International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Heat transfer improvement of a wet fin under transient response with a

unique design arrangement aspect
Balaram Kundu a, Ranjan Das b, Pramod A. Wankhade a, Kwan-Soo Lee c,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
c
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea

articleinfo abstract

Article history: A unique design arrangement for longitudinal and pin fins involving surface dehumidification is proposed
Received 19 June 2018 for improving the fin’s heat transfer enhancement under transient operating condition. The new design
Received in revised form 21 August 2018 arrangement involves dual primary fin surfaces. For the present analysis, the assessment of Fourier
Accepted 23 August 2018 and non-Fourier effects is made, and a closed form solution methodology involving separation of vari-
ables is adopted to evaluate the fin performance. The proposed closed form methodology for the non -
Fourier heat transfer effect in the wet fin is well-validated with the corresponding numerical solution
Keywords: obtained under finite differencing framework. Furthermore, for a dry surface condition, the validation
New fin design of the present non-Fourier model is done with the pertinent results available in the literature. The
Dual primary surface Fourier and the non-Fourier heat transfer effects are investigated with various design variables of the
Non-Fourier and Fourier effect
wet fin and surface conditions. It is highlighted that the effect of air dehumidification in fins promotes
Instantaneous fin performance
waviness in the temperature distribution. The efficiency is determined to be higher in the case of the lon-
Dehumidification
gitudinal fin than that of the pin fin, whereas, an opposite behavior is revealed in terms of the fin effec -
tiveness. Higher fin efficiency is observed at lower values of the Fourier number and higher values of the
Vernote number. It is apparent from the present study that the proposed new fin design considerably
enhances the rate of heat transfer as compared to the conventionally used design. Additionally, the pro -
posed design results in a compact geometry that in turn provides addition al mechanical strength result-
ing in the savings of space utilization and costs related to fin manufacturing.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction quite apparent that most researchers considered the conventional

New fin designs and the determination of optimum fin shapes
are the epicentre of the recent research on heat transfer enhance-
ment. The upcoming applications in refrigeration and air condi-
tioning require new modifications in fin design, which can
efficiently transfer heat under at low temperatures. In these appli-
cations, the fin base temperature is subjected at a lower value than
the dew point temperature of the surrounding air striking the fin
surface to form a very thin saturated moisture layer on it, which
in turn induces combined heat and mass transport phenomenon.
For steady state conditions, a considerable amount of research
work is carried out to determine the fin efficiency and performance
with simultaneous heat and mass transfer [1–4]. The porous wet
fins were also studied by many researchers to calculate the perfor-
mance of fins with different geometries [5–8]. Furthermore, it is
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ksleehy@hanyang.ac.kr (K.-S. Lee).
fin geometries with different boundary conditions for the fin per-
formance analysis and shape optimization [9–12]. In the conven-
tional type of fin geometries, the base of the fin is subjected to a
finite temperature, whereas, the fin tip is maintained either under
an adiabatic condition or subjected to heat convection.
It is evident that in any heat transfer phenomenon, transient
analysis is invariably pertinent in many engineering applications
such as electronic cooling, heat exchangers, aerospace applica-
tions, to name a few. However, most of the previous studies on
transient fin heat transfer are based on the Fourier law of heat
conduction, which suffers from practical limitations because of
the ignorance of the thermal relaxation time. This behavior of
the heat transport is observed by various researchers, and they
proposed alterations in the conventional Fourier’s heat conduction
law [13,14]. Later on, for the non-Fourier heat conduction analysis,
Cho and Juhng [15] considered the thermal wave characteristics of
the heat flux in a finite slab subjected to periodic surface heating.
Lewandowska [16] compared the Cattaneo hyperbolic and the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.08.110
0017-9310/© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1240 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251

Nomenclature

A humidity ratio parameter, see Eq. (3) T2 base temperature at primary surface II for isotherm base
A1, A2, A3, A4 dimensionless variables defined in Eq. (10) temperature or cold fluid temperature adjacent to the
Ac fin cross-sectional area (m2) base surface II for convection boundary condition (°C)
B condensation parameter, see Eq. (3) (°C—1) Tr reference temperature, T r ¼ T 1 (°C)
Bi Biot number, ht=k UðXÞ; V ðsÞ functions depend on X and s for fins with convection
Bi1 Biot number at the first primary surface, h1L=k base condition qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Bi2 Biot number at the second primary surface, h2 =L k Ve Vernotte number, s r a =L2
Cj dimensionless constant which is dependent on Eigen w width of longitudinal fin (m)
value x coordinate starting from fin base (m)
cp specific heat (J kg —1 K—1) X dimensionless coordinate, x=L
D0; D1i; D2i notations used, see Eqs. (15a) and (15d) Xm location of X having a minimum dimensional tempera-
E i ; Ej variables, see Eq. (15a) ture (m)
EðXÞ ;ð FÞ s Z0 fin parameter, see Eq. (3)
functions depend on X and s for isothermal base con-
dition Greek letters
Gi variable defined in Eq. (15c) a thermal diffusivity, qk c(m 2 s —1)
p
h convection heat transfer coefficient (Wm —2 K—1)
bj dimensionless variable defined in Eq. (15d)
hfg latent heat of condensation of moisture (J kg—1)
eð sÞ instantaneous fin effectiveness
h1; h2 convective heat transfer coefficient at first and second
hðX; sÞ dimensionless fin temperature, ðT— a Þ ðT—=ÞT a Tr
the primary surfaces, respectively (W m —2 K—1)
hb dimensionless fin base temperature ðT a — T b Þ=ðT— a Þ Tr
hm mass transfer coefficient (kg m—2 s—1)
hd dimensionless dewpoint temperature
i; j integer numbers
ðT—a Þ T
ð b—= ÞT a T r
I1j; I2j variables defined in Eqs. (16b) and (16c), respectively
hL dimensionless temperature of base II ðT a — T 2 Þ=ðT— a Þ Tr
k thermal conductivity (Wm—1K—1)
hp dimensionless temperature parameter, see Eq. (3)
L fin length (m)
w fin aspect ratio, t=L
Le Lewis number
s Fourier number, at 0 =L2
m dimensionless fin parameter used in Eq. (3)
sr thermal relaxation time (s)
n notation is used to differentiate between longitudinal
O function used for the separation of variables
and pin fins; n ¼ 1 for longitudinal fin and n ¼ 2 for
CðXÞ spatial function, see Eq. (6)
pin fin.
ki; kj Eigen values, see Eq. (13a) and (13b)
p fin perimeter (m)
g ð sÞ instantaneous fin efficiency
pa ambient pressure (Pa)
/ðX; sÞ dimensionless local fin temperature, h + hp
Q dimensionless heat transfer rate through a fin
/0 dimensionless fin base temperature, hb + hp
t fin semi-thickness (m)
/L dimensionless fin base II temperature, hL + hp
t0 time (s)
/ ð Xm; sÞ maximum value of u at location Xm
t⁄ dimensionless geometry for longitudinal fin, t=w
x specific humidity of saturated air adjacent to the fin sur-
T local fin surface temperature (°C)
face (kg of water vapor per kg of dry air)
Ta ambient temperature (°C)
xa specific humidity of surrounding air (kg of water vapor
Tb fin base temperature at primary surface I as shown in
per kg of dry air)
Fig. 1 (°C)
Td dewpoint temperature (°C) xd specific humidity of air at dew point temperature (kg of
water vapor per kg of dry air)
T1 base temperature at primary surface I for isotherm base
n dehumidification parameter, hfg=cpLe 2=3 (°C)
temperature or cold fluid temperature adjacent to the
base surface I for convection boundary condition (°C) q density of fin material (kg m—3)

classical parabolic models of heat conduction in the irradiated
laser materials and obtained the analytical solution for a one-
dimensional, semi-infinite body with insulated boundary. Fan
and Lu [17] used a numerical scheme involving the boundary ele-
ment method to model the non-Fourier heat conduction effect in a
single-phase media. An experimental study of the non-Fourier
heat conduction effect in materials with non-homogenous struc-
ture was studied by Roetzel et al. [18]. The study revealed the
existence of the non-Fourier effect in the bulk heat conduction
behavior of the studied materials. A comparison between the
Fourier and non-Fourier heat conduction models is reported by
Loh et al. [19]. In their work, the stability analysis of the asymp-
totic waveform evaluation technique was highlighted. Lin et al.
[20] studied the Soret effect on the heat and mass transfer phe-
nomenon within a slab using Laplace transformations. It was high-
lighted that the temperature profiles involve discontinuities when
the relaxation-time in the non-Fourier heat conduction is consid-
ered. The finite element method in conjunction with a linear least-
squares error technique was demonstrated by Wang [21]
for direct and inverse analyses of an irregular shaped body involv-
ing non-Fourier heat conduction. An inverse heat transfer analysis
of a combined radiative-conductive problem using the lattice-
Boltzmann and finite volume methods in combination with the
genetic algorithm was carried out by Das et al. [22]. Ahmadikia
and Rismanian [23] analytically studied the Fourier and the non-
Fourier hyperbolic heat transfer models subjected to periodic
boundary conditions using the Laplace transformation method.
The thermal shock generated at the base of the fin is found to
move towards the fin tip and is again reflected from the tip. The
study demonstrated that the relaxation time has a significant
influence on the temperature distribution of the fin. For dry fins
of different geometries involving internal heat generation, Kundu
and Lee [24] used an analytical technique to evaluate the thermal
response described by Fourier and non-Fourier laws of heat con-
duction. The temperature response of the non–Fourier model
and its deviation against the Fourier model is highlighted to design
parameters such as Fourier and Vernotte numbers. A two-
dimensional analysis of differentially heated cavity involving
 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of longitudinal and pin fins with asymmetric cooling on both the ends.
simultaneous radiation and non-Fourier heat conduction was
reported by Sasmal and Mishra [25], and the effects of different
thermo-physical parameters were studied.
From the above literature survey, it is highlighted that many
researchers have analyzed the heat and mass transfer phenomenon
in fins with respect to its geometry, efficiency and performance.
The boundary conditions such as constant fin base temperature
along with insulated and/or convective fin tip conditions are
adopted to make the thermal analysis simple which is just a
hypothesis in practical applications. So far, the analysis of wet fins
has been done considering only one primary surface [26]. How-
ever, for a given fin length, the rate of heat transfer in fins near
the tip is not same as that at the base. Hence, for a fin with a con-
stant thickness, the fin material is not effectively used, so, fins of
variable thickness can be considered in such situations as an alter-
native. For efficient heat transfer, fin thickness is required to be
thin for enlarging the surface area and thus, from a manufacturing
point of view, the consideration of the variable thickness of a fin is
almost impossible in practical design problems. This difficulty may
be avoided by using two base surfaces where a fin is attached. With
this novel consideration, it not only enhances the heat transfer but
also increases the rigidity of the structure. On the other hand, tran-
sient temperature response in wet fins is not yet investigated for
such type of configurations. Nevertheless, in all practical opera-
tions for transferring heat, transient phenomenon always exists
initially to reach a steady state condition with a high value of time.
1241
Based on the above design aspects, the present research work has
been motivated.
In this study, the authors attempted a non-Fourier heat conduc-
tion based wet fin problem involving two base surfaces with longi-
tudinal and pin fins profiles. In the proposed novel fin design
arrangement, the fin is attached to two primary surfaces at both
ends, called fin bases. Thus, it is an innovative attempt to provide
a new fin design arrangement which is compact in size and may
reduce the overall manufacturing cost. The effects of wet surface
conditions, Fourier and Vernotte numbers on the fin performance
are also examined. A comparable result is shown to understand
the deviation of the non-Fourier model from the Fourier one. It is
important to mention here that at high values of the Vernotte
number (discussed in the next section), the non-Fourier heat con-
duction becomes important, whereas, at its very low values, the
conventional Fourier heat transfer model is relevant. Therefore,
the present study is more generalized.
2. Mathematical model
A schematic diagram of longitudinal and pin fins with semi-
thickness t, width w, and length L is shown in Fig. 1. Assuming
non-Fourier heat conduction [17], the governing equation for one-
dimensional heat transfer with constant heat transfer coeffi-
cient under the effect of dehumidification is written by considering
a relaxation time s as,
1242 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
! (
@2 T ph phm q cp @ 2 T @T at X ¼ 0 ðs > 0Þ; @/
¼ Bi1 ð/ — /0 Þ
sr 02 þ 0 @X
þ ðT a — TÞ þ ðxa — xÞ hfg ¼ k @t @t ð1Þ ðConvected base conditionsÞ
@x2 k Ac kAc at X ¼ 1 ðs > 0Þ; @X¼ —Bi 2ð/ — / LÞ
@/

In air cooling applications, the fin surface is covered with satu- ð5dÞ
rated humid air. The humidity ratio of saturated air, x is as a func- T —T
a 2
tion of temperature according to the psychrometric relationship. /0 ¼ 1 þ hp ; /L ¼ hL þ hp ; hL ¼ ; ð5eÞ
From the chart, this relationship can be approximated by a linear Ta — Tr
one ðx ¼ A þ BTÞ , for a small temperature variation in the fin for where Bi1 = h1L/k and Bi2 = h2L/k. T 2 is the fluid temperature in case
the above application [1]. Eq. (1) can be written in dimensionless of convection at the base surface II and it is also temperature of the
form as base surface II for the isothermal base. It may be noted that two Biot
@2 / 2 2 @2 / @/ numbers Bi1 and Bi2 come due to the heat transfer from the primary
— m / ¼ Ve @ s2 þ ð2Þ surfaces at both ends of the fin to the refrigerating fluid. The initial
@X 2 @s and boundary conditions for the solution of Fourier heat transfer
where written in governing Eq. (4) can be taken as expressed in Eqs.
T —T x sffiffiffiffiffiffiffi at 0 k (5a), (5c) and (5d). Here it is to highlight that the initial temperature
¼ ph
;
;X¼ kAc ; s ¼ q cp
h a ; Z0 ¼ L ;a ¼ parameter
temperature.hp might be zero asconditions
The boundary the fin surface
givenisin
at Eq.
the surrounding
(5) are non-
T a — Tr L L2 homogeneous to solve Eq. (2). To obtain an analytical solution, sep-
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi aration of variables can be employed which can be initially required
sr a m t ht t
Ve ¼ ; t ¼ ; Bi ¼ ; w ¼ ; to convert it into homogeneous equations [27] using new variables
L 2 w k L
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi hfg as,
B i2 2=3 ;
m ¼ ½ð2 — nÞ t m þ n] w ð1 þ BnÞ; / ¼ h þ hp; n ¼ cpLe / ðX; sÞ ¼ C ðXÞ þ X ðX; sÞ
ðx — A — BT Þ n x T — x dTr d
x — xr ð6Þ
hp ¼ a a ;A¼ rd ;B¼ ; ð3Þ Eq. (2) can be written by using Eq. (6) based on the separation of
ðTa — T r Þ ð1 þ BnÞ T d — Tr Td — Tr
the dependent variables as,
and Tr and Td are the reference temperature and dewpoint temper-
ature, respectively. This reference temperature is equal to the fluid d2C
temperature at the first base (base-I) for the convection boundary 2 — m2 C ¼ 0 ð7aÞ
dX
condition and the first base temperature for the isothermal bound-
ary condition. and,
If the Vernotte number, Ve reduces to zero, Eq. (2) becomes a @2 X 2 2 @2X @X
governing equation for Fourier heat conduction in fins, i.e. — m X ¼ Ve @ s2 þ ð7bÞ
@X 2 @s
@2 / 2 @/ For the solution of Eq. (7), the initial and the boundary condi-
2 —m /¼ ð4Þ
@X @s tions are obtained by combining Eqs. (5) and (6) as,

Generally, for one-dimensional heat conduction analysis two at s¼0 ð0 6 X 6 1Þ; C ðXÞ þ X ðX; sÞ ¼ hp ð8aÞ
boundary conditions associated with fin tip and fin base are con-
sidered. The base temperature is assumed to be constant and the @ X ðX; sÞ
tip to be insulated for making the analysis simple for a conven- at s¼0 ð0 6 X 6 1Þ; ¼0 ð8bÞ
@s
tional fin with a single base surface. For this arrangement, heat .
transfer ability from the fin surface near the tip reduces, and as a CðXÞ ¼ /0
at X¼0 ðs > 0Þ; ðConstant base temperature Þ
whole, the material of constant thickness fins does not effec- tively XðX; sÞ¼ 0
participate in transferring heat. Alternatively, varying thick- ness ð8cÞ
fins can have overcome this adverse design circumstance. On the
other hand, there are always difficult to manufacture and fab-
ricate for variable thickness fins. In view of these design con- at X ¼ 0 ðs > 0Þ;
( ð Þ
d C X — Bi ½CðXÞ — / ] ¼ 0
straints, in the present study, a fin having two base surfaces dX
1 ð8dÞ
@ X ðX;sÞ
ðConvected base conditionÞ
has been considered to improve the heat transfer rate. Unlike 0@X — Bi1 X ðX; s Þ¼ 0
conventional fins, fin tip is also attached to a primary surface.
Therefore, an individual fin is attached to two primary surfaces at X ¼ 1 ðs > 0Þ;
at both ends, these primary surfaces are considered as isothermal .
CðXÞ ¼ /L ð8eÞ
bases and convected bases in separate boundary conditions. Here ðConstant base temperatureÞ
it may be noted that in the present work, fin tip does not exist as XðX; s Þ ¼ 0
two base surfaces attached to ends of the fin. For the solution of
Eq. (2), possible practical initial and boundary conditions (Fig. 1) at X ¼ 1ðs > 0Þ;
( dCðXÞ
dX þ Bi2 ½CðXÞ — /L ] ¼ 0
are written mathematically as ð8fÞ
at s 0 06X 61 Xs 5a @X ðX;sÞ þ Bi X ðX; s Þ¼ 0
ðConvected base conditionÞ
¼ ð Þ; /ð ; Þ ¼ hp ð Þ @X 2

The solution of Eq. (7a) is divided into two parts for the isother-
@/ ðX; sÞ
at s¼0 ð0 6 X 6 1Þ; ¼0 ð5bÞ mal base and the convection base, that can be obtained from
@s boundary conditions (8c), (8e), and (8d), (8f), respectively as,
.
at X ¼ 0 ðs > 0Þ; /ðX; sÞ ¼ /0
ðConstant base temperaturesÞ CðX /0 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] þ /L sinhðmxÞ ð9aÞ
Þ¼
at X ¼ 1 ðs > 0Þ; /ðX; sÞ ¼ /L sinh m
ð5cÞ and
 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251 1243

CðXÞ ¼ A1 cosh½mð1 — XÞ] þ A2 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] ki ¼ i p for 0; 1; 2; 3; .. . ð13aÞ

þ A3 coshðmXÞþ A4 sinhðmXÞ ð9bÞ Combining Eqs. (11a) and (12d) yields,
kj ðBi1 þ Bi2 Þ
where k ¼ jp — tan—1 ] for 0; 1; 2; 3 . . . ð13bÞ
2
A1¼ /0 mBi1 ð10aÞ
j ½
Bi1Bi2 — kj
ðm2 þ Bi1 Bi2 Þ sinh m þ mðBi1 þ Bi2 Þ cosh m Eigenvalues, ki and kj are determined from Eqs. (13a) and
(13b), respectively. Here it can be noted that in order to deter-
Bi1 Bi2 /0
A2 ¼ ð10bÞ mine kj, Newton-Raphson iterative method has been employed
ðm2 þ Bi 1Bi 2Þ sinh m þ mðBi1 þ Bi 2Þ cosh m to solve the transcendental Eq. (13b) for each value of j. The final
iterative value of kj has been evaluated by satisfying the neces-
/L Bi2 m sary and sufficient convergence criteria. The necessary conver-
A3 ¼ ð10cÞ
ðm2 þ Bi1 Bi2 Þ sinh m þ mðBi1 þ Bi2 Þ cosh m gence criterion is taken as 10—6. From Eqs. (6)–(11), / X;ð s can Þ
then be derived for isotherm bases and convected bases,
Bi1 /L Bi2 respectively as
A4 ¼ ð10dÞ
ðm2 þ Bi1 Bi2 Þ sinh m þ mðBi1 þ Bi2 Þ cosh m

8 X
1
2 sinðki XÞGi
> D1i—D2i
½D eD2i s — D eD1i s ]for 1 — V 2 ðk2 þ m2 Þ > 0
>
>
>
< i¼0 1i 2i e i
/0 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] þ /L sinhðmxÞ
ðX; sÞ ¼ þ X
1 2 sinðk XÞ ð1 — D sÞeD0 s for 1 — V 2 ðk2 þ m2 Þ ¼ 0 ð14aÞ
i i 0 e i
/
sinh m G
> i¼0
2Gi
X
1 ½E cosðE sÞ — D sinðE sÞ]eD0 s sinðk XÞfor 1 — V 2 ðk2 þ m2 Þ < 0
>
: Ei i i 0 i i e i
n1 ¼0

and
/ðX; sÞ ¼ A1 cosh½mð1 — XÞ] 8
þ A2 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] þ A3 coshðmXÞ
X 1
> C cosðb — k XÞeD0 s ½ðD þ E Þe—Ej s — ðD — E ÞeEj s ] for 1 — 4V 2 ðZ 2 þ k2 Þ > 0
j j j 0 j 0 j e 0 j
j¼0
>< X
1
þ A sinhðmXÞþ C cosðb — k XÞð1 — D sÞ eD0 s for 1 — 4V 2 ðZ 2 þ k2 Þ ¼ 0 ð14bÞ
4 j j j 0 e 0 j
j¼0
>
j
X
1
>
: C cosðb j — k jXÞ eD0 s ½E cosðE sÞ — D sinðE sÞ ] for 1 — 4V 2 ðZ 2 þ k2 Þ < 0
j¼0
j j 0 j e 0 j
In order to determine X ðX; sÞ Eq. (7b) can be solved by product ðD1i ; D2i ; D1j ; D2j Þ
method. For this method, it is assumed that X ðX; sÞ ¼ EðXÞFðsÞ for qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiffiffi1
0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð Þ ¼ ð Þ ðÞ —1 T 1 — 4Ve ðm2 þ k Þ
—1 T 1 — 4Ve2 ðm2 þ k2 Þ
constant temperature base and X X; s U X V s for convected 2Ve2 A
base conditions, respectively. Using this relationship, Eqs. (7b) ¼@
i
;
j
and (8) can be expressed by separating the two variables as 2Ve2 ð15aÞ
d2E þ k2E ¼ 0 & d2U þ k 2 U ¼ 0 ð11aÞ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1
0qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
4 Ve m2 1
dX2 dX2 ðEi; EjÞ¼ @ 4Ve ðm2 þ ki Þ— 1 ð þ kj Þ —
A ð15bÞ
d2 F dF 2 d2 V dV ;
2 2 2 2 2 2Ve 2 2Ve 2
Ve þ þ Fðm þ k Þ¼ 0 & Ve þ þ V ðm þ k Þ ¼ 0 hp ki
d s2 ds ds2 ds G ¼ ð1 — cos k Þ —
ð11bÞ i i ð/0 — /L cos ki Þ ð15cÞ
ki ðk2i þ m2 Þ
EðXÞFð0Þþ C ðXÞ¼ hp & UðXÞ V ð0Þþ C ðXÞ¼ hp ð12aÞ and . Σ
1 Bi1
dFð0Þ VFð0Þ ðD0 ; b Þ ¼ — ; tan—1 ð15dÞ
j
¼0 & ¼0 ð12bÞ 2Ve2 kj
ds ds
From the orthogonal condition, the constant ’Cj’ is determined
Eð0Þ¼ 0 & Eð1Þ¼ 0 ðConstant base temperatureÞ ð12cÞ from the initial condition expressed in Eq. (12a) and can be written
explicitly for convected base condition as follows:
dUð0Þ @Uð1Þ 8
— Bi1 Uð0Þ ¼ 0 & þ Bi2 Uð1Þ > I I ;
2kj —1
1 — 4Ve2 ðZ 2 þ k2 Þ > 0

Cj j 0 j
ð16aÞ
¼
@X @X
¼ 0 ðConvected base conditionÞ ð12dÞ 2j
>
>
<
: Ej 1j 1 0 j
4k —
4kjj II—11 j1 II2j ;
2j ; 1 1—— 4Ve
4Ve 2 ðZ
2 ðZ 2 þ2k2 Þ < 0
0 k Þj ¼ 0
2 þ
From Eqs. (11a) and (12c) one can obtain the following
relationship: where
1244 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251

I1j ¼ ½2kj þ sinð2bj Þ — sinf 2 ðbj — kj Þ g ] ð16bÞ / av ðsÞ

gð Þ ¼ s ð19Þ
/ðX m ; sÞ
and
where / ðX m ; s Þis the maximum dimensionless temperature param-
hp
I2j ¼ fsin bj — sinðbj — kjÞg eter. The fin effectiveness is estimated from the following equation:
kj
Σ A1 ½n þ ð2 — nÞt m ]/av
— 2 kj coshð Þ —sin bjð — kÞj sin bj kj
2 ðmÞ
eðsÞ ¼ ð20Þ
ð j
mþ k Þ wð/0 þ /L Þ
Σ
þm sinhðmÞ cosðbj Þ where /0 and /L are the temperature parameter at the base of the
A2 fin from which x-coordinate starts and ends, respectively. Here it
— 2 ½kj sinhðmÞ sinðbj Þ — m cosðbj — kj Þ can be noted that for the determination of /0 and /L in case of con-
ðm þ k2j Þ
ð16cÞ vective base boundary conditions, the fin temperature distribution
þ m coshðmÞ cosðbj Þ]
A3
— 2 ½kj sin bj — kj coshðmÞ sinðbj — kj Þ
ðm þ k2j Þ
þ m sinhðmÞ cosðbj — kjÞ]
A4
— 2 ½m coshðmÞ cosðbj — kj Þ — m cosðbj Þ
ðm þ k2j Þ
— kj sinhðmÞ sinðbj — kjÞ]
In the case of Fourier heat transfer, the following temperature
distributions can be derived from Eqs. (4), (5a), and (5c) for the
isothermal bases and from Eqs. (4), (5a) and (5d) for the convected
bases and they can be written, respectively as
/0 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] þ /L sinhðmxÞ
/ðX; sÞ ¼
X 1
2 sinh
2 m
2 e—ðk þm Þ s sinðk X hp 1 — cos k Þ
þ i
i Þ½ ð i
i¼1
ki
ki
— 2 ð/0 — /L cos ki Þ] ð17aÞ
ðk i þ m2 Þ

and

/ðX; sÞ ¼ A1 cosh½mð1 — XÞ]X

1 A2 sinh½mð1 — XÞ] þ A3 coshðmXÞ
þ
2 2
þ A sinhðmXÞ þ 4k I—1 · I e—ðm þk Þs cosðb — k XÞ Fig. 2. Comparison of temperature distribution in fins obtained from the present
4 j 1j 2j j
j j
work and the published work for consideration of the dry surface having a single
j¼0
base.
ð17bÞ
The average temperature in the fin is determined from Eq. (17)
by the integration as
Z1
/av ðsÞ ¼ /ðX; sÞ dX ðs > 0Þ ð18aÞ
X¼0

To determine the fin efficiency under the transient response

based on non-Fourier heat transfer, the ideal heat transfer rate
in wet fins can be determined using the instantaneous minimum
fin surface temperature and it is evaluated from the temperature
expression written in Eq. (14) by varying the spatial coordinate
X. However, it is noted that in case of the Fourier heat transfer,
the minimum wet fin temperature is always the base tempera-
ture. In this paper, two base surfaces with different tempera-
tures are considered from which the base maintaining a lower
temperature is required to be taken. The instantaneous actual
heat transfer rate ðq Þ and ideal heat transfer rate ðqÞi can be
evaluated based on the integral approach written in dimension-
less forms as
8 R1
< Q ðsÞ ¼ qðsÞ
hpLðTa—Tr Þ
¼ ð1 þ BnÞ X¼0 /ðX; sÞ dX
q ðsÞ
; ð18bÞ
: Q i ðsÞ ¼ hpLðTi a —T r Þ ¼ ð1 þ BnÞ /ðX m ; Þ s
where X m is the location having a minimum dimensional tempera-
Fig. 3. Comparison of temperature distributions in wet fins predicted by the
ture. From the definition, the instantaneous efficiency can be deter-
present analytical and numerical methods ðBi ¼ 0:01, w ¼ 0:05, s ¼ 0:1, Ve ¼ 0:1,
mined by using Eqs. (18a) and (18b), and the following expression is Bi1 ¼ 10:0, Bi2 ¼ 5:0, tm ¼ 0:01, RH ¼ 100%, T a ¼ 32 ○ C, T 1 ¼ 1 ○ C, T 2 ¼ 4 ○ C,
obtained: pa ¼ 1:013 barÞ.
 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
for non-Fourier and Fourier heat transfer (Eqs. (14) and (17)) is
used.
3. Results and discussion
Besides many research work presented by earlier researchers,
this paper is proposing a novel fin design criterion and fin arrange-
ment to study the fin behavior. Two different boundary conditions
are applied to investigate the effect of dehumidification of air on
heat conduction under Fourier and non-Fourier laws. Dimension-
less parameters like Fourier number, Vernotte number, and Biot
number at the two primary base surfaces are selected. A closed
form classical technique involving the separation of variables is
used to determine the instantaneous fin performance under the
above laws.
Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the present results of the non-
Fourier wet fin problem with reference to the published work
[24]. The work also involves non-Fourier heat transfer, but with a
dry fin surface and a single base. Therefore, to assess the local tem-
perature profiles, one of the fin bases of the present work is main-
tained under convective condition with Biot number, Bi1 = 10,
Fig. 4. Non-Fourier temperature distribution in wet fins as a function of dimensionless time
1245
whereas, the analysis for another end of the fin is made at a very
low Biot number, Bi2 = 0.01. The dehumidification parameter, n in
the present study is taken zero for obtaining a dry surface condi-
tion. The transient heat transfer on the dry surface of the fin at
low values of Vernotte number and Fourier number shows the
temperature distribution pattern of the present work accurately
matches with the previous analysis reported by Kundu and Lee
[24].
Fig. 3 depicts a comparison of the temperature distribution in
wet fins predicted by the present analytical and numerical meth-
ods. For the numerical solution, the finite difference method
involving central differencing for space discretization and implicit
scheme for the time is used. The analysis is carried out for the set of
various thermo-physical parameters as indicated in Fig. 3. The fin
tips are attached on both sides to the primary surfaces as shown
in Fig. 1. To study the temperature distribution of the fin surface,
the temperatures at both the primary surfaces are maintained at
different temperatures as indicated before. Here it can be demon-
strated that the temperature difference between two primary sur-
faces is kept low to avoid the formation of thermal stresses as it
may affect the fin geometry. As compared with the second base
surface, a higher value of Biot number, Bi1 = 10.0 at first base
s.
1246 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
surface shows the higher rate of convection. As intuitive, for both
longitudinal and pin fins, the temperature distribution pattern
for constant base temperature and convected base conditions
shows a similar trend. Near the middle part of the curve shows
the lowest temperature value similar to the fin tip behavior of a
conventional fin when the base is at either a constant temperature
or a convection condition and the tip is insulated. The minimum
temperature at exactly the middle section occurs if both the ends
of a fin are maintained with a similar boundary condition. There-
fore, it can be well inferred that the present system of fin design
results in a better fin performance. The present analytical results
are verified with the numerical solution, and both are found well
in line with each other.
Next, a systematic study has been carried out to identify the
effect of dehumidification of air on the fin surface for refrigeration
and air conditioning applications. To generate the results, some
design values have been taken constant as Bi ¼ 0:01, w = 0.05,
tm ¼0:01, Pa = 1.013 bars, T 1 ¼1 ○C, T 2 ¼4 ○C, Ta = 32 °C, and
RH = 100%. It may be noted that these design values have been
taken arbitrarily to have a result trend from the present analysis.
Other values can be chosen in order to obtain unknown parameters
depending upon the design requirement.
Fig. 5. Fourier and non-Fourier temperature response in fins as a function of different design conditions.
Fig. 4 shows the non-Fourier local temperature distribution in
wet fins as a function of dimensionless time at different values of
the Fourier number, s. The results have been presented for differ-
ent fin geometries (i.e., longitudinal and spine) with convected
base (Fig. 4a and b) and isothermal (Fig. 4c and d) base conditions.
Fig. 4(a) and (b) indicate that, while the Fourier number, s
increases, the spatial temperature in the fin approaches the respec-
tive base temperatures to reach a steady temperature. Further-
more, at lower values of Fourier number, the curve shows a
peculiar nature for dominating non-Fourier nature towards the
middle part of the curve, which indicates slower heat conduction
rate and faster surface heat transfer. Both the geometries show
similarity in its curve behaviour. Fig. 4 (c) and (d) represent the
isothermal base condition for longitudinal and pin fins, respec-
tively. The primary surfaces are maintained at different tempera-
tures while studying the non -Fourier heat conduction behaviour
in fins. It can be seen that at lower values of Fourier number and
a specific Vernotte number the heat wave observes more amplitude
and takes considerable time to become steady. For the constant
base temperature, an irregular variation is seen in the
non-Fourier temperature distribution in the fin as a function of s.
It is important to note that, though the fin is maintained at
 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
different temperatures at both the primary surfaces, its almost
middle part behaves like the conventional fin tip which is self-
explanatory to prove the correctness of the solution presented
here. Now it is clear to visualize from these figures to show the
temperature response in fins as a function of s to achieve a stable
temperature. As the non-Fourier fin equation is a hyperbolic nat-
ure, the transient temperature response may have not always a
consistent trend to reach a stable state from an unstable condition.
However, the stable state does not depend on the method of heat
conduction in fins whether Fourier or non-Fourier approach.
The variation in the mean temperature response with Fourier
number is studied in Fig. 5. For longitudinal and pin fins with dry
and wet surface conditions, the Fourier and the non-Fourier tem-
perature responses under both isothermal and convective condi-
tions of the fin base are recorded. As seen in Fig. 5, at lower
values of s, the difference in the temperature response between
Fourier and non-Fourier models is remarkable due to finite speed
of heat propagation for non-Fourier model, but this difference
Fig. 6. Fin efficiency for non-Fourier heat transfer.
1247
gradually declines with s. At higher values of s, these two values
become the same as the speed of thermal wave in the non-
Fourier model approaches to that in the Fourier one. However, at
low Fourier number, the non-Fourier temperature response looks
sinusoidal in nature for the hyperbolic governing equation. The
mean line of this wave may be a Fourier temperature response. It
is also seen that in comparison with dry fins, the dehumidification
effect on the wet fin surface enhances the waviness and increases
the number of frequencies in the thermal wave. This shows that
the non-Fourier heat conduction is more sensitive to the wet sur-
face than the dry surface. In case of convective base conditions,
the temperature response is relatively smoother than the isother-
mal base condition probably because of less restricted movement
of the heat wave.
Next, the effects of boundary conditions along with dehumidifi-
cation effect, Fourier number, and Vernotte numbers have been
examined about the temperature distribution in the fin. The non-
Fourier heat transfer dominates with the condensation due to the
1248 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251

resistance provided by the thin layer of condensate formed on the
fin surface. Fig. 6 depicts the influence of the Vernotte number on
the fin efficiency for both the base and fin surface conditions. Dif-
ferent values of Ve are used to model the non-Fourier heat conduc-
tion. At low value of s and high value of Ve, increased fin efficiency
is seen. This is probably because, initially, the fin surface tempera-
ture and the base temperature are almost equal due to time lag in
heat wave propagation. The dry fin surface always has higher fin
efficiency as it has less thermal resistance than in wet fins involv-
ing a thin layer of condensate. The efficiency of the longitudinal fin
is slightly more than the pin fin because of its less temperature
variation in the fin from the fin base to tip.
As stated earlier, the primary focus of the present study is to
determine the fin efficiency and fin performance in a novel fin
design arrangement. From Fig. 7, it can be said that the pin fin is
more effective than the longitudinal fin for both the base condi-
tions. The temperature difference between the fin surface and fin
base in non-Fourier heat transfer is very less during initial time.
As pin fin has comparatively higher surface area exposed to sur-
rounding, the fin base behaves as a unique system without fin
and dissipates heat to the surrounding.
Next, an exercise has been devoted to understand the merit of
the present work to the existing/conventional work. The conven-
tional fin has one base which is attached to the primary surface,
and the tip is exposed to the surrounding fluid. For the analysis
of conventional fins, the tip surface is considered as an insulated
condition whereas this end surface is attached to another primary
surface for the present case with convection or isothermal condi-
tion. Fig. 8 depicts the temperature distribution in the fin with
dry and wet surfaces at an instant s ¼ 1 for the convection base
condition for the present and conventional cases. The temperature
distribution in conventional fins gradually decreases from the base
to the tip as shown in Fig. 8. Therefore, the conventional fin has less
ability to augment heat transfer near the tip area zone and it has

Fig. 7. Fin effectiveness for non-Fourier heat transfer.

 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251 1249

been clearly understood from this figure. On the other hand, this
adverse aspect can be minimized with considering the present
design aspect to have an increased potentiality of a fin to transfer
heat from both the end lateral surfaces. The temperature distribu-
tion in the fin in case of the present model gradually decreases
until to reach a minimum value and after that temperature
increases. Fig. 8a is drawn for a longitudinal fin and Fig. 8b is for
a spine. In comparison, the dimensionless surface temperature of
a spine is a little bit smaller than that of a longitudinal fin. This
implies that the dimensional temperature of wet pin fins is slightly
higher than the longitudinal fin with an identical design
parameter.
Fig. 9 has been plotted the average temperature of wet longitu-
dinal and pin fins as a function of dimensionless time. The results
have been shown from the analysis of non-Fourier heat transfer. A
comparison of average temperature for the conventional and the
present design fin has been illustrated in this figure. This study
has been conducted for the dry surface also. The dimensionless
average temperature of the present configured fin is always high
in comparison to the conventional fin. However, it can be noted
that higher the dimensionless temperature hav lowers the dimen-
sional temperature. This leads to maintain a higher value of tem-
perature difference between the surrounding air and fin surface
for wet fins. This design aspect may have justified the advantage
of the present design fin on the basis of the enhancement of heat
transfer rate.
The main objective of the present study is to have a high heat
transfer rate through a fin with the present analysis with respect
to the conventional case. For this study, Fig. 10 has been plotted.
Both Fourier and non-Fourier analyses have been used to predict
the dimensionless heat transfer rate Q as a function of Fourier
number. The mathematical expression of Q for both longitudinal
and pin fins has been taken in dimensionless form as follows:
Bin
Q¼ ð1 þ BnÞ ½1 þ 2ð2 — nÞ t m ]/av ð21Þ
w
From Fig. 10, it can be envisaged that the heat transfer rate is
strongly dependent upon the Fourier number s towards its lower
value for both Fourier and non-Fourier heat transfer. However, a
strong dependency has been obtained for the non-Fourier heat
transfer within this time span. On the other hand, there is no differ-
ence in heat transfer between Fourier and non-Fourier models at
the steady state condition. A considerable difference in heat transfer
rate between the present study and the conventional case has been
obtained at a high value of s which indicates a superiority of the
present model as well from the heat transfer rate point of view.

Fig. 8. Comparison of temperature distribution in wet fins between present and conventional cases at Ve = 0.5 and s¼ 1.0.

Fig. 9. Comparison of average temperature of dry and wet fins as a function of Fourier number between present and conventional cases for Ve = 0.5.
1250 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
Fig. 10. Comparison of heat transfer rate in wet fins as a function of Fourier number between present and conventional cases for Ve = 0.5.
The temperature distribution, fin efficiency, and performance
are studied in the present analytical work with a unique fin
arrangement with considerable enhancement in fin performance
and efficiency being observed. This shows that the novel fin design
proposed by the authors can be an innovative step in the fin design
which provides the enhanced heat transfer rate for low-
temperature range applications. It reduces the manufacturing cost
and provides simple design solution with improved robustness
without compromise on the performance. The conclusions derived
from the present study are discussed next.
4. Conclusions
In this work, a novel fin design involving two base surfaces is
proposed for heat transfer enhancement of wet fins of different
geometries. A generalized transient analysis involving non-
Fourier closed-form analytical solution has been obtained for
describing both Fourier and non-Fourier heat conduction phe-
nomenon. A closed form solution is obtained to compute the tem-
perature distribution, the overall fin efficiency and fin effectiveness
with two fin geometries operating under a fully wet condition. The
following conclusions can be drawn from this study,
(1) The present study introduced a new fin design arrangement
that yields better thermal performance and efficiency com-
pared with the other fins.
(2) The dehumidification effect in wet fins augments waviness
in the temperature response.
(3) The overall fin efficiency of the longitudinal fin is found to be
somewhat more than that of the pin fin under both dry and
wet surface conditions.
(4) At low value of Fourier number and high value of Vernotte
number, more fin efficiency is observed.
(5) Pin fin is found to be more effective than longitudinal fin for
both the base conditions of operation.
(6) Using the proposed design, considerable heat transfer
enhancement over conventional design is observed in the
transient performance of longitudinal and pin fins.
(7) The novel fin design suggested in the paper considerably
reduces the space. It reduces the manufacturing cost, pro-
vides simple and practical design without compromising
its performance.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No.
2016R1A2B4012954).
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that there was no conflict of interest in prepar-
ing this manuscript.
References
[1] M.H. Sharqawy, S.M. Zubair, Efficiency and optimization of an annular fin with
combined heat and mass transfer- An analytical solution, Int. J. Refrig. 30
(2007) 751–757.
[2] B. Kundu, D. Barman, S. Debnath, An analytical approach for predicting fin
performance of triangular fins subject to simultaneous heat and mass transfer,
Int. J. Refrig. 31 (2008) 1113–1120.
[3] R. Das, B. Kundu, Direct and inverse approaches for analysis and optimization
of fins under sensible and latent heat load, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transf. 124
(2018) 331–343.
[4] K. Kim, K.S. Lee, Characteristics and performance evaluation of surface-treated
louvered-fin heat exchangers under frosting and wet conditions, Int. J. Heat
and Mass Transf. 55 (2012) 23–24.
[5] M. Hatami, G.R.M. Ahangar, D.D. Ganji, K. Boubaker, Refrigeration efficiency
analysis for fully wet semi-spherical porous fins, Energy Convers. Manage. 84
(2014) 533–540.
[6] M. Hatami, D.D. Ganji, Investigation of refrigeration efficiency for fully wet
circular porous fins with variable sections by combined heat and mass transfer
analysis, Int. J. Refrig. 40 (2014) 140–151.
[7] M. Turkyilmazoglu, Efficiency of heat and mass transfer in fully wet porous
fins: exponential fins versus straight fins, Int. J. Refrig. 46 (2014) 158–164.
[8] M.H. Kim, H. Kim, D.R. Kim, K.S. Lee, A novel louvered fin design to enhance
thermal and drainage performances during periodic frosting/defrosting
conditions, Energy Convers. Manage. 110 (2016) 494–500.
[9] C.N. Lin, J.Y. Jang, A two-dimensional fin efficiency analysis of combined heat
and mass transfer in elliptic fins, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 45 (18) (2002) 3839–
3847.
[10] B. Kundu, Analysis of thermal performance and optimization of concentric
circular fins under dehumidifying conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 52 (11–
12) (2009) 2646–2659.
[11] B. Kundu, A new methodology for determination of an optimum fin shape
under dehumidifying conditions, Int. J. Refrig. 33 (2010) 1105–1117.
[12] A. Bhowmik, S. Panda, R. Das, R. Repaka, S.C. Martha, Inverse analysis of
conductive-convective wet triangular fin for predicting thermal properties and
fin dimensions, Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng. 22 (8) (2014) 1367–1393.
[13] C. Cattaneo, A form of heat conduction equation which eliminates the paradox
of instantaneous propagation, Compute Rendus. 247 (1958) 431–433.
[14] M.N. Ozisik, D.Y. Tzou, On the wave theory in heat conduction, J. Heat Transf.
116 (3) (1994) 526–535.
 B. Kundu et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127 (2018) 1239–1251
[15] C.-J. Cho, W.-N. Juhng, Non-Fourier heat conduction in a slab subjected to
periodic surface heating, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 36 (2000) 209–214.
[16] M. Lewandowska, Hyperbolic heat conduction in the semi-infinite body with a
time-dependent laser heat source, Heat Mass Transf. 37 (2001) 333–342.
[17] Q.M. Fan, W.Q. Lu, A new numerical method to simulate the non-Fourier heat
conduction in a single-phase medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 45 (13) (2002)
2815–2821.
[18] W. Roetzel, N. Putra, S.K. Das, Experiment and analysis for non-Fourier
conduction in materials with non-homogeneous inner structure, Int. J.
Thermal Sci. 42 (6) (2003) 541–552.
[19] J.S. Loh, I.A. Azid, K.N. Seetharamu, G.A. Quadir, Fast transient thermal analysis
of Fourier and non-Fourier heat conduction, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 50 (21–
22) (2007) 4400–4408.
[20] H.C. Lin, M.I. Char, W.J. Chang, Soret effects on non-Fourier heat and non-
Fickian mass diffusion transfer in a slab, Numer. Heat Transf., Part A: Appl. 55
(12) (2009) 1096–1115.
[21] C.C. Wang, Direct and inverse solutions with non-Fourier effect on the
irregular shape, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 53 (13–14) (2010) 2685–2693.
1251
[22] R. Das, S.C. Mishra, T.P. Kumar, R. Uppaluri, An inverse analysis for parameter
estimation applied to a non-Fourier conduction–radiation problem, Heat
Transf. Eng. 32 (6) (2011) 455–466.
[23] H. Ahmadikia, M. Rismanian, Analytical solution of non-Fourier heat
conduction problem on a fin under periodic boundary conditions, J. Mech.
Sci. Technol. 25 (2011) 2919–2926.
[24] B. Kundu, K.-S. Lee, A non-Fourier analysis for transmitting heat in fins with
internal heat generation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 64 (2013) 1153–1162.
[25] A. Sasmal, S.C. Mishra, Analysis of non-Fourier conduction and radiation in a
differentially heated 2-D square cavity, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 79 (2014) 116–
125.
[26] P.A. Wankhade, B. Kundu, R. Das, Establishment of non-Fourier heat
conduction model for an accurate transient thermal response in wet fins,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 126 (2018) 911–923.
[27] B. Kundu, K.S. Lee, Thermal design of an orthotropic flat fin in fin-and-tube
heat exchangers operating in dry and wet environments, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transf. 54 (25–26) (2011) 5207–5215.