ASSIGNMENT 2: MEC 442

Assumption:

1. The water is at room temperature

2. Water flow is nearly steady due to large reservoir (v1 = v2 = 0)
3. The water is incompressible
4. The pressure is at atmospheric (P1 = P2 = Patm)

Solution:

 Viscosity of water at room temperature (T=20oC) = 1.004 x 10-6 m2/s

 Density of the water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
 No turbine applied (hturbines = 0)

𝑯𝒐 𝟒𝟎 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑄 = 24.74 𝐿𝑝𝑚

𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙 =√ = √ = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟕 𝑳𝒑𝒎
𝜶 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝐻 = 0

From Bernoulli Equation:

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + 𝒉𝑳 + 𝒉𝒕
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝑯𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 ) + 𝒉𝑳

𝒉𝑳 = 𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 + 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓

𝑽𝟐 𝑳 𝑽𝟐
= ∑ 𝑲𝑳 ( ) + 𝒇 ( ) ( )
𝟐𝒈 𝑫 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐 𝑳
= ( ) [𝒇 ( ) + ∑ 𝑲𝑳 ]
𝟐𝒈 𝑫

𝑽𝟐 𝑳
∴ 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 ) + (𝟐𝒈) [𝒇 (𝑫) + ∑ 𝑲𝑳 ] …………………… (1)
To find V,

𝑸 = 𝑽𝑨

𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 → 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝑳𝒑𝒎
𝒔

𝑸 𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑽= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝑨 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟎𝟑)𝟐
( )
𝟒

Valve 1 losses coefficient 2.0

Valve 2 losses coefficient 6.8
Elbow losses coefficient (3 total elbow) 0.34 each
Entrance losses coefficient 0.5
Exit losses coefficient 1.05

Table 1: Minor losses coefficients

∑ 𝑲𝑳 = 2.0 + 6.8 + 3(0.34) + 0.5 + 1.05

= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕

Substitute ∑ 𝑲𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 & 𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟐 into (1)

0.5822 40
𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = (6.7) + ( ) [𝑓 ( ) + 11.37]
2(9.81) 0.03

= 6.7 + 0.0173(1333.33𝑓 + 11.37)

= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟔 + 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝒇………………………………………(2)

𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝑯𝒐 − 𝜶𝑽̇𝟐 ; 𝑽̇ = 𝑸 (𝑳𝒑𝒎)

= 𝑯𝒐 − 𝜶𝑸𝟐

= 40 − 0.053 (24.74)2

= 40 − 32.43

= 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎
 To find friction factor:

𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅

7.56 = 6.896 + 23.06𝑓

∴ 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖

Substitute 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖 into (2)

𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 6.896 + 23.06𝑓

= 6.896 + 23.06 (0.028)

= 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎

 We verify our results is by comparing 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 & 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 at flow rate 𝑸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝑳𝒑𝒎

To find Reynolds Number

𝑽𝑫 (0.582)(0.03)
𝑹𝒆 = =
𝒗 1.004 × 10−6

= 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟒 (𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕)

 Pipe roughness = 0.000028 m

 Pipe diameter = 0.03 m

𝜺 0.000028
Relatives roughness, =
𝑫 0.03

= 𝟗. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

To find Friction factor, use Colebrook Equation:

𝜺
𝟏 𝑫 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
= −𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 ( + )
√𝒇 𝟑. 𝟕 𝑹𝒆√𝒇
Plot Graph Volume Flow Rate, Q (Lpm) vs Head, H (m)

Reynolds Number,
Q (Lpm) Q (𝒎𝟑 /𝒔) V(m/s) Friction factor, f Hloss (m)
Re
0 0.00000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0000
5 0.000083 0.117 3496.0 0.0424 0.0474
10 0.000167 0.236 7051.8 0.0351 0.1651
15 0.000250 0.354 10577.7 0.0319 0.3443
20 0.000330 0.466 13924.3 0.0299 0.5671
25 0.0004167 0.589 17599.6 0.0285 0.8729
27.4 0.000457 0.647 19332.7 0.0280 1.0391
30 0.000500 0.707 21125.4 0.0275 1.2238

Table 2: Data for head pump loss

Q (Lpm) Hrequired (m) Havailable (m)

0 6.70 40.00
5 6.75 38.66
10 6.87 34.70
15 7.04 28.08
20 7.28 18.80
25 7.57 6.88
27.4 7.74 0.21
30 7.92 -7.70

Table 3: Data for Hrequired and Havailable

 45

40

35

30
Head, H (m)

25

H available (m)
20
Operating H required (m)

15 point

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume Flow Rate, Q (Lpm)

Graph 1: Head, H (m) vs Volume Flow Rate, Q (Lpm)

 To find the value of HRequired and HAvailable, we assume the values of the Volume
Flow Rate

Sample Calculation:

When Q = 10 L/min When Q = 20 L/min

𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝑯𝒐 − 𝜶𝑄 2 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝑯𝒐 − 𝜶𝑄 2
= 40 − 0.053(102 ) = 40 − 0.053(202 )
= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟎

𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 ) + 𝒉𝑳 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 ) + 𝒉𝑳

= 6.7 + 0.3443 = 6.7 + 0.5671
= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟕 = 𝟕. 𝟐
New Assumptions:

1. The water is at room temperature

2. Water flow is nearly steady due to large reservoir (v1 = v2 = 0)
3. The water is incompressible
4. The pressure is at atmospheric (P1 = P2 = Patm)

Solution:

 Viscosity of water at room temperature (T=20oC) = 1.004 x 10-6 m2/s

 Density of the water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
 No turbine applied (hturbines = 0)
 No elevation for the reservoir (Z1 = Z2 = 0)
 Length of pipe, L = 340 m

From Bernoulli Equation:

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + 𝒉𝑳 + 𝒉𝒕
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝑯𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝒉𝑳

𝑽𝟐 𝑳
𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = ( ) [𝒇 ( ) + ∑ 𝑲𝑳 ]
𝟐𝒈 𝑫

Q (Lpm) Hrequired (m) Havailable (m)

0 0.000 40.00
5 0.343 38.66
10 1.161 34.70
15 2.382 28.08
20 3.876 18.80
25 5.912 6.88
27.4 7.013 0.21
30 8.229 -7.70

Table 4: Data for Hrequired and Havailable ; (L=340m)

 45

40

35 H Required (m), L=340m

H Available (m)
30
H Required (m), L=40m
Head, H (m)

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume Flow Rate, Q (Lpm)

Graph 2: Head, H (m) vs Volume Flow Rate, Q (Lpm)

 Based on graph 2, the Volume Flow Rate, Q is 25.3 Lpm

 The HRequired is 6.1 m (based on the graph)

To find V:
𝑸 = 𝑽𝑨

𝑸 = 25.3 𝐿𝑝𝑚 → 0.000425 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑸 0.0004216
𝑽= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑨 𝜋(0.03)2
( )
4

Reynold Number:

𝑽𝑫 (0.596)(0.03)
𝑹𝒆 = =
𝒗 1.004 × 10−6

= 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 (𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕)
𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝑯𝒐 − 𝜶𝑄 2

= 40 − 0.053(25.32 )

= 𝟔. 𝟎𝟕

∴ 𝑯𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

In conclusion, with apply critical knowledge in order to redesign the pump by using
certain parameters. The experiment shows, the relationship between Head and Volume Flow
Rate. The higher the flow rate, the lower the Head. Based on the calculation, we can choose
the correct pump and reduces while choosing the pump. With altering the high between the
reservoirs, the flow rate also can be changed.