LIFE SCIENCE

BIOLOGY RESEARCH PROJECT

TOPIC:CHANGING RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
The Geekay World School
November,2018
Life science

CHANGING RELATIONSHIP OF ANIMALS AND HUMAN AND

EVIDENCES.
S.keerthana

ABSTRACT There is a long history of complex interactions between humans and

animals, predating civilization. The first such interactions included predator-prey
relationships, in which humans were both hunters and the hunted. Later humans
domesticated some animals, using them for food and clothing, transportation and
as beasts of burden, as well as for pets and companions. Recent psychological
studies have revealed changes in human-animal relationships.

A growing body of scientific literature on animal behavior has revealed that both
domestic and wild animals have behavioral patterns that are more diverse and
sophisticated than previously thought. The contemporary state of human-animal
relationship may be characterized as significantly skewed and exploitative to the
benefit of humans. Nevertheless, while humans dominate the planet and control the
fate of virtually all other animal species, they remain dependent on animals in
many ways.

The human-animal relationship depends on a large part on the distinction the

humans make between themselves and other animal species. As anthropology
scholar Elizabeth Lawrence notes "the most important determinant of human
attitudes toward animals and interaction with them is the degree of similarity or
difference that is perceived to exist between people and nonhumans." Lawrence
asserts that opinion regarding the degree of similarity is divided, although there is a
consensus that "mental as well as physical similarities must be perceived to exist."
According to her, the Darwinian evolutionary view implies a continuous human
and animal psychology based on such shared traits.
CHANGING ANIMAL AND HUMAN RELATIONSHIP, 1949-98

Historical trends and contemporary patterns in human-

animal relations have been widely studied over the last 20 years. Accounts span
sociobiological claims that old patterns from humanity's prehistoric past are resurfa
cing now that religious and scientific institutions are no longer marked by policies
of apartheid (e.g. Wilson, 1984, 1993), and historical claims that new relationships
with animals were established in the early modern period (e.g. Thomas, 1983). The
y include ecofeminist arguments (e.g. Noske, 1997; Salleh, 1997), calls for reform
in veterinary practice (e.g. Fox, 1988), critiques of farming (e.g. Johnson, 1991), re
search into the therapeutic effects of companionate relations with animals (e.g. Nie
lson and Delude, 1994), and defences of animal rights (e.g. Singer, 1995). More so
ciological accounts include a feminist literature (e.g. Haraway, 1991; Adams, 1994
), the adaptation of sociobiological arguments (e.g. Bulbeck, 1999), widespread dis
cussion in science and technology studies (e.g. Callon, 1986; Lynch, 1988; Michae
l and Birke, 1994), socio-
historical study of `animal rights' (e.g. Tester, 1992), an emerging `sociology of nat
ure' (e.g. Benton, 1993; Eder, 1996; Macnaghten and Urry, 1998), interactionist an
alyses of human--
animal relations in veterinary hospitals, animal shelters and primate laboratories (e.
g. Arluke and Sanders, 1996) and humanist and phenomenological anthropologies
(e.g. Ingold, 1988, 1995; Noske, 1997). The animality of humans is increasingly str
essed in mainstream sociology (e.g. Maryanski and Turner, 1992; Runciman, 2000
). Franklin (1999) is a recent contributor to that political, practical and analytical di
versity. In this article we describe an empirical test of his argument that changing p
atterns in human-animal relations are effects of the shift to post-
or late modernity in the latter half of the 20th century.
 Fig 1: Comparison of our food with and without animals

REDUCING RELTIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

Animals are mostly used as food, chicken, beef, pork and shell fish being the most
intaked protein supplements.

Fig 2: Consumption of Chicken, Beef, Pork , Fish

Humans have reduced the usage of products obtained from animals after being
aware of the side effects , Cancer being the common one, especially breast cancer.

Fig 3: Growth of vegan products from 2010 to 2015

Animals were used for making cloths too, Beaver were used to make coat and
parchment. Drawn from the accounts of the Hudson’s Bay Company, Table 1
presents some eighteenth century prices of parchment and coat beaver pelts. From
1713 to 1726, before the carotting process had become established, coat beaver
generally fetched a higher price than parchment beaver, averaging 6.6 shillings per
pelt as compared to 5.5 shillings. Once carotting was widely used, however, the
prices were reversed, and from 1730 to 1770 parchment exceeded coat in almost
every year. The same general pattern is seen in the Paris data, although there the
reversal was delayed, suggesting slower diffusion in France of
the carotting technology. As Crean notes, Nollet’s L’Art de faire des
chapeaux included the exact formula, but it was not published until 1765.
A weighted average of parchment and coat prices in London reveals three episodes.
From 1713 to 1722 prices were quite stable, fluctuating within the narrow band of
5.0 and 5.5 shillings per pelt. During the period, 1723 to 1745, prices moved
sharply higher and remained in the range of 7 to 9 shillings. The years 1746 to
1763 saw another big increase to over 12 shillings per pelt. There are far fewer
prices available for Paris, but we do know that in the period 1739 to 1753 the trend
was also sharply higher with prices more than doubling.
Year Parchment Coat Average Year Parchment Coat Average

1713 5.21 4.62 5.03

1739 8.51 7.11 8.05
1714 5.24 7.86 5.66
1740 8.44 6.66 7.88
1715 4.88 7.86 5.49
1741 8.30 6.83 7.84
1716 4.68 8.81 5.16
1742 7.72 6.41 7.36
1717 5.29 8.37 5.65
1743 8.98 6.74 8.27
1718 4.77 7.81 5.22
1744 9.18 6.61 8.52
1719 5.30 6.86 5.51
1745 9.76 6.08 8.76
1720 5.31 6.05 5.38
1746 12.73 7.18 10.88
1721 5.27 5.79
5.29 1747 10.68 6.99 9.50
1722 4.55 4.97
4.55 1748 9.27 6.22 8.44
1723 8.54 5.56
7.84 1749 11.27 6.49 9.77
1724 7.47 5.97
7.17 1750 17.11 8.42 14.00
1725 5.82 6.62
5.88 1751 14.31 10.42 12.90
1726 5.41 7.49
5.83 1752 12.94 10.18 11.84
1727 5.41 7.49
7.22 1753 10.71 11.97 10.87
1728 5.41 7.49
8.13 1754 12.19 12.68 12.08
1729 5.41 7.49
9.56 1755 12.05 12.04 11.99
Table 1: Price of Beaver Pelts in Britain: 1713-29 and 1739-55
Reference:
http://www.censhare.umn.edu/2014/02/the-changing-status-of-animals-and-
human-animal-bonds

https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economic-history-of-the-fur-trade-1670-to-1870/

www.environment.co.za/wildlife-endangered-species/an-introduction-to-
relationship-between-humans-wildlife.html

www.questia.com/read/1G1-82650772/animals-and-modernity-changing-human-
animal-relation

www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-relationship-between-humans-and-
animals-sociology-essay.php