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Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

2nd International Symposium on Submerged Floating Tunnels and Underwater Tunnel Structures

Dynamic response of submerged floating tunnel in the flow field

Hongsheng Yana,*, Yuqi Luoa, Jianxing Yua
a
State Key Laboratory Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin, 300072, China

Abstract

With the rapid growth of economy and the continuous improvement of the society, the problem of the crossing channel becomes
more and more difficult to be solved. As a new type of transportation facilities, submerged floating tunnel (SFT) has many
advantages in environmental damage, strong adaptability and so on. The structures of SFT mainly include the main body and the
supporting system balancing weight and buoyancy. Due to the complexity of water load, the safety and stability of SFT is very
important. Therefore, in the preliminary design stage, the response of SFT to the environmental load is the key point of the study.
In this paper, vortex induced vibration response of cable under the action of current and parametric vibration response of pipe
section are mainly studied. First of all, the partial differential equations of the cable vibration is derived, and the influence of
main pipe section is simplified as parameter excitation. Then the tunnel-cable coupling model is considered to obtain a more
realistic response. The cable of SFT is considered as a simply supported beam. By using the vortex induced vibration equation of
the cable, the response of the cable is analyzed. The influence of parameter excitation is discussed, and the difference between
the coupling and non- coupling of the tunnel and the cable is discussed.
©©2016
2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Ltd. This
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SUFTUS-2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SUFTUS-2016
Keywords: submerged floating tunnel; anchor cable; differential oscillatory equation; maximum response

1. Introduction

SFT (Submerged Floating Tunnel) is a new type of traffic structure, which is used to cross a variety of water
channels. It is the balance between the self-weight, the buoyancy and the support system. When the tunnel buoyancy
is greater than the gravity, the tension leg or mooring system is generally used to fix the tunnel in a certain position
of the depth. Because SFT is directly in the natural environment of the wave and current, the response analysis of
the SFT under the action of wave and current should be the focus of attention. In Norway, Italy, Japan and other

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-13821013520

E-mail address: holmes_tj @126.com

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SUFTUS-2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.573
108 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

countries, the academic research, conceptual design and feasibility study of SFT have carried out nearly 30 years,
which also include analysis of response under environmental loads. However, the main emphasis of the study is the
dynamic response analysis under the action of wave, and the response under the action of the water flow is very
little. For underwater structures such as SFT, the effect of water flow on the structure is likely to be greater than that
of the wave. In addition, because of the long length of SFT, though the deformation of the structure is very small
under the action of the water flow, the structure form will have great changes, which may be a nonlinear large
displacement and large rotation, so as to have a greater impact on the safety and stability of the structure of SFT.
Therefore, it is of practical significance to calculate and analyze the response of the suspended tunnel under the
action of water flow [1].
The SFT is generally composed of tubes suspended in water, which is kept in an appropriate position by the
buoyancy force, and is anchored on the seabed by a reasonable anchoring system, such as an anchor cable or a
tension leg. Thus it can be seen, compared with the traditional tunnel, the SFT is more likely to produce vibration
under the dynamic action [2, 3, 4]. The parameter vibration phenomenon [5] of cable refers to that the vibration of
the SFT makes the axial tension of the anchor cable change periodically. When the frequency of the tube reaches a
certain value, the small amplitude of the tube vibration can also cause local vibration of the large amplitude of the
anchor cable. At present, the parametric vibration analysis of SFT’s cables mainly draws on the experience of the
results obtained from the study of the vibration of cables about cable-stayed bridge with certain parameters, which
are very similar to that of the cable in the suspension. Kovacs [6] is the first to use parametric resonance to explain
substantial transverse vibration of cable in the case of no wind or rain. The first order parametric vibration of the
cable is studied by Tagata [7] and dimensionless Mathieu equation is derived disregarding the effect of sag and
considering cable as a no-weight string. The dynamic stability region of parametrical resonance of cable is discussed
by Takahashi [8]. The nonlinear response of the suspension cable is analyzed by the multi-scale and test method,
and the possibility and the dynamic stability of the nonlinear vibration of the cable are discussed by Perkins [9]. The
simplified Mathieu equation is used to study parametric resonance by Uhrig [10].The parametric resonance of stay
cable was tested by Fujino [11] and other people. Lilien [12] uses Tagata’s method to derive the standard string
equation, and the harmonic balance method is used to study vibration amplitude of cable in steady state and the
expression equation of the tension of the cable during the transient state (before reaching the steady state).Pinto Da
Costa A [13] studied the vibration of the cable caused by the vertical vibration of the bridge deck. The cable-bridge
coupling vibration is decomposed to parametric vibration along the axial direction and forced vibration
perpendicular to the axial direction, and the mass model with the interaction of cable and bridge is established by
Michel Virlogeux [14].He thinks that when the cable is close to the natural frequency of the main structure, the
small transverse vibration of the cable can cause a very large amplitude. Vincenzo Gattulli [15, 16] built a simplified
analysis model of coupling vibration of cable and bridge. The main beam is simplified to a beam whose one point is
fixed, and the other is connected to the stay cable.
At the same time, many experts and scholars at home and abroad have also carried out relevant research on all
aspects of SFT. On the dynamic response of SFT under the action of wave and flow, the work [17, 18] of Remseth
and Brancaleoni, etc. is representative. The former analyzes the global dynamic response of SFT under the action of
wind and waves, and uses the finite element method based on the Navier-Stokes equation to calculate the
hydrodynamic force of the two dimensional model under the action of regular waves. The latter puts forward the
complete engineering analysis program under the environment load, thus avoiding a lot of tedious calculation. The
Mechanics Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences also carries out numerical analysis on the dynamic
behavior of SFT in the position of the tension leg in the wave environment. The vortex induced vibration of tension
leg of offshore platform was studied by Dong Yanqiu [19] earlier. The tension leg is simplified as a simply
supported beam. Considering the micro amplitude wave and non-uniform flow in a linear distribution and calculated
by using the Galerkin method and four-order Runge Kutta method, some important conclusions are obtained. On the
basis of Dong Yanqiu's work, the vortex induced vibration of the tension leg of the SFT in water was studied by Mai
jiting, et al [20]. Kiyokawa et al [21] investigated the influence of fluid compressibility on seismic force, and the
wave potential theory of the compressed fluid is given. It shows that there is a great influence on the fluid force
caused by compressibility of water in the deep water and high frequency. Morita et al [22] based on two-
dimensional potential wave theory, namely, Green's function method, considering water compressibility, use
numerical simulation to analyze dynamic response of SFT under vertical seismic excitation. The results show that
 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117 109

the fluid compression cannot be ignored when vibration frequency is larger than 1 Hz. Considering the coupling of
fluid, structure and soil, the finite element analysis program for the seismic response is presented by Fogazzi et al
[23]. As a new type of structure, it is very necessary to carry out the model test of different shrinkage ratio for SFT
before the construction. At present, Japanese scholars have done some work in this respect. Their research mainly
concentrate on dynamic model test of SFT under the action of current, but that under the action of wave load is
relatively small. Only Kunisu et al [24] did some dynamic characteristics test research for wave environment of
Hokkaido. In the respect of dynamic model test of SFT under the action of water flow, the research work of Katta et
al [25] is representative. For SFT model with flexible fixed ends, the response under the action of shock drag force
and lift force is studied by tests.
When the stable ocean current passes through the structure, it will not only generate the steady load, it is usually
possible to excite the vibration of the structure itself .The cause of the excitation vibration comes from the viscous
vortex discharge or the turbulent flow of the fluid. In this paper, after introducing and discussing the mechanism of
vortex induced vibration, the vibration response of the cable is calculated, and the influence of the parameter
excitation is analyzed and compared. Then, a more realistic cable vibration response is calculated by using the
coupling model of the tunnel and cable.
The object of this paper is one of the important structures of SFT: cable. The mooring positioning function of the
main body of the tunnel is assumed by the cable, which plays an important role in the safety of SFT. In this paper,
the vortex induced vibration of cable is analyzed; the law of cable vibration is discussed by simplifying the influence
of the tunnel as external excitation; and the results are simulated by the coupling model of the tunnel and cable.

2. Mechanism of excited Motion and control equation of cable

2.1. The influence of SFT on the cable simplified as parameter excitation

The SFT cable is similar to tendons of tension, so it can be simplified as a beam. The midpoint of the span is
selected to be a reference point. Assuming that
• The cable tension is much larger than the gravity, so the change of the tension along the length direction can be
neglected. Namely, the tension of cable equals everywhere;
• The material properties, stiffness and geometric properties of the cable are not changed along the length;
• The current is a linear current, and the bottom velocity is zero.
• The Z axis is the axial direction of the cable, the Y axis is the direction of the tunnel, the X axis is the direction
of the sea floor, and the direction of flow is positive direction of X axis.
• Only considering the transverse vibration of the cable, that is, the vibration in the plane of Y-Z.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of SFT

Because the influence of SFT is simplified as the parameter excitation, the transverse vibration equation of the
110 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

cable is

డర ௬ డమ ௬ డ௬ డమ ௬
‫ܫܧ‬ െ ܶ଴ ሺͳ ൅ ߝܿ‫ݐ߱ݏ݋‬ሻ ൅‫ܥ‬ ൅݉ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௬ ሺ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ (1)
డ௭ ర డ௭ మ డ௧ డ௧ మ

T0 is static tension; ߝ is ratio of static and dynamic tension; ߱ is parametric excitation frequency.

‫ܨ‬௬ ሺ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௟ െ ‫ܨ‬ௗ (2)

ଵ
‫ܨ‬௟ ൌ ߩ௪ ‫ܥܦ‬௅ ܸ ଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߙܿ‫߱ݏ݋‬௩ ‫ݐ‬ (3)
ଶ

‫ܨ‬௟ is lift force generated by vortex induced vibration; ߩ௪ is density of seawater; ‫ ܦ‬is diameter of cable; ‫ܥ‬௅ is lift
coefficient; ܸ is current speed; ߙ is inclination angle of cable; ߱௩ is discharge frequency of vortex.
‫ܨ‬ௗ is water body damping force and additional mass force [26] per unit length.
ଵ గ஽మ
‫ܨ‬ௗ ൌ ߩ‫ܥ‬஽ ‫ݕܦ‬ሶ ȁ‫ݕ‬ሶ ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬௠ ߩ‫ݕ‬ሷ (4)
ଶ ସ

‫ܥ‬஽ is drag coefficient; ‫ܥ‬௠ is coefficient of added mass.

According to formula (1), (2), (3) and (4), we can get
ଶ ଶ ሺͳ ஼ ଶ஽ ఘ஽஼ಽ ௟ ௡గ௭
‫ݕ‬௡ሷ ൅ ሾ߱ெ௡ ൅ ߱஺௡ ൅ ߝܿ‫ݐ߱ݏ݋‬ሻሿ‫ݕ‬௡ ൅ ೙ ‫ݕ‬௡ሶ ൅ ೙ ൌ ܿ‫߱ݏ݋‬௩ ‫׬ ݐ‬଴ ‫ݒ‬௖ଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬
ഥ
݀‫ݖ‬ ഥ
(5)
௠ ௟௠ ௟௠ ௟

ଵ ௟ ௡గ௭
Where: ‫ܦ‬௡ ൌ ߩ‫ܥܦ‬஽ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݑ‬ሶ ȁ‫ݑ‬ሶ ȁ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ ഥ ߱௡ ߦ ; ߦ is cable damping ratio; ߱௡ ൌ ሺ߱ெ௡ ଶ ൅ ߱஺௡ ଶ ሻଵΤଶ ;
†œ ; ‫ܥ‬௡ ൌ ʹ݉
ଶ ௟
௡గ ସ ாூ ௡గ ்
߱ெ௡ ଶ ൌ ሺ ሻ ; ߱஺௡ ଶ ൌ ሺ ሻଶ బ ; ߱௡ is N-order vibration frequency of cable.
௟ ௠ ௟ ௠

After using Galerkin's method to simplify formula (5), we can get

ா஺ሺ௡గሻమ ௓ ஼ ଶ஽೙ ா஺గర ଶ

‫ݕ‬ሷ ൅ ቂ߱௡ଶ ൅ ഥ ௅య
ቃ‫ ݕ‬൅ ഥ
‫ݕ‬ሶ ൅ ഥ
൅ ഥ ௅ర
‫ݕ‬ଷ ൌ ഥ
ߩ‫ܥܦ‬௅ ሺ‫ߠ݊݅ݏݒ‬ሻଶ ܿ‫߱ݏ݋‬௩ ‫ݐ‬ (6)
௠ ௠ ௅௠ ସ௠ గ௠
According to the formula (6), the vibration displacement-time response curve of the anchor cable can be obtained.

2.2. Cable-tunnel coupled nonlinear vibration

According to the environment of SFT, the load can be divided into five kinds, such as environmental load,
permanent load, functional load, deformation load and accidental load. The specific load classification and causes
are shown in table 1.
Table 1 Load on SFT
Load Type Causes

environmental load wave, current, eddy current, tide, etc.

permanent load structure weight and hydrostatic pressure
functional load transportation, construction, ballast load, etc.
deformation load Temperature changes, uneven settlement, creep, shrinkage, residual stress
caused by construction, etc.
accidental load Earthquake, traffic accident, sinking ship, explosion, collision of ships, etc.

In all kinds of load of SFT, in addition to the weight of the structure and the hydrostatic pressure that must be
taken into account, environmental loads, such as wave, flow and eddy, are much larger and more destructive than
 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117 111

those of automobiles and often the most important control load in the design of SFT. Therefore, the permanent load,
wave force and flow force are the basic loads that must be considered in the design of SFT.
In practical engineering, because of the complicated current environment, the simulation calculation of cable
should be as accurate as possible. The lateral vibration of cable is not limited to the parameter excitation. The model
does not fully reflect the actual vibration of cable. Therefore, the establishment of the cable-tunnel coupled vibration
model better reflects the lateral vibration response of cable under actual sea conditions.
The tube of SFT is simplified as the concentrated mass M of the end part of the cable. The stiffness of tube body
is simulated by the spring K, and the damping is simulated by the damper C. Coupling vibration model [27] of cable
and tube in SFT, shown in fig. 2, is used to research on the response of the cable under the excitation of parameters.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of cable-tunnel coupling model

The motion equation of mass block M is

ா஺ ௅
ܼሷ ൅ ‫ܼܥ‬ሶ ൅  ൅ ‫׬‬଴ ߝ ݀‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳ (7)
௅

The dynamic strain of the anchor cable can be written by the Taylor formula as
௓ ଵ
ɂ ൌ ɂ୸ ൅ ɂ௟ ൌ ൅ —୸ ଶ (8)
௅ ଶ
According to formula (7) and (8), the vibration differential equation of tube section is

ா୅గ మ
ܼሷ ൅ ʹ߱ெ ߦெ ܼሶ ൅ ߱ெ
ଶ
ܼ൅ ଶ
మ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ (9)
ସெ௅
Where: ߱ெ is the natural frequency of a single SFT; ߦெ is the damping ratio of tunnel.

So cable and tube coupling vibration equations are

ா஺ሺ௡గሻమ ௓ ஼ ଶ஽೙ ா஺గర ଶ
‫ݕ‬ሷ ൅ ቂ߱௡ଶ ൅ ഥ ௅య
ቃ‫ ݕ‬൅ ഥ
‫ݕ‬ሶ ൅ ഥ
൅ ഥ ௅ర
‫ݕ‬ଷ ൌ ഥ
ߩ‫ܥܦ‬௅ ሺ‫ߠ݊݅ݏݒ‬ሻଶ ܿ‫߱ݏ݋‬௩ ‫ݐ‬
௠ ௠ ௅௠ ସ௠ గ௠
ቐ (10)
୉୅గమ ଶ
ܼሷ ൅ ʹ߱ெ ߦெ ܼሶ ൅ ߱ெ
ଶ
ܼ൅ మ ‫ ݕ‬ൌͲ
ସெ௅
Parametric excitation is expressed as the change of the cable stiffness [28] caused by the vibration of the tunnel in
formula (10).
Though there is no time item in formula (10), the vibration of mass M can cause the periodic variation of the
cable tension. The change of tension can change the stiffness of the anchor cable, which can change the amplitude of
the vibration equation of the cable, so the cable is equivalent to the parameter excitation. According to the internal
resonance properties of second order nonlinear systems, when the vibration frequency of the cable is close to the
half of natural frequency of mass block M, the vibration of mass block M along axial direction will lead to a large
112 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

transverse vibration of anchor cable, which is called parametric resonance. Formula (10) is a nonlinear coupled
vibration system. There exist both linear and nonlinear terms in the system and the influence of the additional inertia
force and damping force of the water body caused by the vibration of the cable is considered. Therefore, it can
reflect the mechanical nature of the coupling vibration of the cable and the fact with parametric excitation and
vortex excitation.
For a coupled nonlinear system with both square and cubic terms, it is possible to generate an internal resonance
when the nature vibration frequency is equal to one or two times of the parametric excitation frequency [29]. So the
quality and rigidity of the tube are adjusted to meet the conditions above. Through the Simulink module of
MATLAB, the displacement response of cable and mass block can be obtained under different conditions.
The excitation of the cable of SFT is simplified as parametric excitation frequency model, which can significantly
reflect the law of VIV and parameter of vibration; Tunnel-cable coupled model is more consistent with the actual
situation, and the results are more accurate.

3. Example analysis

In the specific calculation process, the basic parameters of SFT are shown in table 2.The cross section of SFT is
elliptical and 5 pairs of oblique cables are used. First order natural frequency is related to the static tension T0, that is,
the natural frequency is different under different flow velocity

Table 2 Basic parameter

Length (m) 69.284
Diameter(m) 0.489
Mass per unit length (kg/m) 1037.4
Additional mass per unit length(kg/m) 193.06
Density (kg/m3) 7850
Elastic modulus (ܲ௔ ) 2.1h1011
Cable Angle 60º
Initial tension (N) 2.572h107
damping ratio 0.0018
Initial disturbance (m) 0.01
Ratio of static and dynamic tension 0.432
Mass (kg) 1.5h107
Tube body Initial disturbance (m) 0.05
Long half shaft (m) 22.5
Short half shaft (m) 9.5
Water body Density (kg/m3) 1028

3.1. Effect of simplified model on cable

According to theoretical knowledge, when parametric vibration of cable happened, whether vortex induced
vibration happened has little effect on the modal response. The vortex induced vibration only provides a constant
disturbance for the parametric vibration. The response of the first order parameter is the biggest, and the response of
the second and third order parameter is gradually reduced. For the high order response of SFT’s cable, the vibration
amplitude is small, less than 1% of the first order response due to the current environment and the tunnel frequency
are not in the coupling region; when the high order vortex induced vibration and parametric excitation vibration
happened at the same time, the vibration response of cable also differs by one order of magnitude compared to the
first order vibration amplitude. Therefore, the influence of parameter excitation on the first order vibration of cables
under different flow velocity is mainly analysed in this paper.
Taking the flow velocity ܸ ൌ ͳǤͷȀ•, the relationship between the first order displacement response amplitude
of the cable and the parameter excitation frequency is shown in fig. 3.
 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117 113

Fig. 3 The relationship between the first order displacement response amplitude and the parameter excitation frequency

It can be seen from the figure that when the parameter excitation frequency is one or two times of the first order
natural frequency of cable, the first order displacement response amplitude of the cable has a local peak value and
when the parameter excitation frequency is two times of its first order natural frequency, the maximum value of the
first order displacement response amplitude is obtained.
Taking that the parameter excitation frequency is two times of the first order natural frequency, the first order
vibration displacement response of the cable is calculated when the flow velocity is 2m/s, 3m/s, 4m/s and 5m/s
respectively.

(a) (b)

Fig. 4 (a) The first order vibration displacement response of cable when 2m/s; (b) The first order vibration displacement response of cable when
3m/s

(a) (b)

Fig. 5 (a) The first order vibration displacement response of cable when 4m/s; (b) The first order vibration displacement response of cable when
5m/s
114 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

As can be seen in the figures, the vibration of the cable increases with the increase of the flow rate, but the
vibration of the cable in figure 6 is obviously increased.
The calculated results show that the vibration amplitude of the cable is increased with the increase of the flow rate
when the geometric deformation, the stiffness difference and the difference of the material of the cable are neglected.
When the flow rate reaches 4.2m/s, the discharge frequency of vortex is equal to the first natural frequencies of
cable, which will lead to resonance and result in a significant increase in the amplitude of vibration; when the
parameter excitation frequency is 2 times of the natural frequency of the cable, the same resonance occurs. At this
time, the maximum amplitude of cable can reach 1.1m.
On the whole, the influence of parameter vibration is greater than that of vortex induced vibration.

3.2. Coupled nonlinear vibration of cable and SFT

The natural frequency of SFT has a great influence on the cable. Taking the natural frequency of pipe section
ωM = 2ω1 , that is, parametric resonance phenomenon of system is produced, the vibration amplitude of cable and
the displacement response of SFT are calculated. Assuming that the mass of the pipe segment is constant, ߱ெ is
adjusted by changing the stiffness.
When the tail flow frequency ߱௩ satisfies the relation ߱ଵ ൌ ሺͲǤ͹ െ ͳǤ͵ሻ߱௩ [30], vortex induced flow velocity
is easily generated. So the frequency of vortex induced velocity locking is a range and we take ߱௩ ൌ ߱ଵ in the
calculation.
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the vibration amplitude of the cable under the coupling action when the flow velocity is
2m/s, 3m/s, 4m/s and 5m/s respectively.

(a) (b)

Fig. 6 (a) The vibration amplitude of cable under the coupling action when 2m/s; (b) The vibration amplitude of cable under the coupling action
when 3m/s

(a) (b)

Fig. 7 (a) The vibration amplitude of cable under the coupling action when 4m/s; (b) The vibration amplitude of cable under the coupling action
when 5m/s

Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show the displacement response of SFT under the coupling action when the flow velocity is 2m/s,
3m/s, 4m/s and 5m/s respectively.
 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117 115

(a) (b)

Fig. 8 (a) The displacement response of SFT under the coupling action when 2m/s; (b) The displacement response of SFT under the coupling
action when 3m/s

(a) (b)

Fig. 9 (a) The displacement response of SFT under the coupling action when 4m/s; (b) The displacement response of SFT under the coupling
action when 5m/s

As can be seen from the figures, the frequency of the tunnel and the cable meets ωM = 2ω1 , so the vortex
induced resonance excited system parameters resonance, and energy transfers between the cable and the tunnel. In
the initial period of vibration, the amplitude of the cable and the tunnel appeared fluctuation, and then the amplitude
gradually stabilized. The amplitude of the cable is increased with the increase of the flow velocity, and the vortex
excited resonance of the cable occurs at the 4.2m/s velocity. On the whole, when the coupling of the SFT and the
cable, the vibration of the cable is greatly suppressed, and the vortex induced vibration and parametric excitation
vibration are the main factors that cause the vibration of the cable.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, the cable of SFT is considered as a beam, and the motion response of cable is analyzed by using the
vortex induced vibration equation. Meanwhile, the effects of parametric excitation are discussed, and the differences
between non-coupling and coupling of tunnel and cable are compared. The following conclusions can be obtained:
• The vortex induced vibration of the cable can be used to excite the parametrical vibration of the system, and
finally to the vibration of steady state. Vortex induced vibration and parametric excitation vibration are the
main factors of cable vibration and parametric excitation vibration is dominant. The instantaneous amplitude of
the anchor cable under the interaction of the vortex excited resonance and the parametric vibration is larger
than that of any single action.
• When the ratio of the vibration frequency of the cable and the pipe body is satisfied with ߱ெ ൌ ߱ଵ or ߱ெ ൌ
ʹ߱ଵ , there will be a parametric resonance, and the anchor cable will produce a large amplitude vibration. In
other cases, there is no obvious coupling effect between the cable and tube.
116 Hongsheng Yan et al. / Procedia Engineering 166 (2016) 107 – 117

• The additional inertia force of the water body can make the amplitude of the anchor cable become smaller, but
the amplitude is not large. It can be considered to use the hollow section to increase the additional inertia force,
so that the amplitude of the cable is decreased.
• The damping force of water can reduce the amplitude of the transient vibration of the cable to a certain extent,
but transient parametric vibration phenomenon is still very obvious. As time goes on, the anchor cable will
gradually stop vibration due to the effect of the damping force of water.
• The pipe section has a significant inhibitory effect on the vibration of the cable, but the displacement response
of the cable is still large when the vortex induced resonance and the parameters excitation vibration occur at
the same time.
The characteristics of the tube, the traffic flow and the roughness of the road surface will have a great impact on
the parametrical excitation frequency. Therefore, in the preliminary design process, all possible parametric
excitation frequency should be fully considered to try to avoid the situation that parametric excitation frequency is 2
times than the natural frequency of cable, which could cause a large displacement response of cable and structural
damage.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support from China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology
Research & Design Institute Co. for their great effort to 2nd International Symposium on Submerged Floating
Tunnels and Underwater Tunnel Structure.

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