has elevated the
marriage that exit between computer
use of ICT in both private and public
system and communication which can be
schools especially in the urban areas of
described as the use of computer based
Nigeria. However, schools in rural areas
technology and internet to make
have not benefitted much in this area. This
information and communication services
research therefore uses community
available to a greater number of users.
advocacy scheme to examine the problem
Jekayinola and Ojo (2010) cited in Obanya
in an attempt to sustainably proffer
(2002) see ICT as a broad term that has to
solutions to the various problems in
do with the harnessing of process, the
Secondary schools in ekiti local
methods and the product of electronic and
government of Kwara State, Nigeria. The
communication related technologies and
study employed mixed research approach
other resources for enhancing the
that combined both quantitative and
productivity, the spread and efficiency of a
qualitative data collection strategies.
set programme activities geared towards
the achievement of a clearly determine 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
goals. The paper examines the impact of
The main purpose of this study is to
ICT in enhancing a sustainable educational
critically examine the impact of
development with specific emphasis on its
Information and Communication
role in education, business development
Technology (ICT) on student performance
and the attitude of Nigeria towards the use
in public secondary schools in Ekiti Local
of information and communication
Government of Kwara State. However,
technology.
other specific purposes of the study are:
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE i. To examine the relationship between
PROBLEM ICT and student academic
performance
In recent times, public schools in Nigeria
ii. To critically compare the performance
have enjoyed some benefits in terms of
of public secondary school student
deployment of Information and
with their private school counterparts
Communication Technologies (ICTs), but
with respect to ICT subject.
no constant attention and continuous

4
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
iii. To examine the availability of factors survey research methodology. The
such as power supply that can researcher describe various characteristics
promote or inhibit students utilization of the population or phenomenon being
of ICT gadgets present in the school studied in order to depict the impact of
environment. ICT on student performance in the
iv. To investigate the extent to which randomly selected schools in Ekiti Local
school location contribute to Digital Government of Kwara State.
Divide in public secondary schools in 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
Ekiti Local Government of Kwara STUDY
State.
It is hoped that this study will provide
v. To examine how the managements in
information for parents, educators and
public secondary schools in Ekiti
school administrators to reflect upon the
Local Government of Kwara State
need for implementation of effective ICT
have effectively encourage the use of
facilities in Nigerian secondary schools.
ICT in their schools.
The study will assist parents in
understating the major ICT facilities they
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
should look for before enrolling their
This research work focuses on the impact children or ward into public secondary
of ICT on student performance in Public schools. The study will also assist
Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local educators and other instructors on the need
Government of Kwara State. The to have ICT facilities and how to
researcher intends to carry out effectively utilize them in their schools.
investigation paying particular interest to The study will at the same time enlighten
ten (10) secondary schools in Ekiti Local school administrators on how to
Government of Kwara State. effectively set-up their ICT centres and
The study will examine variables such as laboratories in order to enhance student
performance of student in general subjects, academic performance.
vocational skill acquisition, Finally, this study provides a valuable
communication skills, leadership skills and insight for the Nigerian corporate
interpersonal relationship to obtain environment and the successful
information on how the availability of ICT organizations on the need for them to
gadgets in the schools has affected the come to the aid of many public secondary
student. This is done through descriptive

5
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
schools in Ekiti Local Government of needed for the effective running of a
Kwara State in closing the digital divide. school.
Computer: A computer is a device that
1.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
can be instructed to carry out arbitrary
OF TERMS
sequences of arithmetic or logical
ICT: Information and communications operations automatically.
technology (ICT) is an extended term for
information technology (IT) which is used
in this context to refer to all digital devices 2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED
that can aid learning process in schools. LITERATURE
Academic Performance: This is the
Information Communication
extent to which a student, teacher or
Technology and globalization have greatly
institution has achieved their short or long-
affected the Nigerian educational system
term educational goals.
generally. No meaningful progress ill be
Secondary Schools: This is the education
made in educational sector without
that children received after primary
adjusting to scientific innovations and
education before proceeding to the tertiary
discoveries. National Policy on Education
education centers.
(2004) emphasized that the philosophy of
Public Schools: This refers to a school
education is to be geared towards self-
established, controlled and financed by the
realization of national unity, as well as
government with tax payers’ money.
towards social, cultural, economic,
Ekiti Local Government: Ekiti is a Local
political, scientific and technological
Government Area in Kwara State, Nigeria.
progress. But in the research conducted
Its headquarters are in the town of Araromi
by Nworgu and Ogin (2005), it was
Opin. It has an area of 480 km² and a
discovered that education sector is
population of 54,850 at the 2006 census.
trailing behind other sectors such as
The postal code of the area is 252.
industrial, business, aviation and
School Environment: This include
administration. This may be attributed
instructional spaces and other
to the fact that substantial numbers of
administrative roles attached to it in a
our schools still lack ICT resources/
learning centre.
infrastructure while our teachers lack
Infrastructure: This is the basic physical
the necessary skills required for the
and organizational structures and facilities
application in our classrooms. This

6
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
research project will therefore review directing, organizing, staffing and
some of the past and recent studies on the controlling within the institutions.
subject matter based on the following sub-
Ushas (2009) identified three major areas
headings:
in which ICT is considered significantly in
Theoretical or Conceptual improving the educational system in
Framework general. These are; ICT Education, ICT
supported Education and ICT Enabled
Review of empirical Studies
Education. It is a general believe that ICT
Appraisal of Reviewed Literature help in the creation of human resources,
hence regarded as the primary backbone of
2.1 THEORETICAL OR
the teaching – learning process such as
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
online courses through the web.
Lucy (2008) defined the concept of Integrating ICT in teaching and learning
Information and communication both in science and other related field have
technology as an organize combination of helped in the improvement of learner. ICT
people, hardware, communication is seen as an essentials aspect of
networks and data resources that collects, teaching that afford new and
transfers and disseminates information in transformative model of development
an organization. Information that extend the nature and reach of teacher-
dissemination is very important in schools learning wherever it takes place Leach
because, it is one of the major means by (2005). The introduction of ICT has
which members work together. helped to promote fundamental changes
Information is any fact or set of specific in teaching and learning methods
decisions among alternatives courses of thereby helping to overcome the barriers
action Alabi (2000). The information of time and place as technology
potential of data is enhanced by introduces new choices and
refinements, which involves selection, opportunities for students and teachers
processing, storing and reorganization of through endless research and learning on
data into a useable form and transmission the internet Osakwe (2012). Also,
to the appropriate end users Sanusi (2008). Kwace (2007), argued that ICT has the
Information Technology occupies an potentials of accelerating, enrich and
important position in schools. This is deepen skills; to motive and engage
because it makes for smooth planning, students in learning to help relate

7
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
school experience to work practices technologies used for information storage
which enable them to create economic and retrieval. Development is partly
viability for tomorrow’s workers, determined by the ability to establish a
contribute to radical changes in school, synergistic interaction between
to strengthen teaching and provide technological innovation and human
opportunities for connection between values. The rapid rate at which ICTs have
school and the world. The use of ICT is evolved since the mid-20th century, the
capable of fulfilling a number of convergence and pervasiveness of ICTs,
business needs such as strategic, give them a strong role in development
operational or marketing needs, or a and globalization Nwagwu (2006). ICTs
combination of all of them. Lucchetti have a significant impact on all areas of
and Sterlacchini (2004) reports that ICT human activity Brakel and Chisenga
has helped greatly in the development (2003).
of small and medium scale enterprises
The field of education has been affected by
(SMEs) hence categorize them into the
ICTs, which have undoubtedly affected
following grouping: general users,
teaching, learning, and research Yusuf
production-integration and market
(2005). A great deal of research has
oriented groups. The general users
proven the benefits to the quality of
groups are those group that dealt with
education Al-Ansari (2006). ICTs have the
basic technologies such as telephone, e-
potential to accelerate, enrich, and deepen
mail, internet that are used for day- to-
skills, to motivate and engage students, to
day administrative purposes. The
help relate school experience to work
production-integrating group is where
practices, create economic viability for
ICT is used for dual purpose both for
tomorrow's workers, as well as
the production of goods and
strengthening teaching and helping schools
functionality of business. The market-
change Davis and Tearle (1999); Lemke
oriented group on the other hand is a
and Coughlin (1998) cited by Yusuf
situation where the use of ICT
(2005).
promotes market and easy
communication both within the In a rapidly changing world, basic
organisation and outside the world. education is essential for an individual be
able to access and apply information. Such
Information and communication
ability must find include ICTs in the global
technologies (ICT) are electronic
village. The Economic Commission for

8
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Africa has indicated that the ability to The demand for computer/ICT literacy is
access and use information is no longer a increasing in Nigeria, because employees
luxury, but a necessity for development. realize that computers and other ICT
Unfortunately, many developing counties, facilities can enhance efficiency. On the
especially in Africa, are still low in ICT other hand, employees have also realized
application and use Aduwa-Ogiegbean and that computers can be a threat to their jobs,
Iyamu (2005). and the only way to enhance job security is
to become computer literate. With the high
2.2 REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL
demand for computer literacy, the teaching
STUDIES
and learning these skills is a concern
Improved secondary education is essential among professionals (Oduroye, n.d.). This
to the creation of effective human capital is also true of other ICT components.
in any country Evoh (2007). The need for
New instructional techniques that use ICTs
ICT in Nigerian secondary schools cannot
provide a different modality of
be overemphasized. In this technology-
instruments. For the student, ICT use
driven age, everyone requires ICT
allows for increased individualization of
competence to survive. Organizations are
learning. In schools where new
finding it very necessary to train and re-
technologies are used, students have
train their employees to establish or
access to tools that adjust to their attention
increase their knowledge of computers and
span and provide valuable and immediate
other ICT facilities Adomi and Anie
feedback for literacy enhancement, which
(2006); Tyler (1998). This calls for early
is currently not fully implemented in the
acquisition of ICT skills by students.
Nigerian school system Emuku and
The ability to use computers effectively Emuku (1999 & 2000).
has become an essential part of everyone's
ICT application and use will prove
education. Skills such as bookkeeping,
beneficial in improving Nigeria's
clerical and administrative work,
educational system and giving students a
stocktaking, and so forth, now constitute a
better education. A technologically-
set of computerized practices that form the
advanced workforce will lead to ICT
core IT skills package: spreadsheets, word
growth in Nigeria, with the potential to
processors, and databases Reffell and
improve military technology and
Whitworth (2002).
telecommunications, media
communications, and skilled ICT

9
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
professionals who will be well-equipped to
solve IT problems in Nigeria and other
parts of the world Goshit (2006).
distribution and installation of personal
computers Okebukola (1997); cited by
Aduwa-Ogiegbaen and Iyamu (2005).

There are developments in the Nigerian Okebukola (1997), cited by Aduwa-

education sector which indicate some level Ogiegbaen and Iyamu (2005), concludes
of ICT application in the secondary that the computer is not part of classroom
schools. The Federal Government of technology in more than 90 percent of
Nigeria, in the National Policy on Nigerian public schools. This implies that
Education (Federal Republic of Nigeria, the chalkboard and textbook continue to
2004), recognizes the prominent role of dominate classroom activities in most
ICTs in the modern world, and has Nigerian secondary schools.
integrated ICTs into education in Nigeria.
The Federal Ministry of Education has
To actualize this goal, the document states
launched an ICT-driven project know as
that government will provide basic
School Net (www.snng.org), Federal
infrastructure and training at the primary
Republic of Nigeria (2006); Adomi
school. At the junior secondary school,
(2005); Okebukola (2004), which was
computer education has been made a pre-
intended to equip all schools in Nigeria
vocational elective, and is a vocational
with computers and communications
elective at the senior secondary school. It
technologies. In June 2003, at the African
is also the intention of government to
Summit of the World Economic Forum
provide necessary infrastructure and
held in Durban, South Africa, the New
training for the integration of ICTs in the
Partnership for African Development
secondary school system.
(NEPAD) launched the e-Schools
It should be noted that 2004 was not the Initiative, intended to equip all African
first attempt the Nigerian government high schools with ICT equipment
made to introduce computer education in including computers, radio and television
schools. In 1988, the Nigerian government sets, phones and fax machines,
enacted a policy on computer education. communication equipment, scanners,
The plan was to establish pilot schools and digital cameras, and copiers, among other
diffuse computer education innovation things. It is also meant to connect African
first to all secondary schools, and then to students to the Internet. The NEPAD
primary schools. Unfortunately, the project capacity-building initiative will be
did not really take off beyond the executed over a ten-year period, with the

10
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
high school component being completed in
the first five years. Three phases are
envisaged, with fifteen to twenty countries
in each phase. The phases are to be
staggered, and an estimated 600,100
schools are expected to benefit. The aim of
the initiative is to impart ICT skills to
young Africans in primary and secondary
schools, and to harness ICT to improve,
enrich, and expand education in African
countries Aginam (2006).
The Nigerian Federal Government has
commissioned a mobile Internet unit
(MIU) operated by the Nigerian National
Information Technology Development
Agency (NITDA). The MIU is a locally-
made bus that has been converted into a
mobile training and cyber centre. Its
interior has ten workstations, all
networked and connected to the Internet.
The MIU is also equipped with printers,
photocopiers, and a number of multimedia
facilities. Internet is provided via VSAT
with a 1.2m dish mounted on the roof of
the bus. It is also equipped with a small
electric generator to ensure regular power
supply. The MIU takes the Internet to
places areas and various primary and high
schools Ajayi (2003). The number of buses
is so small; however, that most rural areas
and schools have not yet been covered.
Although efforts have been made to ensure
that ICTs are available and used in
11
Nigerian secondary schools, the level of
uptake is still low. It has been observed by
Goshit (2006) that most schools, both
private and government, do not offer ICT
training programmes.
NEPAD has scored the level of African
continent students' experience with ICTs
and their proficiency in using them very
low. Fifty-five percent of students within
the continent, including Nigeria, Algeria,
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Republic of
Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Lesotho, Mali,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda,
Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda (who
are participating in the first phase of the
NEPAD e-Schools initiative), stated they
had no experience at all in using
computers. Other findings included that
the typical African school environment
provides neither opportunity nor training
in using ICTS, and that 75 percent of
responding teachers have no or very
limited experience and expertise regarding
ICT educational applications.
Okwudishu (2005) discovered that the
unavailability of some ICT components in
schools hampers teachers' use of ICTs.
Lack of adequate search skills and of
access points in the schools were reported
as factors inhibiting the use of the Internet
by secondary school teachers Kaku (2005).
The absence of ICT equipment in most
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Nigerian secondary schools leads students also suggests that the impact of ICT on
to resort to cybercafés for Internet access. other fields can lead to emission reduction
five times the size of ICT own fort point.
2.3 APPRAISAL OF REVIEWED
In a related study, Major (2013)
LITERATURE
examined the roles of ICT in
Many studies have documented either enhancing the quality assurance
the role of information and procedures in Nigerian universities. In
communication technology on his study, literature review method was
sustainable economic development or adopted. The study concluded that ICT
impact of information and communication facilities if properly put into use have
technology on sustainable development in the tendency to enhance university
Nigeria. One of the earliest studies by, quality assurance procedures. The study
Anyasi, et al (2012) examines the also found that ICT devices such as
significance of information and computer and electronic and internet
communication technology for technologies ensure the basic quality
sustainable development. The author assurance procedure a line with the
used both primary and secondary data prescribed Minimum Academic Standard
to obtain relevant information from the (MAS).
respondents. Specially, structural
In addition, Sukanta (2002) examine the
questionnaire was employed to elicit
role of ICT in higher education for the 21st
information from the respondents. The
century. The study looks into the possible
findings reveal that information and
areas where ICT has affected positively
communication technology is a necessary
vis-a vis the higher education, research
tool to achieve sustainable development in
and teaching. The study revered that ICT
Nigeria.
that lends itself to more student-centred
A more recent study by Abubakar learning settings.
(2016) on the direct impact of ICT and
In contrast, Ogunwale et al (2010)
the steps the ICT industry and science
conducted a study to find out the
took to reduce the future impact of
degree of perception, acquisition and
ICT. The paper concluded that ICT has
utilization of wonders of ICT in
significantly leverage to reduce carbon
Irewolede LGA in Ikire Osun Sate.
footprint in other industries and by far over
Simple random sampling procedure was
compensate the own first point. The study
used to select fifty teachers as sample for

12
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
the study. The authors also employed management, and indeed operating
questionnaire as a data-gathering personnel to produce timely and accurate
instrument. The finding from the study information. It also answers the increasing
reveals that ICT were grossly needs of tertiary institution as it allows the
inadequate in all the secondary schools academic staff to have access to all
selected. relevant organizational information which
enables them to make quick decisions
Yusuf (2007) sees information and
within a reasonable length of time.
communication technology as an
electronic technology used for 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
accessing, processing, gathering, and
The research design used for this
manipulating, presentation and
project involve the descriptive research
communicating information. Similarly,
survey. Descriptive research is a study
Sukanta (2012) described ICT as the
designed to depict the participants in an
varied collection of technological gear
accurate way. The three main ways to
and resources that used for the purpose
collect data in descriptive research survey
of communication. They are also made
include: Observational method which is
use to generate, distribute, collect and
defined as a method of viewing and
administer information.
recording the participants; Case study
Education is regarded as the most method which is defined as an in-depth
important area that needs adequate study of an individual or group of
attention most especially for the individuals and the the Survey method that
empowerment of women in the society is define as a brief interview or discussion
and the introduction of ICT as an with an individual about a specific topic.
educational tool in the promotion of The results from descriptive
both men and women educational research allow researchers to examine the
advancement has immense potentials. interrelationships among variables and to
The application of ICT as a tool for draw valid inferences.
The ultimate aim of information
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Communication Technology is therefore
to develop a viable system to maximize In this study, the population
the effective use of modern data of interest are selected from public
approach to institutions management secondary schools in Ekiti Local
practices. It also aimed at assisting Government of Kwara State.
13
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Selected staff from these public within the Ekiti Local Government of
secondary schools represent the Kwara State. This comprises of Ten (10)
main population for this project Public secondary schools within the Ekiti
research. An estimated population Local Government of Kwara State.
of staff will be selected randomly
Sample technique is defined as the
from twenty public secondary
name or other identification of the specific
schools in Ekiti Local Government
process by which the entities of the sample
of Kwara State. The total
have been selected. The Sample technique
populations of the staff present at
employed in this research project is the
each center are expected to random sampling technique. Respondent
participate in the survey. To avoid from all the twenty selected secondary
over-representation of either the schools were randomly selected.
junior or senior staff, population
3.4 INSTRUMENTATION FOR
are therefore selected at random.
DATA COLLECTION
The total population for this study
will therefore be estimated at One Instrumentation is the data
hundred and twenty staff (120). collection tool(s) employed during the
course of carrying out a research. The
3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLE
instrument of data collection for this
TECHNIQUES
research project will be done using two
The research population research instruments. The main instrument
encompasses the entire group which the of data collection in this study will be
research is interested in gaining questionnaires while interview is used to
information from. It is also the total compliment the data collected through the
number of people, things or organization use of questionnaire.
living in a particular geographical location
A questionnaire is a research
as a result of sharing the same attributes.
instrument consisting of a series of
The research population for this study
questions for the purpose of gathering
consists of all the entire teaching staff and
information from respondents. It could be
students of secondary school in Ekiti Local
in terms of mailed questionnaire or
Government of Kwara State.
questionnaire delivered personally by the
Samples of students and staff are researcher, especially where the
drawn from twenty secondary schools respondents could be easily reached. The

14
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
questionnaire has two parts; Part A and The questionnaires provide
Part B. The items in the accurate data due to the process of
questionnaire were structured pre-testing in the selected sample
(closed ended) and unstructured to maintain validity. The
(open ended). The structured researcher enlighten the sampled
questions measured the subjective staff to make them aware of the
responses to clarify the objective need of the study. This ensures
responses and at the same time, validity of the data collected.
enhance formulation of
3.6 RELIABILITY OF THE
recommendations of the study. The
INSTRUMENT
researcher used trained research
assistants to collect data. According to Devellis (1991),
as cited by Mugenda, (2004)
Interview involves a face to face
reliability is the proportion of
contact between the researcher and the
variance attributable to the time
respondents which the respondents are
measurement of a variable and
posed with questions which he/she is
estimates the consistency of such
expected to respond to.
measurement over time from a
3.5 VALIDITY OF THE research instrument. It is a
INSTRUMENT measure of the degree to which a
research instrument would yield
Validity establishes the
the same results or data after
relationship between the data and
repeated trials. In order to ensure
the variable or construct of
reliability the researcher issued the
interest. Its estimates how
questionnaires to the respondents,
accurately the data obtained in a
collected them and checked on the
study represents a given variable
responses. After two weeks the
or construct in the study
questionnaires were re-tested by
(Mugenda, 2014). To ensure
administering it again to
accuracy of the data the researcher
respondents with the same
pre-tested the questionnaires and
characteristics. This ensured
analysed the results and made
internal consistency of the
corrections on the questions that
questionnaire and affirmed the
were not clear.

15
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
responses from the selected 3.8 PROCEDURE FOR DATA
sample. ANALYSIS

In order to ensure reliability The main statistical technique used

of the study, the research in the data analysis in this study was
pretested the research and through simple percentage embedded in a
administered the questionnaire tabular format. This consists of tabulations
more than once. and simple percentage presentation of
data. In the course of the study, the data
3.7 PROCEDURE FOR DATA
obtained were broken down to their
COLLECTION
constituent parts and the statistical
The main procedure used by the calculations apply to the raw data.
researcher for collection of data for this According to Miles and Huberman
project work is through questionnaire (2014) data analysis is an iterative process.
administration. Weimer (1995) stated that Data analysis consists of three activities:
data collection is the process of gathering Data reduction, Data display, and
and measuring information on targeted Conclusion drawing/verification”.
variables in an established systematic The Chi-square statistical analysis
fashion, which then enables one to answer will be adopted in testing the formulated
relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. hypothesis in this research project. The
Chi-square model to be adopted is thus
With a representative sample, that
specified below:
is, one that is representative of the larger
(X2)= E (o-e)2
population of interest, the researcher was
able to obtain each respondents opinion e
2
(X ) = Chi-Square
will respect to the research topic. By doing E = summation
this, the researcher is able to make O = observed
E = expected frequency
adequate inference that is a true
representation of the larger population 4.1 Data Analysis
which in this case is the opinion of the In this research, one
entire secondary school students in Ekiti hundred and twenty (120) copies of
Local Government of Kwara State. questionnaire were administered
and only eighty (80) questionnaires
was returned and duly completed

16
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
by the respondents. The who completed the questionnaire
questionnaire formed the basis of while Section B deals with the
the researcher’s analysis and main questions relating to the
conclusion. The questionnaire is research work. The responses
divided into two sections. Section A received were analyzed with the
deals with the demographic data of use of percentages. The data were
the respondents, this is to manually processed and the data
determined the caliber and are recorded in tabular form.
competence of the respondents
4.2 Answering the Research Question(s)
Table 4.1: Analysis of Questionnaire
Questionnaire Number Number not Percentage Percentage
Administered Returned Returned Returned not
Returned
120 80 40 66.67% 33.33%
Source: Field Survey, 2017
Table 4.1 above shows that 80 questionnaire was returned out of the
120 questionnaire administered. This implies that 120 was the sample size
that was used for this research out of the population of the entire staff
selected from Public secondary school students in Ekiti Local Government of Kwara
State.
4.3 Hypotheses Testing
Testing of the hypothesis formulated for this study will be done using
the chi-square hypothesis testing method. It examines whether two samples
are different and is commonly used when the variances of two normal
distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample
size.
The Chi-square formular is: (X2)= E (o-e)2
e

17
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Where

E = summation

O = observed frequency

E = expected frequency

HYPOTHESIS TESTING ONE

H0: There is no relationship between the use of ICT on the Student

Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local
Government of Kwara State.
H1: There is relationship between the use of ICT on the Student Academic
Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local Government of
Kwara State.

Using the chi-square (X2) analysis thus (X2)= E (o-e)2

e

(X2) = Chi-Square

E = summation

O = observed

E = expected frequency

By recalling Table 4.9 as shown below:

TABLE 4.2: There is a good relationships between ICT and student academic

performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local Government of Kwara State?

OPTION OPTION NO OF PERCENTAGE

SIZE RESPONSES %

Strongly 5 16 20.0

Agree

Agree 4 30 37.5

18
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Undecided 3 10 12.5

Disagree 2 8 10.0

Strongly 1 16 20.0

Disagree

TOTAL 80 100

Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

Chi-Square Tabular Calculations

TABLE 4.2 A

Variable F ∑(f) Mean SD (Xcal) (Xtab) Decision

H0 16 46 0.56 7 53.55 2.0 H0
30 Rejected
H1 8 24 0.30 4
16
Void 10
(Undecided)
Total 80 80

TABLE 4.2 B

0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2/E

5 16 -11 121 7.56

4 30 -26 676 22.53

3 10 -7 49 4.90

2 8 -6 36 4.50

1 16 -15 225 14.06

X2 = 53.55
Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

19
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
X2 calculated (Xcal)= 53.55

Hence compare X2 0 with the value of the chi-square distribution

using 5% level of significance and degree of freedom of

(uf)= (colum-1) (vom-1)

(3-1) (2-1) is calculate from table

(2) (1) = 2

X2 tabulated (Xtab)= 2.0

Decision Rule:

Based on the results obtained as showed in the table above, the calculated
result (Xcal) is greater than the tabulated result (Xtab) that is Xcal (53.55) >
Xtab (2.0), we will therefore reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that states that:
There is no relationship between the use of ICT on the Student Academic
Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local Government of
Kwara State and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which state that:
There is relationship between the use of ICT on the Student Academic
Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local Government of
Kwara State.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING TWO

H0: ICT can not aid student assimilation in Public Secondary Schools in
Ekiti Local Government of Kwara State.
H1: ICT can aid student assimilation in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti
Local Government of Kwara State.

Using the chi-square (X2) analysis thus (X2)= E (o-e)2

e

(X2) = Chi-Square

E = summation

O = observed

E = expected frequency

20
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
By recalling Table 4.12 as shown below:

TABLE 4.3: ICT can aid student assimilation in Public Secondary

Schools in Ekiti Local Government of Kwara State?

OPTION OPTION NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE %

SIZE

Strongly Agree 5 44 55.0

Agree 4 32 40.0

Undecided 3 2 2.5

Disagree 2 1 1.25

Strongly 1 1 1.25

Disagree

TOTAL 80 100

Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

Chi-Square Tabular Calculations

TABLE 4.3 A

Variable f ∑(f) Mean SD (Xcal) (Xtab) Decision

H0 44 76 0.95 6 60.56 2.0 H0
32 Rejected
H1 1 2 0.025 0
1
Void 2
(Undecided)
Total 80 80

21
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018

TABLE 4.3 B

0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2/E

5 44 -39 1521 34.56

4 32 -28 784 24.50

3 2 1 1 0.50

2 1 1 1 1.00

1 1 0 0 0.00

X2 = 60.56
Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

X2 calculated (Xcal)= 60.56

Hence compare X2 with the value of the chi-square distribution Table

using 5% level of significance and degree of freedom of

(uf)= (colum-1) (vom-1)

(3-1) (2-1) is calculate from table

(2) (1) = 2

X2 tabulated (Xtab)= 2.0

Decision Rule:

Based on the results obtained as showed in the table above, the calculated
result (Xcal) is greater than the tabulated result (Xtab) that is Xcal (60.56) >
Xtab (2.0), we will therefore reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that states that:
ICT can not aid student assimilation in Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti
Local Government of Kwara State and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1)
which state that: ICT can aid student assimilation in Public Secondary
Schools in Ekiti Local Government of Kwara State.

22
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018

HYPOTHESIS TESTING THREE

Ho: Students’ utilization of ICT gadgets does not depend on the size of the
school.
H1: Students’ utilization of ICT gadgets depend on the size of the school.

Using the chi-square (X2) analysis thus (X2)= E (o-e)2

e

(X2) = Chi-Square

E = summation

O = observed

E = expected frequency

By recalling Table 4.12 as shown below:

TABLE 4.4: Students’ utilization of ICT gadgets does not depend on the

Size of the School?

OPTION OPTION NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE %

SIZE

Strongly Agree 5 2 2.50

Agree 4 2 2.50

Undecided 3 4 5.0

Disagree 2 40 50.0

Strongly 1 32 40.0

Disagree

TOTAL 80 100

Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

23
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018

Chi-Square Tabular Calculations

TABLE 4.4 A

Variable F ∑(f) Mean SD (Xcal) (Xtab) Decision

H0 2 4 0.05 0 73.78 89.53 H0
2 Accepted
H1 40 72 0.9 4
32
Void 3 4
(Undecided)
Total 80 80

TABLE 4.4 B

0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2/E

5 2 3 9 4.50

4 2 2 4 2.00

3 8 -5 25 3.13

2 40 -38 1444 36.10

1 32 -31 961 30.03

X2 = 73.78
Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2017

X2 calculated (Xcal)= 73.78

Hence compare X2 with the value of the chi-square distribution Table

using 5% level of significance and degree of freedom of

(uf)= (colum-1) (vom-1)

(90.53-1) (2-1) is calculate from table

(89.53) (1) = 89.53

24
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
X2 tabulated (Xtab)= 89.53

Decision Rule:

Based on the results obtained as showed in the table above, the calculated
result (Xcal) is less than the tabulated result (Xtab) that is Xcal (73.78) < Xtab
(89.53), we will therefore Accept the null hypothesis (Ho) that states that:
Students’ utilization of ICT gadgets does not depend on the Size of the
School and reject the alternative hypothesis (H1) which state that: Students’
utilization of ICT gadgets depend on the Size of the School.

4.4 Discussion of Findings student assimilation in Public

Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local
From the research so far, the
Government of Kwara State and
following findings were made:
accept the alternative hypothesis
Based on the results (H1) which state that: ICT can aid
obtained by analysing data from student assimilation in Public
table 4.9, the calculated result Secondary Schools in Ekiti Local
(Xcal) is greater than the tabulated Government of Kwara State.
result (Xtab) that is Xcal (53.55) >
Finally, based on the results
Xtab (2.0), the researcher therefore
obtained as showed in the Table
reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that
4.15, the calculated result (Xcal) is
states that: There is no
less than the tabulated result
relationship between the use of ICT
(Xtab) that is Xcal (73.78) < Xtab
on the Student Academic
(89.53), the researcher Accept the
Performance in Public Secondary
null hypothesis (Ho) that states
Schools in Ekiti Local Government
that: Students’ utilization of ICT
of Kwara State and accept the
gadgets does not depend on the
alternative hypothesis (H1) which
Size of the School and reject the
state that: There is relationship
alternative hypothesis (H1) which
between the use of ICT on the
state that: Students’ utilization of
Student Academic Performance in
ICT gadgets depend on the Size of
Public Secondary Schools in Ekiti
the School.
Local Government of Kwara State.
5.1 Conclusion
Analysis from Table 4.12 also
From the discussions, the
indicated that the calculated result
(Xcal) is greater than the tabulated following conclusions are drawn:
result (Xtab) that is Xcal (60.56) > The ICT infrastructure of the
Xtab (2.0), the researcher therefore
public secondary schools in Ekiti
reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that
local government of Kwara State is
states that: ICT can not aid

25
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
poorly developed, unevenly Basing on the findings of
distributed and inadequate. this study, in order to improve on
However, some ICT resources like ICT and learning, the following
computer lab, projectors and recommendations may be
television sets were considered to considered.
be fairly available. Though not fully There is need for public secondary
adequate, the schools recognizes schools in Ekiti local government
the need for ICT resources in its of Kwara State to invest more in
academic endeavors and as such computers and related technology
there is already something to build as means of not only solving
on. accessibility problem but
ICT access in the different improving on the presence of the
public secondary schools for both facilities especially computers in
teaching staff and students was the classroom and computer lab.
not well attended to. The biggest More infrastructures such as
challenge still affecting easy access printers, computers, projectors
to ICT facilities in the schools should be put in place by the state
remains the limited number of ICT and the local government
resources which does not match authorities for more practice and
with the ever increasing student utilization.
population. But there was at least There is a need to maintain
something in place to build on internet connection in the schools
though still was limited to and connect more computers to
computers. the internet.
To a large extent, students The schools should then liberalize
training in ICT in the Schools was accessibility of internet and e-mail
mainly limited to hardware part in the institution in form of
identification. Little attension was establishment of ICT resource
given to Ms Office suits and other centers where all software can be
application packages. accessed.
All in all, public secondary schools
5.2 Recommendations in Ekiti local government of Kwara
State should liase withe the

26
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
government to provide more for the research work titled
computers to close in the digital “IMPACT OF ICT ON STUDENTS’
gap. PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC
Students should endeavor to SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN EKITI
acquire themselves what can be LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF KWARA
afforded or visit commercial ICT STATE”. Please tick the correct
providers like internet café to option as appropriate.
access ICT facilities.
SECTION A: Demographic Data
5.3 Sugestion for Further Studies
1. Age Distribution of
Since ICT is relatively a new in the Respondents: 20-30years ( ),
teaching and learning process a lot of 31-40years ( ), 41-50years (
research is needed to be carried out. This ), 51-60years ( ), 61years
study has exposed many things that could and above ( )
not all be covered. The researcher thus 2. Respondents’ Marital Status:
recommends the following possible Single ( ), Married ( ),
research areas. Divorced ( ), Widowed ( )
3. Respondents’ Educational
1. The link between technology and
authentic learning in higher institutions of Qualification: NCE/OND ( ),

learning BSc/HND ( ), MSc/MBA ( )

4. Respondents’ Work
2. Students‟ perception and use of the
Experience: Below 5years (
internet as a hub for learning in public
), 6-10years ( ), 11-15years (
secondary schools
), 16years and above ( )
3. The effect of modern technology on 5. Respondents’ Cadre in the
students' performance in other local Organization: Non-Teaching
government in Kwara State other than Staff ( ), Teaching Staff ( ),
Ekiti local government. Student ( )

APPENDIX
SECTION B: Research Questions
QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is part of the 6. There is a good relationships

final assessment for data collection between ICT and student academic

27
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
performance in Public Secondary Undecided ( ), Disagreed ( ),
Schools in Ekiti Local Government Strongly Disagreed ( )
of Kwara State? Strongly 10. BARRIERS TO
Agreed ( ), Agreed ( ), EFFECTIVE TEACHING
Undecided ( ), Disagreed ( ), METHODOLOGY CAN BE
Strongly Disagreed ( ) PREVENTED USING
7. INFORMATION AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY ENHANCE TECHNOLOGY? Strongly
EFFECTIVE Agreed ( ), Agreed ( ),
COMMUNICATION? Undecided ( ), Disagreed ( ),
Strongly Agreed ( ), Agreed ( Strongly Disagreed ( )
), Undecided ( ), Disagreed ( 11. ICT can aid student
), Strongly Disagreed ( ) assimilation in Public
8. STAFF IN EKITI LGA PUBLIC Secondary Schools in Ekiti
SCHOOLS NEEDS Local Government of Kwara
INFORMATION AND State? Strongly Agreed ( ),
COMMUNICATION Agreed ( ), Undecided ( ),
TECHNOLOGY TO Disagreed ( ), Strongly
ENHANCE THEIR SERVICE Disagreed ( )
DELIVERY? Strongly Agreed 12. THERE ARE MANY
( ), Agreed ( ), Undecided ( HINDRANCES PREVENTING
), Disagreed ( ), Strongly EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION
Disagreed ( ) OF ICT IN PUBLIC
9. STAFF IN THE SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN
REQUIRES EFFECTIVE EKITI LGA? Strongly Agreed
TRAINING IN ORDER TO ( ), Agreed ( ), Undecided (
ADEQUATELY MAKE USE ), Disagreed ( ), Strongly
OF INFORMATION AND Disagreed ( )
COMMUNICATION 13. INFORMATION AND
TECHNOLOGY? Strongly COMMUNICATION
Agreed ( ), Agreed ( ), TECHNOLOGY GIVES
ROOM FOR CHECK AND

28
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
BALANCES IN THE on the Size of the School?
TEACHING AND LEARNING? Strongly Agreed ( ), Agreed (
Strongly Agreed ( ), Agreed ( ), Undecided ( ), Disagreed (
), Undecided ( ), Disagreed ( ), Strongly Disagreed ( )
), Strongly Disagreed ( )
14. Students’ utilization of
ICT gadgets does not depend

Reference
Abobakar, S.A and Ghassan, A (2010). ICT and Knowledge
Framework for Development. National Computer conference.
Anyasi, F.I, Onianwa, C.U, Akpadia, V.O.A , Idiakheua, L.O and
Ebegba, D (2012). Promoting Sustainable Development in Nigeria
through Information and Communication Technology. A Journal
of Electronics and Communication Engineering. 3(1), 05-11
Ayannuga, O.M.(2009). Information Communication Technology and
Counselling. Edited by Amao Kehinde. Nigeria, bashy print.
Hughes,S and Johnston,P(2005). Sustainable future: Policies for Global
Development, futures, 37(8), 813-831.
Jekayinoluwa, J. R and OJO, O.S (2010). Challenges and Prospects
of Information and Communication Technology in Teacher
Education Curriculum. South West Journal of Teacher Education,
Vol. 3(1), 583-597
Major,N.B.(2013). The role of information communication Technology
(ICT) in Enhancing the Quality Assurance Procedures of Nigerian
Universities: A Review of Literature. International Journal of
Educational Foundations and Management. 1(1), 42-48
Nworgu, B.G (2007). The indispensability of ICT in Educational
Research in Information Communication Technology in the service
of Education. Editted by D Ezeh and Nkadi Onyegebu. Enugu. Timex
Publications
Ogunwale, Y.E, Olaleye, V.O and Oyedemi, OA.(2010). Harnessing ICT

29
Ibrahim Ismail
22nd January, 2018
Devices to Boost Teaching –Learning Process in Democratized
Secondary Schools in Osun State.

Paul, R (2010). Issues Concerning the Role of Information and

Communication Technology (ICT’s) in Developing Sustainable
Tourism. Tourism Workshop South- West Journal of Teacher
Education, vol.3, 598-614.
Sukanta,S(2012). The Role of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in Higher Education for the 21st Century. The
science Probe. 1(1), 30-41
Uwabueze, A.U and Ozioko, R (2011). Information and Communication
Technology For Sustainable Development in Nigeria. Library
philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 600
Vasslios,M (2012). ICT in Education for sustainable Development.
UNESCO ICT in Education, news letter
Yusuf, M.O(2007). Trends and Barriers on the Integration and
Communication Technology in the Nigerian Schools System.
Published July, 2010.
Zurich,S (2013). ICT for Sustainability. ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

30