The Functions of the Participle

1. They looked at the flying plane.

Participle I
Attribute
2. The girl, sitting at the window, is my sister.
1. A broken vase lay in the corner.
Participle II
2. He saw a vase broken into small pieces.
Participle I (When) going home I bought a newspaper.
(While) walking in the park he met his old friend.
Note:
to be (when) 1. When I was in Kyiv (not: being in Kyiv) I visited a
of time

lot of museums.

being (cause) 2. Being tired they went home.

(When) asked if he wanted to put up at a hotel he
Participle II
replied he would.
Knowing English well he translated the article without a
of cause

Participle I
dictionary.
Participle II Packed in cases the goods were in good condition.
Adverbial Modifier

Participle I This was said as if thinking aloud.

comparison

Participle II He shook his head as though lost in wonder.

of
of concession

Though knowing English well he had difficulty in

Participle I
translating.

Though expected on Sunday he only arrived on

Participle II
Monday.
manner &
attending

1. He sat in the armchair reading a newspaper.

circum-
stances

2. He walked limping.
Participle I
Of
of condition

Participle II If asked he will tell them everything.

His conduct was humiliating.

Predicative

Participle I

1. The letters are typed.

Participle II
2. She stood amazed.

1. Generally speaking, you’re a success.

Parenthesis
2. Telling the truth, he is a flop.