CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Intelligent Footboard Accident Prevention System is an Automated

Accident Prevention system to prevent the accidents occurring due to footboard
travelling in buses. A major portion of the population depends upon the public
transport system especially buses for their daily commute and large number of
accidents take place almost every day. Every year a large number of passengers
die due to accidents caused by footboard travelling in buses. The negligence of
either driver or passenger can result in a tragedy. So by developing an intelligent
system in buses the passenger safety is assured.

1.2 INNOVATION
With the help of sensors placed on the footboard the presence of passenger
is detected by the microcontroller and the circuit actuates the retarder which is
coupled with the drive of the bus. The retarder slows the bus by when signal is
received by the microcontroller. When the passenger presence is detected on
footboard by the sensor, the acceleration pedal is deactivated, thereby preventing
the driver from accelerating the bus. Thus the bus comes to rest smoothly when
passenger is present on the footboard. The system will be deactivated when the
doors are closed. The risk of sudden braking is eliminated by the use of the
retarder.

1
1.3 ELECTRICAL RETARDER
A retarder is a device used to augment or replace some of the functions of
primary friction-based braking systems, usually on heavy vehicles. Retarders
serve to slow vehicles, or maintain a steady speed while traveling down a hill,
and help prevent the vehicle from "running away" by accelerating down the hill,
are not usually capable of bringing vehicles to a standstill, as their effectiveness
diminishes as vehicle speed lowers. They are usually used as an additional
"assistance" to slow vehicles, with the final braking done by a conventional
friction braking system.

As the friction brake will be used less, particularly at higher speeds, their
service life is increased, and since in those vehicles the brakes are air-actuated
helps to conserve air pressure too. Friction-based braking systems are susceptible
to "brake fade" when used extensively for continuous periods, which can be
dangerous if braking performance drops below what is required to stop the
vehicle for instance if a truck or bus is descending a long decline. For this reason,
such heavy vehicles are frequently fitted with a supplementary system that is not
friction-based.

When the passenger presence is detected on footboard by the sensor, the

acceleration pedal is deactivated, thereby preventing the driver from accelerating
the bus. The retarder is Electrical which is a secondary braking System that
enables braking without using the frictional forces thereby damages to the
primary braking system. When passenger is away from the footboard, the
retarders are deactivated and fuel supply is switched on. Thus the safety of
passengers are ensured by the system and the accidents due to footboard
travelling can be prevented effectively.

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SUPPORTING JOURNAL 1
“The Intelligent Footboard Accident Prevention System In
Buses” Kalivarathan (2014), developed an intelligent footboard accident
prevention system using the passive infrared sensor for detecting the passengers
on the footboard. Once the presence of passengers is detected on the footboard,
retarder and accelerator disengaging mechanism are powered and the bus is made
to slow down to rest. The deceleration of the bus causes traffic problems and
discomfort to drivers as well as passengers. The installation procedure of the
above system is very complex and the cost is also high.

2.2 SUPPORTING JOURNAL 2

“Footboard Accident Control By Using Microcontroller” Lu

(2012), developed a device for recording the number of boarding passengers in
the bus at each stop by ultrasonic detector. The ultrasonic detector consists of an
ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver, which is connected to the signal
processing circuit through an analog-digital converter. However, this system only
records the number of passengers in the bus and does not prevent overcrowding
in the bus. It also does not prevent footboard accidents in buses.

2.3 SUPPORTING JOURNAL 3

“Electrical Retarder Circuit Base Mechanism” Etrometa and

Jannis (2015), developed a device for automatic detection and recording of
passengers during boarding or deboarding of the buses by using oscillator circuits
for automatic opening and closing of doors in the buses. However, this system
cannot be implemented in buses without doors.
3
2.4 SUPPORTING JOURNAL 4

“Automatic Deacceleration System In Buses” Rohit (2012),

developed a footboard accident prevention system using accelerator switches and
pressure pad sensors. This system allows the bus to accelerate only when there is
no presence of passengers on the footboard. However, this system can only be
installed in buses with doors and will be not effective in the buses without doors.

2.5 SUPPORTING JOURNAL 5

“Driver Assist SystemTo Prevent Road Accidents” Jayalakshmi (2014),

developed a system to prevent road accidents by using various sensors like LDR
sensor, eye blink sensor, load cells and array sensors. This system shuts down the
engine automatically if the passengers are detected on the footboard. This causes
traffic problems and discomfort to passengers as well as drivers.

4
 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this project is for,

 Ensuring the safety of the passengers who travel on the buses.

 Avoiding the unnecessary foot board accidents caused while
travelling in the buses.
 Providing cost efficient system to the government vehicles
 Can also be implemented on both the urban and rural areas.
 Can also be used on door less buses
 For reducing road accidents
 Providing safe drives while travelling.

5
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

The various steps involved in the design and fabrication of the project are
given below as a flow chart.

Aim

Design & modification

Components required

Construction of main frame

Attachment of motor

Attachment of sensors

Final assembly

6
 CHAPTER 5

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
5.1 TRANSFOMER
The transformer will step down power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-5V)
level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the
precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages
of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC; rest of the
circuits will give only RMS output. The below Fig 5.1 shows that the typical
transformer.

Fig 5.1 Transformer

5.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite
corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a

positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive
potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

7
 The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At
this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass
through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,
through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B Waveforms
(1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from
point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1,
and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3)
and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always
in the same direction.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown

in views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The
peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. The
below Fig 5.2 shows that the typical Bridge rectifier .

Fig 5.2 Bridge Rectifier

8
5.3 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism,
or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate
one or more AC or DC voltages. Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely
used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source,
comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC.

IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed

negative voltage, or an adjustable set voltage. The regulators can be selected for
operation with load currents from hundreds of milliamperes to tens of amperes,
corresponding to power ratings from milliwatts to tens of watts. The below Fig
5.3 shows that the typical Voltage Regulator

Fig 5.3 Voltage Regulator

9
5.3.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig 5.4 Circuit diagram

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from
a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. The series 78
regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly,
the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts.

5.4 IR SENSOR
We have used IR sensor for detect the objects. Infrared transmitter is one
type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called as IR Transmitter.
Similarly IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by the IR
transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be
placed straight line to each other.

10
 We have used IR sensor for detect the objects. Infrared transmitter is one
type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called as IR Transmitter.
Similarly IR Receiver (photo diode) is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by
the IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should
be placed straight line to each other.

The comparator is constructed with LM 741 operational amplifier. In the

comparator IR circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input terminal.
When IR transmitter passes the rays to receiver, the IR receiver is conducting due
to that non inverting input voltage is lower than inverting input.The below Fig 5.
5 shows that the typical IR Sensor

Fig 5.5 IR Sensor

11
5.4.1 IR SENSOR CIRCUIT

Fig 5.6 Circuit Diagram

Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally
called as IR Transmitter. Similarly IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays
transmitted by the IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and
receiver should be placed straight line to each other.

The transmitted signal is given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is

high, the IR transmitter LED is conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver.
The IR receiver is connected with comparator. The comparator is constructed
with LM 741 operational amplifier. In the comparator IR circuit the reference
voltage is given to inverting input terminal. The non-inverting input terminal is
connected IR receiver. When interrupt the IR rays between the IR transmitter and
receiver, the IR receiver is not conducting. So the comparator non inverting input
terminal voltage is higher than inverting input.

12
 Now the comparator output is in the range of +12V. This voltage is given
to base of the transistor Q1. Hence the transistor is conducting. Here the transistor
is act as switch so the collector and emitter will be closed. The output is taken
from collector terminal. Now the output is zero. When IR transmitter passes the
rays to receiver, the IR receiver is conducting due to that non inverting input
voltage is lower than inverting input. Now the comparator output is -12V so the
transistor is cut off region. The 5v is given to 40106 IC which is the inverter with
buffer. The inverter output is given to microcontroller or PC. This IR circuit is
mainly used to for counting application, intruder detector etc.

5.5 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is an AC synchronous electric motor that from a Modelling

perspective looks very similar to a DC motor. Sometimes the difference is
explained as an electronically-controlled commutation system, instead of a
mechanical commutation system, although this is misleading, as physically the
two motors are completely different The below Fig 5.7 shows that the typical DC
Motor

Fig 5.7 DC Motor

13
Three subtypes exist:

 The three-phase AC synchronous motor type has three electrical

connections
 The stepper motor type may have more poles on the stator.
 The reluctance motor has all its poles on the stator, and a magnetic core on
the rotor.
In a conventional (brushed) DC-motor, the brushes make
mechanical contact with a set of electrical contacts on the rotor (called the
commutator), forming an electrical circuit between the DC electrical source and
the armature coil-windings. Sometimes the difference is explained as an
electronically-controlled commutation system, instead of a mechanical
commutation system, although this is misleading, as physically the two motors
are completely different.

5.5.1 DC MOTOR CONTROL CIRCUIT

Fig 5.8 DC Motor Control Circuit

14
 This circuit is designed to control the speed of the 12v motor. Here the
Variable resistor is used to give the different voltage signal to amplifier circuit.
The amplifier circuit is constructed by the LM 741 operational amplifier. The
variable voltage is given to non-inverting input terminal. Then the amplified
signal is given to SL 100 power transistor. The 12v motor is connected in the
transistor side. Depending on the amplified signal current through the transistor
is controlled due to that the motor speed is controlled.

5.6 RELAY

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by
Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher
power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form
of an electrical amplifier. The below Fig 5.9 shows that the typical relay unit.

Fig 5.9 Relay Unit

15
5.6.1 OPERATION

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts
an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either
makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil
is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong
as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity
is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured
to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise.

In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing. If the

coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit
components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay
case.

Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and

resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized
with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This
"shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum
pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

16
5.6.2 RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT

Fig 5.10 Relay Driver Circuit

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil

of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches. For example a low voltage battery
circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. The below Fig 5.11
shows that the typical

Fig 5.11 Relay

17
 The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from
lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is
usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the
relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA
so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily
available. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires
directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of
the relay. The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch
contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the
coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of
contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay
DPDT. The below Fig 5.12 shows that the Symbol of Relay

Fig 5.12 Symbol of Relay

The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the

switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is
off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

18
5.7 MICRO CONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In

modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a
chip; a may include a microcontroller as one of its components. Program memory
in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included
on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote
controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded
systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers
make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. The
below Fig 5.13 shows that the typical Microcontroller

Fig 5.13 Micro Controller

19
5.8 REGULATORS

In electronics, a linear regulator is a system used to maintain a steady

voltage. The resistance of the regulator varies in accordance with the load
resulting in a constant output voltage. The regulating device is made to act like a
variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a
constant output voltage and continually dissipating the difference between the
input and regulated voltages as waste heat. By contrast, a switching regulator uses
an active device that switches on and off to maintain an average value of output.
Because the regulated voltage of a linear regulator must always be lower than
input voltage, efficiency is limited and the input voltage must be high enough to
always allow the active device to drop some voltage.

Linear regulators may place the regulating device in parallel with the load
(shunt regulator) or may place the regulating device between the source and the
regulated load (a series regulator). The below Fig 5.14 shows that the typical
Regulator.

Fig 5.14 Regulators

20
 Simple linear regulators may only contain a Zener diode and a series
resistor more complicated regulators include separate stages of voltage reference,
error amplifier and power pass element. Because a linear voltage regulator is a
common element of many devices, integrated circuit regulators are very common.
Linear regulators may also be made up of assemblies of discrete solid-state
or vacuum tube components.

5.9 U CLAMP

A U-CLAMP is a CLAMP in the shape of the letter U with which fluids

and gasses pass. As such, U-CLAMPs were measured using pipe-work
engineering speak. A U-CLAMP would be described by the size of pipe it was
supporting. U-CLAMPs are also used to hold ropes together.

For example, a 40 Nominal Bore U-CLAMP would be asked for by pipe

work engineers, and only they would know what that meant. In reality, the 40
nominal bore part bears little resemblance to the size and dimensions of the
U-CLAMP.

U-CLAMPs have primarily been used to support pipework, pipes through

u bar/round bar, then a more convenient measurement system needs to be used.

Fig 5.15 U-Clamp

21
 The nominal bore of a pipe is actually a measurement of the inside diameter
of the pipe. Engineers are interested in this because they design a pipe by the
amount of fluid/gas it can transport. As U-CLAMPs are now being used by a
much wider audience to clamp any kind of screw threads on both ends.

5.10 TYRE
A tire (American English) or tyre (British English; see spelling differences)
is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's
load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the
surface traveled over. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles,
are pneumatically inflated structures, which also provide a flexible cushion that
absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface.

The materials of modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber, natural

rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black and other chemical compounds.
They consist of a tread and a body. The below Fig 5.16 shows that the typical
Tyre

Fig 5.16 Tyre

The tread provides traction while the body provides containment for a
quantity of compressed air.

Early rubber tires were soli not pneumatic Metal tires are still used
on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber (or other polymer) tires are still used
in various non-automotive applications.
22
5.11 WIRE
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires
are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals.
Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw
plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of
a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of
such strands, as in "multi stranded wire ", which is more correctly termed a wire
rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.

Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually

circular in cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened
rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for
technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-
wound coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.

Repeated drawing through progressively smaller dies, or traditionally

holes in draw plates. After a number of passes the wire may be annealed to
facilitate more drawing or, if it is a finished product, to maximize ductility
and conductivity.

23
 CHAPTER 6
DESIGN AND POWER SUPPLY
6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER
SUPPLY UNIT
RELAY&DRIVER
PIC MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT

(PIC 16F877A)

MOTOR
IR MODULE CONTROL

Fig 6.1 Block Diagram

6.2 POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which

steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier
then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple
capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some
ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value
even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage
changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular
voltage regulator IC units.

24
6.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD

Fig 6.2 Power Supply Block Diagram

25
 CHAPTER 7
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The first step and the basic function of this system is to detect the
passengers’ presence on the footboard. For detecting the passengers standing on
the footboard sensors are employed.
The different types of sensors employed are:
1. Ultrasonic Sensors
2. Passive Infrared Sensors
3. Pressure sensors.
Among the above sensors, Passive Infrared sensors are more effective for
detecting passenger presence on footboard. The Passive Infrared sensors is a
sensor which measures infrared light waves radiating from objects. All objects
including human with temperature more than absolute zero that is 273K emits
heat energy in the form of radiations. These radiations are in the Infrared region
and not visible to human eyes.
When a passenger stands on the footboard, the Passive Infrared Sensors
detects the temperature variation from temperature of the steps to the human body
temperature. This variation in temperature is converted to voltage which is can
be used to activate the microcontroller system. This Passive Infrared Sensors is
placed on a position in such a way that the detecting area of the sensor covers the
footboard.
The Microcontroller circuit is the processing circuit which controls the
braking mechanism by using the signals from the Passive Infrared sensors as the
input. The circuit is programed to actuate the retarder and disengage the
accelerator when the sensor detects the presence of passenger on the footboard.
The microcontroller also sounds alarm to warn the passenger and the bus crew
along with this.

26
 When the signal from the sensor is received by the microcontroller circuit,
as pre-programmed the circuit disengages the accelerator and actuates the retarder
and sounds the alarm.
The braking system that works automatically when passenger presence is
detected on the footboard should have some special characteristics.
They are:
1. The braking should be smooth and gradual.
2. The braking should not cause any discomfort to passengers.
Retarder is used in the secondary braking system. The above mentioned
properties is often difficult to obtain in a bus by using the actual braking system,
while moving. So a secondary braking system is introduced to overcome this
effect. And retarder is used in the secondary braking system since it is very
compact and easy to install on buses.
Retarders are widely used as a secondary braking system in heavy trucks
and other heavy vehicles to prevent overheating and wear of the primary braking
system when carrying heavy loads. Retarder is installed on the output shaft of the
gearbox. The retarder when switched on generates opposite torque to the output
shaft resulting in the gradual slowing of the vehicle.
The retarder along with the acceleration disengagement mechanism
gradually slows the bus and the bus become idle. Thus the combination of the
retarder and the accelerator disengagement mechanism provides a safe braking of
the bus when passenger presence is detected on the footboard. There are mainly
two types of retarder, and retarder is selected based on the braking torque required
and the space.

27
 CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
8.1 ADVANTAGES
 Easy of maintenance.
 Low power source required.
 Simpler in construction.
 This system mechanism is cost efficient.
8.2 APPLICATIONS
 It can be used in all type of buses.
 It can be used in all the foot related applications.
 This system can also be used in train related applications.

28
 CHAPTER 9

COST ESTIMATION

Table 9.1

AMOUNT
S.No. NAME OF THE QUANTITY
(in rupees)
COMPONENTS

1 +12V Adapter 1 150

2 DC Motor with Encoders 4 1500

3 IR Sensor 1 50

4 PIC Microcontroller 1 700

5 Relay driver 1 350

6 Nut and Bolts 15 60

7 Gears 4 60

8 Cart Board 1 100

9 Wheels 4 3200

10 U Clamp 4 40

TOTAL AMOUNT Rs. 6210 /-

29
 CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
The Intelligent Footboard Accident Prevention System is definitely a
promising system that assures the safety of bus passengers and ensure a very safe
and comfortable journey. The system is designed in such a manner that the system
can be easily installed on buses and affordable.
The system is very efficient in preventing the footboard travelling in buses
and the most important feature of the system is that it is completely automatic and
the bus crew cannot do anything other than allowing the bust to stop when
passenger is present on the footboard. The system if made tamper proof, then we
can assure that footboard traveling in buses is prevented completely.

30
REFERENCES
1. S.Rohit, Shriram.K.Vasudevan, S.Lokesh, K.Ajeet and Vineet Nair, “An
Intelligent and Cost Effective Footboard Accident Prevention System”,
Information Technology Journal, 2013.
2. NishadVivekKumbhojkar&ChaitanyaAvadhutchintanKuber, “Ultrasonic
Automatic Braking System for Forward Collision Avoidance with
Accelerator Pedal Disengagement Mechanism”,(Posted byYuva Engineers
on January 22nd), 2014.
3. Virendra Kumar Mauryal, RiturajJalan, H. P. Agarwal1, S. H. Abdi,
Dharmendra Pal, G. Tripathi and S. JaganRai, “Eddy current braking
Road Accidents in India – 2015.
4. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
Government.
5. G. Kalivarathan, R. PremSankar, Rohith Rajeev, “Intelligent Footboard
Accident Prevention System in Buses”, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Biology, Ecology, Science and Technology (IJARBEST),
6. Lu Guonian, Ye Chun, Sun Rujiang, “Equipment using ultrasonic detector
to record passenger throughput of bus”, Chinese Patent, Application
number – CN 1360288 A.
7. B.V. Etrometa and J.B Leenhouts, “A device for the automatic detection
of passengers getting in and out of public transport vehicles; by applying
said device obtained further device for automatic passenger counting and
device for automatically opening and closing of vehicle doors”.
8. S. Rohit, ShriramK.Vasudevan, S. Lokesh, K. Ajeeth, Vineet Nair, “An
Intelligent and Cost Effective Footboard Accident Prevention System”.

31
PHOTOGRAPHY

TOP VIEW

32
SIDE VIEW

33