ForexManual PDF

An
Introduction
to
Forex Trading
Trading foreign exchange on margin carries a high level of risk, and may not be suitable for all investors. The high degree of leverage can
work against you as well as for you. Before deciding to invest in foreign exchange you should carefully consider your investment
objectives, level of experience, and risk appetite. The possibility exists that you could sustain a loss of some or all of your initial investment
and therefore you should not invest money that you cannot afford to lose. You should be aware of all the risks associated with foreign
exchange trading, and seek advice from an independent financial advisor if you have any doubts.
Forex
Forex is the fancy abbreviation for the Foreign Exchange, or Currency Market. This is where
people and organizations go to buy and sell one country’s currency in exchange for another
country’s currency.
This forex market is quite unique as far as markets go these days. Here are some reasons
why:
1. Market Size: If you know anything about forex, then you probably know this – the
forex market is the largest market in the world. The forex brokers love to tell you this
fact. The trillions of dollars traded in the forex market means that you can surely
skim some profits off for yourself, right? Well, maybe, maybe not. The only real
advantage of the size of the forex market is that you can, under most circumstances,
get your order filled very quickly (within a second or two) for trades up to 20 million
dollars. If you are trading larger positions you may call your broker or move to a
platform that offers access to the order books of the banks and financial institutions.
The dirty little secret is that the forex market – the real forex market – where banks
and hedge funds and large multinational companies exchange foreign currencies, is
not accessible to most traders. Nearly all of the independent traders in forex trade in
the retail forex market, which is entirely created by your forex broker.
2. No Exchange: Unlike other markets, such as stocks and futures, currencies are not
traded in a location where people gather and trade currencies face to face. All of
currency trading is done through a network of banks, currency dealers and other
financial institutions. Nearly all currency exchange is done electronically. Without a
central exchange, there are no rules on commissions, limitations for positions, there
are no “insider trading laws” or margin requirements. Each country decides which
regulating authority will create the foreign currency policies for that country.
3. 24 hours: Forex brokers will allow you to trade 24 hours a day, from Monday
morning in Tokyo until Friday evening in New York. The “end of the week” is defined
differently by each broker, but most brokers end the trading week within a few
hours of Friday, 5:00pm in New York. It is possible to trade forex 24 hours a day, 5 ½
days per week, although it certainly is not recommended that you do so.
Here is a quick look at the opening and closing times of the major forex markets.
Time Zone New York GMT
Tokyo Open 7:00 pm 0:00
Tokyo Close 4:00 am 9:00
London Open 3:00 am 8:00
London Close 12:00 pm 17:00
New York Open 8:00 am 13:00
New York Close 5:00 pm 22:00
4. High Leverage: Because each country is left to regulate the forex market within its
own borders, there are no accepted margin laws for trading forex. However, most
brokers will offer 100:1 margin, and some will offer as much as 400:1 margin. With
100:1 margin, and a $2,000 account, it is possible for you to buy 100,000 AUD/USD
(you will learn later what this means). If you buy 100,000 AUD/USD, your broker will
then take $1,000 (100,000 / 100) out of your account and set it aside as margin (this
is simply a cushion to guarantee that you can pay for any potential losses without
risk to the broker). This means that you now have $1,000 left in your account as
“available margin.” So, if the AUD/USD goes down 100 points ( = $1,000 on a
100,000 position), your broker will close your trade, remove $1,000 to pay for the
loss, and put the $1,000 margin back into your account.
5. Sell Short: Currency trading is very different from stock trading in that you can sell a
currency short just as easily as you can buy it. There are no rules about selling short,
unlike many other markets that make it difficult or illegal to sell short.
Why Trade Forex?

There are many benefits and advantages to trading Forex. Here are just a few reasons why
so many people are choosing this market:
• No commissions.
No clearing fees, no exchange fees, no government fees, no brokerage fees. Brokers
are compensated for their services through something called the bid-ask spread.
• No middlemen. Spot currency trading eliminates the middlemen, and allows you to
trade directly with the market responsible for the pricing on a particular currency
pair.
• No fixed lot size.

In the futures markets, lot or contract sizes are determined by the exchanges. A
standard-size contract for silver futures is 5000 ounces. In spot Forex, you determine
your own lot size. This allows traders to participate with accounts as small as $250
(although a $250 account may be a bad idea).
• Low transaction costs.

The retail transaction cost (the bid/ask spread) is typically less than 0.1 percent
under normal market conditions. At larger dealers, the spread could be as low as .07
percent. Of course this depends on your leverage and all will be explained later.
• No one can corner the market.

The foreign exchange market is so huge and has so many participants that no single
entity (not even a central bank) can control the market price for an extended period
of time.
• Leverage.
In Forex trading, a small margin deposit can control a much larger total contract
value. Leverage gives the trader the ability to make nice profits, and at the same
time keep risk capital to a minimum. For example, Forex brokers offer 200 to 1
leverage, which means that a $50 dollar margin deposit would enable a trader to buy
or sell $10,000 worth of currencies. Similarly, with $500 dollars, one could trade with
$100,000 dollars and so on. But leverage is a double-edged sword. Without proper
risk management, this high degree of leverage can lead to large losses as well as
gains.
• High Liquidity.
Because the Forex Market is so enormous, it is also extremely liquid. This means that
under normal market conditions, with a click of a mouse you can instantaneously
buy and sell at will. You have no reason to ever be "stuck" in a trade. You can even
set your online trading platform to automatically close your position at your desired
profit level (a limit order), and/or close a trade if a trade is going against you (a stop
loss order).
• Free “Demo” Accounts, News, Charts, and Analysis. Most online Forex brokers offer
'demo' accounts to practice trading, along with breaking Forex news and charting
services. All free! These are very valuable resources for “poor” and SMART traders
who would like to hone their trading skills with 'play' money before opening a live
trading account and risking real money.
• “Mini” and “Micro” Trading:

You would think that getting started as a currency trader would cost a ton of money.
The fact is, compared to trading stocks, options or futures, it doesn't. Online Forex
brokers offer "mini" and “micro” trading accounts, some with a minimum account
deposit of $300 or less. Now we're not saying you should open an account with the
bare minimum but it does makes Forex much more accessible to the average
(poorer) individual who doesn't have a lot of start-up trading capital.
A computer with a high-speed Internet connection is all that is needed to begin trading
currencies.
What is Traded in the Forex Market?

The simple answer is money. Forex trading is the simultaneous buying of one currency and
the selling of another. Currencies are traded through a broker or dealer, and are traded in
pairs; for example the euro and the US dollar (EUR/USD) or the British pound and the
Japanese Yen (GBP/JPY).
Because you're not buying anything physical, this kind of trading can be confusing. Think of
buying a currency as buying a share in a particular country. When you buy, say, Japanese
Yen, you are in effect buying a share in the Japanese economy, as the price of the currency
is a direct reflection of what the market thinks about the current and future health of the
Japanese economy.
In general, the exchange rate of a currency versus other currencies is a reflection of the
condition of that country's economy, compared to the other countries' economies.
As you know, the forex spot market is not located at a physical location or a central
exchange. The forex market is considered an Over-the-Counter (OTC) or 'Interbank' market
because the entire market is run electronically, within a network of banks, continuously
over a 24-hour period.
Until the late 1990's, only the "big guys" could play this game. The initial requirement was
that you could trade only if you had about ten to fifty million bucks to start with! Forex was
originally intended to be used by bankers and large institutions - and not by us "little guys".
However, because of the rise of the Internet, online Forex trading firms are now able to
offer trading accounts to 'retail' traders like us.
Who Trades in the Forex Market?

Much of the forex trading is done by banks, moving money from one form of currency to
another. Businesses are also involved in the forex market. International businesses must
move their money from one currency to another in order to buy and sell goods and services.
For example, automobile distributors in Australia must sell Australian dollars and buy
Japanese Yen in order to pay for a shipment of Japanese automobiles. A chocolate store in
France may sell chocolates made in the USA, so the French company will sell Euros and buy
US Dollars in order to pay for the US chocolates. You get the idea – the main thing to
remember is that in today’s world market there are many reasons why one currency may
have to be exchanged for another currency.
Businesses and banks are the some of the biggest, but not the only players in the forex
market. The rest of the forex market is made up of all kinds of speculators. Some of them
are buying US Dollars, for example, in order to buy US Stocks, others are buying Australian
Dollars in order to buy Australian stocks, still others may buy Euros to keep Euros in a bank
account as a currency speculation on its own, and some just to make a leveraged bet on
currency direction. Some investment groups and hedge funds also move money from one
currency to another in order to realise gains. You are probably one of the speculators, and
that is why you are reading this. Banks, hedge funds, account managers, and companies all
make up the group of speculators. Additionally, sometimes retail currency brokers (your
broker), institutional investors and retail currency traders (people like you) will hedge or
speculate in the forex market.
What is a Spot Market?
A spot market is any market that deals in the current price of a financial instrument. In
forex, nearly all of the trading done by normal people (e.g., you and I) is done in the forex
spot market.
Which Currencies Are Traded?

The most popular currencies along with their symbols are shown below:
Symbol Country Currency Nickname
USD United States Dollar Buck
EUR Euro members Euro Fiber
JPY Japan Yen Yen
GBP Great Britain Pound Cable
CHF Switzerland Franc Swissy
CAD Canada Dollar Loonie
AUD Australia Dollar Aussie
NZD New Zealand Dollar Kiwi
Forex currency symbols are always three letters, where the first two letters identify the
name of the country and the third letter identifies the name of that country’s currency.
The Forex OTC Market

The Forex OTC market is by far the biggest and most popular financial market in the world,
traded globally by a large number of individuals and organizations. In the OTC market,
participants determine who they want to trade with depending on trading conditions,
attractiveness of prices and reputation of the trading counterpart.
The chart below shows global foreign exchange activity. The US Dollar is the most traded
currency, being on one side of 86% of all transactions. The Euro’s share is second at 37%,
while that of the Yen is third at 16.5%.
How To Read a Forex Quote

Currencies are always quoted in pairs, such as GBP/USD or USD/JPY. The reason they are
quoted in pairs is because in every foreign exchange transaction you are simultaneously
buying one currency and selling another. Here is an example of a foreign exchange rate for
the British pound versus the U.S. dollar:
GBP/USD = 1.7500
The first listed currency to the left of the slash ("/") is known as the base currency (in this
example, the British pound), while the second one on the right is called the counter or
quote currency (in this example, the U.S. dollar).
When buying, the exchange rate tells you how much you have to pay in units of the quote
currency to buy one unit of the base currency. In the example above, you have to pay
1.7500 U.S. dollar to buy 1 British pound.
When selling, the exchange rate tells you how many units of the quote currency you get for
selling one unit of the base currency. In the example above, you will receive 1.7500 U.S.
dollars when you sell 1 British pound.
The base currency is the “basis” for the buy or the sell. If you buy EUR/USD this simply
means that you are buying the base currency and simultaneously selling the quote currency.
You would buy the pair if you believe the base currency will appreciate (go up) relative to
the quote currency. You would sell the pair if you think the base currency will depreciate (go
down) relative to the quote currency.
The Spread
All Forex quotes include a two-way price, the bid and ask. The bid is always lower than the
ask price.
The bid is the price in which the dealer is willing to buy the base currency in exchange for
the quote currency. This means the bid is the price at which you (as the trader) will sell.
The ask is the price at which the dealer will sell the base currency in exchange for the quote
currency. This means the ask is the price at which you will buy.
The difference between the bid and the ask price is popularly known as the spread.
Let's take a look at an example of a price quote taken from a trading platform:
On this GBP/USD quote, the bid price is 1.7445 and the ask price is
1.7449. Look at how this broker makes it so easy for you to trade away your money.
If you want to sell GBP, you click "Sell" and you will sell pounds at 1.7445. If you want to buy
GBP, you click "Buy" and you will buy pounds at 1.7449.
How a Forex Trade Works
Placing a trade in the foreign exchange market is simple: the mechanics of a trade are
virtually identical to those found in other markets, so the transition for many traders is
often seamless.
Currencies are quoted in pairs, such as EUR/USD or USD/JPY. The first listed currency is
known as the base currency, while the second is called the counter or quote currency. The
base currency is the “basis” for the buy or the sell. For example, if you BUY EUR/USD you
have bought Euros (simultaneously sold dollars). You would do so in expectation that the
Euro will appreciate (go up) relative to the US dollar.
Just like in all markets, there are two prices for every currency pair. As you know, the
difference between these two prices is the spread, or the cost of the trade. In this example,
the spread is three pips. On a mini account, a pip on the EUR/USD currency pair is worth $1.
For example, if the EUR/USD has an ask price of 1.2178 that means you can buy one Euro for
1.2178 US dollars.
A pip is simply the standard unit of movement of value between two currencies. Pip stands
for "Price Index Point" and is the smallest increment of trade in FX. In the FX market, prices
are quoted to the fourth decimal point. For example, if a candy bar in the super market
priced at $1.20, in the FX market the same candy bar would be quoted at 1.2000. The
change in that fourth decimal point is called 1 pip and is typically equal to 1/100th of 1% or
1/1000th .
This is true for most currencies except the Japanese yen. Because the Japanese yen has
never been revalued since the Second World War, 1 yen is now worth approximately
US$0.08; so, in the USD/JPY pair, the quotation is only taken out to two decimal points (i.e.
to 1/100th of yen, as opposed to 1/1000th with other major currencies).
Positions
Sometimes you will hear “going long” or “going short” when making a trade. We call this our
position. Sometimes we refer our positions as either “going long” which mean buying; or
“going short” which means that we are selling. So if we say that we are “going long” with
the EUR/USD, we are also saying that we are buying Euros and selling dollars. If we say that
we are “going short” on the EUR/USD, then we are saying that we are selling Euros and
buying dollars.
When you see a price quote for a EUR/USD (or any other currency) you will also see the bid-
ask spreads. They look something like this: 1.1911/1.1916. The first part is the amount that
you receive in exchange for 1 unit of the base currency. We call this the bid price. The
second part of the quote is the amount of the currency you must spend for 1 unit of the
base currency.
So in other words if you see a quote for a EUR/USD as 1.1911/1.1916, this means that you
can sell one Euro for 1.1911 and buy one Euro for 1.1916. The first part is the Bid price. The
second part is the quote price.
Remember that sometimes they won’t list the full price on both sides. Sometimes they will
write it as 1.1911/16. It’s just because they are too lazy to write out the whole quote. The
numbers are almost the same except for the last two digits so they just put the last two.
Transactions Cost for Trading

Forex dealers in the USA dealers must disclose the charges to customers. However, there
are no laws about how a forex broker may charge a customer for the services the broker
provides, neither are there any laws about how much the dealer can charge.
Brokers will charge fees to trade forex and to withdraw money from your account. Some
firms charge more than others, so it is worthwhile to look into the wire fees that brokers
charge. Ask around to compare the charges for different brokers. Some firms charge a per
trade commission, while other firms charge a mark-up by widening the spread between the
bid and ask prices they give their customers.
In the earlier trade example, let us assume that the dealer can get a AUD/USD spread of
0.8510/12 from a bank. If the dealer widens the spread to 0.8508/14 for its customers, the
dealer has marked up the spread by .0002 on each side. Some brokers may charge both a
commission and a mark-up. Brokers may also charge a different mark-up for buying the base
currency than for selling it. You should read your agreement with the dealer carefully and be
sure you understand how the firm will charge you for your trades.
Calculating profits and losses
Let’s say that you buy Australian Dollars (AUD/USD) at 0.8510 (you are going “long” at
0.8510). When the currency pair goes up to 0.8532 you decide to close the trade. If the
transaction size is 100,000 Australian Dollars, you will have $220.00 in profit.
This is the formula for calculating:
(Difference in the buy & sell price) x Transaction size = Profit (or loss) (0.8510 – 0.8532) x
100,000 = 220.00
You have the ability to leverage the money in your account. So, you can control a large
amount of currency using a very small percentage of its value. So if your broker is offering
leverage of 100:1 and you have $2000 in your account, then you can trade $200,000 worth
of currency ($2000 x 100 = $200,000).
Trading $200,000 worth of currency with a $2000 is not recommended, however, because
you will not have enough money in the account to account for fluctuations in the market.
Can I Still Trade Forex With Little Money?

You can with margin trading! Margin trading is simply the term used for trading with
borrowed capital. This is how you're able to open $10,000 or $100,000 positions with as
little as $50 or $1,000. You can conduct relatively large transactions, very quickly and
cheaply, with a small amount of initial capital.
Margin Trading in Forex

The margin deposit used for leveraging in forex is very different from the margin used in the
stock market. In the stock market margin is like a down payment on a purchase of the stock.
In the forex market margin is like a security bond, or deposit, to ensure against trading
losses. The margin requirement allows forex traders to hold a position much larger than the
account value. This is a critical part of forex trading because the fluctuations in forex are so
small that without leverage most individual traders would not be able to achieve gains of
any real significance.
If the funds in the trading account fall below margin requirements, most brokers will
automatically close the account. This prevents clients' accounts from falling into a negative
balance, even in a highly volatile, fast moving market.
Since the trader opened 1 lot of the EUR/USD, his margin requirement or Used Margin is
$1000. Usable Margin is the funds available to open new positions or sustain trading losses.
If the equity (the value of his account) falls below his Used Margin due to trading losses, his
position will automatically be closed. As a result, the trader can never lose more than
he/she deposits.
Here are some examples of how the usable margin is displayed in a forex trading account.
You can see here that the account has $50,010.00 in usable margin.
And this account has $23,528.85 in usable margin.
Margin Trading: An Example

Margin trading in the foreign exchange market is quantified in “lots”. We will be discussing
these in depth in our next lesson. For now, just think of the term "lot" as the minimum
amount of currency you have to buy. When you go to the grocery store and want to buy an
egg, you can't just buy a single egg; they come in dozens or "lots" of 12. In Forex, it would be
just as foolish to buy or sell 1 euro, so they usually come in "lots" of 10,000 (Mini) or
100,000 (Standard) depending on the type of account you have.
For Example:
• You believe that signals in the market are indicating that the British Pound will go up
against the US dollar.
• You open one lot (100,000), buying with the British pound at 1% margin and wait for
the exchange rate to climb. When you buy one lot (100,000) of GBP/USD at a price of
1.5000, you are buying 100,000 pounds, which is worth US$150,000 (100,000 units
of GBP * 1.50 (exchange rate with USD)). If the margin requirement was 1%, then
US$1500 would be set aside in your account to open up the trade (US$150,000 *
1%). You now control 100,000 pounds with US$1500. Your predictions come true
and you decide to sell.
• You close the position at 1.5050. You earn 50 pips or about $500. (A pip is the
smallest price movement available in a currency).
Your Actions GBP USD
You buy 100,000 pounds at the GBP/USD exchange rate of

+100,000-150,000
1.5000
You blink for two seconds and the GBP/USD exchange rate
-100,000 +150,500**
rises to 1.5050 and you sell.
You have earned a profit of $500. 0 +500
When you decide to close a position, the deposit that you originally made is returned to you
and a calculation of your profits or losses is done. This profit or loss is then credited to your
account.
What Does it Cost to Trade Forex?

An online currency trading (a “micro account”) may be opened with a couple hundred
bucks. Do not laugh – micro accounts and its bigger cousin, the mini account, are both good
ways to get your feet wet without drowning. For a micro account, I would recommend at
least $500 to start. For a mini account, it may be good to have about at least $5,000 to start.
In the FX market, you buy or sell currencies. Placing a trade in the foreign exchange market
is simple: the mechanics of a trade are very similar to those found in other markets (like the
stock market), so if you have any experience in trading, you should be able to pick it up
pretty quickly.
The object of Forex trading is to exchange one currency for another in the expectation that
the price will change, so that the currency you bought will increase in value compared to the
one you sold.
What is a Forex Dealer?

A forex dealer (or “forex broker”) is a company set up to allow people to make foreign
currency trades. For most speculators, trading through a currency dealer has many
advantages.
1. Trading Platform: Forex dealers usually have fairly sophisticated trading software
that streams live prices to your computer. You can place several types of orders with
just a few clicks, and get immediate trade confirmation.
2. Easy Account Setup: Account applications at forex dealers are relatively simple.
Some dealers even have applications that you can fill online. Then you only need to
fax or email a copy of your identification. You can usually get all setup and ready to
trade in under a week, as long as you are ready to make a wire transfer as soon as
the dealer gives you the green light.
3. Reports: Each dealer has different account reports that show all of the trades you
have made. Make sure to try a demo account before signing up, and make sure that
you understand them, and they are easy to understand. Most dealers have pretty
good reports.
Spot Forex Advantages Over Currency Futures

1. More Flexibility: For example if you have reason to believe that the British Pound
will be strengthening in relation to the Japanese Yen, you can just buy the GBP/JPY
forex pair, instead of buying one contract of GBP’s, and selling one contract of JPY’s.
Most forex dealers these days also offer very flexible position sizes, some starting at
just 1,000 units (i.e. Dollars).
2. No Expiration: Your forex positions do not expire the way futures contracts do, so if
you want to make a long term trade, you are not forced to “roll over” into a new
contract and paying another commission.
3. No Commissions: This applies to most forex dealers but not all. Be sure to check. But
most currency dealers do not charge commissions. Instead they just have a slightly
wider spread between bid and ask (buy and sell) prices. It usually evens out to about
the same as paying a commission on a futures contract. I just think it is simpler on
the part of the forex dealer.
4. Interest: When you place trades with a forex dealer, most of them will pay or charge
you interest, depending on the central bank interest rates of the countries whose
currencies you are trading.
For example: If the Bank of England rate is 4.5% and the Federal Reserve Rate is 2%,
and you buy the GBP/USD forex pair, then your dealer should pay you some interest
every day that you hold the position. Note: Each dealer has their own policy on
interest. Be sure to ask your dealer how it works on their system.
The interest in a futures contract is built into the price – so buying and selling futures is very
different than buying and selling spot forex.
Myths of the Evil Forex Dealers
There is a common folklore amongst some retail currency traders about their forex dealer
playing tricks on them. The main one is about “running stops”. In this type of tale, the
disgruntled trader will give detailed accounts of how he placed a buy trade with a stop loss
order 40 pips lower than current market. Then, his forex dealer proceeded to sell the pair
down, lower and lower, accumulating a position of millions of dollars in the process
(although this bit of logic is usually omitted from the story). They sold it all the way down to
the stop order of this poor victim, stopped him out of his trade, and then stopped selling,
allowing the pair to rise up again back to where the trade was initially opened.
Holes in the story:
1. As noted above, it usually takes millions and millions of dollars to move a currency
pair just a few pips. That is a lot of risk for a dealer to take on in order to just to
execute the stop loss order of one of its thousands of clients.
2. Your currency dealer likely has hundreds, if not thousands of trades on its books at
any given time. Many of which are likely to be the opposite of yours. Therefore, if
they are taking pips from you, they are probably giving pips to other clients. It is a
risky balance for a dealer to try and screw one side of its order book.
3. Victim Syndrome. It is emotionally and socially very convenient to have your faults
be the result of the evildoings of your perceived (sometimes imaginary) enemy. It
allows one to be wrong without having to take responsibility for it. “Yesterday my
trade would have been profitable, if only the FOMC hadn’t opened its big fat mouth
about being afraid of inflation…again”. “Today I took a loss because my dealer
decided he wanted my money and he ran my stop”. But when this person wins, it is
because he has a good system, or he is just smart. He quickly takes responsibility for
his wins, where he was avoiding doing so with his losses. He overlooks the presence
of chance or luck that is part of every trade. This way of thinking is very common.
Most of us (myself included) have in some form tried to make our shortcomings the
product of some outside force, but not our own mistake, lack of discipline, baseless
hope, or just plain bad luck.
Take Responsibility for your Trading

I firmly believe that one can never be a successful trader until one takes responsibility in
ones losses as well as wins. To always come up with reasons outside of yourself for your
losses is a crippling habit to your development as a trader. To have a trade go just one pip
past your stop loss and then come back is always frustrating. But it happens. It also happens
that trades sometimes go 10, 17, 50, or 500 pips past your stop loss before turning around.
Ever had a trade go just one pip past your profit limit order and then turn around? I have.
Not because I was super smart to pick the best exit. Just because after making lots and lots
of trades, things like that happen.
How to Protect Yourself

In the rare but possible event that you have major problems with your forex dealer, it is
good to be prepared. Here are a few things you can have in mind when choosing a forex
dealer:
1. Open and Honest: Pick a dealer that is open about their financial situation, and how
they handle client funds (separated from company operating capital, etc).
2. Jurisdiction and Regulation: Pick a dealer that is regulated in a country where you
understand the laws (as much as possible). Being able to understand the national
language is important.
3. Accounts at more than one dealer: You can always have accounts at multiple
dealers. This also allows you to use more of the features of each, and get to know
which one you really like trading with the best over a longer period of time.
Sometimes seemingly good companies go bankrupt, and it is difficult or impossible

for all of use to see it coming. It is a risk to have your money in a bank, a forex dealer
or in your mattress. It is a risk to cross the street. But you can’t just paralyze yourself
out of fear of the unknowable. Just shop around and go with what feels right to you.
Choosing a Dealer
In addition to the above, there are a few things that should influence your decision in what
dealer(s) to go with in the end.
1. Software: You should understand and be comfortable with the trading software. Try
a demo account at a few different dealers and get familiar with what is available.
2. Features: The trading platform should have features that are important to you
(varies for each individual). Write down what features are important to you, and
then make a “Pros and Cons” table for the different dealers you have tried out.
3. Stability: You will really only get an idea of how stable a trading platform is after
using it for a while. But it can be pretty frustrating to use software that loses its
connection all the time.
4. Reporting: Again, make sure you can understand the trade reports that show your
trades over a given time period. Some of them are easy to read, simple and great.
Others can be confusing.
5. Customer Service: Don’t be afraid to call your dealer on the phone a lot. They should
be available to answer all your questions about their software, trade execution, and
anything else in regard to their products and service to you.
6. Warm and Fuzzies: Some dealers just make you feel good to be their client. This may
not be of any financial benefit to you, but it can add a little bit to your Life Happiness
Index. They can make you feel good by being polite on the phone, resolving a
disputed trade in your favor, or maybe just sending you a Happy Holidays card.
Bottom Line
The bottom line here is that most forex dealers are ok. Most of them run an honest shop,
and provide a valuable service to us, the traders. Namely, giving us flexible access to the
forex market that was previously a viable trading market only for banks and other sizable
trading houses.
Candlestick Charts
Candlestick charts are very popular with traders. Many traders find candlesticks useful for
displaying the relationship between the open, high, low and close of a given time period.
A candlestick chart looks like this:
The History of Candlestick Charts

Munehisa Homma created candlestick charts back in the 1700’s. He is said to have made a
fortune trading rice, making over 100 consecutive winning trades with the help of his nifty
candlestick charts. Obviously, Munehisa found a great way to keep track of the price of rice.
These candlestick charts are very popular today. Many traders today have found use for
candlestick charts. Homma’s techniques for predicting markets has changed, but the basic
theory is still the same.
Each candle represents the price movement of the market over a period of time. For
example, these candlesticks may represent 1 hour of trading, 1 day of trading, 4 hours of
trading or one month of trading.
The candlestick is made up of three major parts – the body and the upper and lower wicks.
The upper wick represents the highest price traded during the time period. The lower wick
represents the lowest price traded during the time period.
The body of the candle will always display the relationship between the opening (first) price
and the closing (last) price during that time period.
The body of this candle is white, indicating that price closed higher at the end of the trading
period. A candle that closes higher than the opening is also known as a “bullish candle.”
When the market closes at a lower price at the end of the time period, the body of the
candle is often filled with a dark color (in this case it is black) to indicate a lower close. This
type of candle is known as a “bearish candle.”
We can see in this chart that the market has been moving higher. Only the most recent
(black) candle has closed lower than it opened.
What Do Candlestick Charts Tell Me?
The chart above is the 1 hour chart for the GBP/CHF (British Pound/Swiss Franc). The
candles that close higher at the end of the time period are colored green, and those candles
that close lower than they open are colored red.
Each of the candles above tells you at least four things about the market during that hour:
1. The open price – the first price the currency pair traded.
2. The highest price – the top of the upper wick.
3. The lowest price – the bottom of the lower wick.
4. The closing price – the last price the currency pair traded.
Thus, a quick glance at one of the candles on this chart will tell us the opening price, the
highest price, the lowest price and the closing price
On the above chart – the 1 hour chart – we will see a new candle every hour.
Many traders use candlestick charts to attempt to predict where price will go in the future –
and this is how many traders make money. It doesn’t always work out, of course, but
candlestick charts are a valuable tool for those traders interested in making money from
price fluctuations in the future.
Other tools may also be used to help us predict the future for a market. For many traders
other tools such as technical indicators may be helpful.
Charting Software
Asking a trader for her favourite charting software is like asking someone to name the best
rock band of all time – some people like the Beatles and other people like the Rolling
Stones, and still others may tell you that System of a Down is the best band of all time.
There are many charting software packages to choose from that will allow you to see the
forex markets in candlestick charts you can use to view candlestick charts of currency pairs-
some are even free. Here are some of the most popular software providers that will give
you a free demo account if you download their charting software. I do not recommend one
over the other. They are all pretty good.
• Ninja Trader
• MetaTrader from Metaquotes
• Oanda
• GFT
• FXCM
I highly recommend that you download charting software and start a demo account so you
can see how this works first hand.
Getting paid to trade

Forex is extremely competitive – a few traders make most of the money trading, and a few
brokers are competing to open most of the forex trading accounts. This is why some brokers
offer rebates, or cash back, on your trades.
One great place to get rebates is at Traders Choice FX – www.traderschoicefx.com – they

offer rebates from several forex brokers.
www.fxjake.com
Questions? Email Walter at walter@fxjake.com

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Time Zone New York GMT

Tokyo Open 7:00 pm 0:00

Tokyo Close 4:00 am 9:00

London Open 3:00 am 8:00

London Close 12:00 pm 17:00

New York Open 8:00 am 13:00

New York Close 5:00 pm 22:00

Why Trade Forex?

• No fixed lot size.

• Low transaction costs.

• No one can corner the market.

• “Mini” and “Micro” Trading:

What is Traded in the Forex Market?

Who Trades in the Forex Market?

Which Currencies Are Traded?

Symbol Country Currency Nickname

USD United States Dollar Buck

EUR Euro members Euro Fiber

JPY Japan Yen Yen

GBP Great Britain Pound Cable

CHF Switzerland Franc Swissy

CAD Canada Dollar Loonie

AUD Australia Dollar Aussie

NZD New Zealand Dollar Kiwi

The Forex OTC Market

How To Read a Forex Quote

Transactions Cost for Trading

This is the formula for calculating:

Can I Still Trade Forex With Little Money?

Margin Trading in Forex

And this account has $23,528.85 in usable margin.

Margin Trading: An Example

Your Actions GBP USD

You buy 100,000 pounds at the GBP/USD exchange rate of

You have earned a profit of $500. 0 +500

What Does it Cost to Trade Forex?

What is a Forex Dealer?

Spot Forex Advantages Over Currency Futures

Holes in the story:

Take Responsibility for your Trading

How to Protect Yourself

Sometimes seemingly good companies go bankrupt, and it is difficult or impossible

A candlestick chart looks like this:

The History of Candlestick Charts

2. The highest price – the top of the upper wick.

3. The lowest price – the bottom of the lower wick.

Getting paid to trade

One great place to get rebates is at Traders Choice FX – www.traderschoicefx.com – they

Questions? Email Walter at walter@fxjake.com

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