BASIC CONCEPTS ON

TRIGONOMETRY
 Brief History

Hipparchus of Nicaea – the founder of trigonometry, begun
to use trigonometric methods in a systematic way to study
astronomy and hence was able to approximate the radius
of the earth.

Trigonometry remained a tool
for astronomy until sometime
during the 13th century, when
it was separated from astro-
nomy, and became an inde-
pendent subject with applica--
tions in many areas other than
astronomy.

Sounds light electrical waves

 TRIGONOMETRY
Derived from two Greek words: “trigonon”
which means triangle and “metron” which
means to measure.
DEFINITION:

A branch of mathematics which deals with
the measurement of triangles: three sides
and three angles.

it is studied for the
purpose of making indirect
measurement of distances
and angles in astronomy.
astronomy
ANGLE
An angle consists of two sides, called the initial
side and the terminal side, with a common point, called
the vertex.
An angle is the rotation of the initial side onto the
terminal side.
revolving ray (terminal side)

stationary ray (initial side)

Note: If the rotation is counterclockwise, the angle is

positive. If the rotation is clockwise, the angle is
negative.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

1. Zero Angle – an angle of 00 .

2. Acute Angle – an angle between 00 and 900 .
3. Right Angle – an angle of 900 .
4. Obtuse Angle – an angle between 900 and 1800.
5. Straight Angle – an angle of 1800 .
6. Reflex Angle – an angle between 1800 and 3600.
7.Circular Angle (Perigon
Perigon or revolution) – an
angle of 3600 .
8. Complex Angle – an angle more than 3600.
TRIANGLE

DEFINITION:

a polygon of three sides, three angles and three
vertices.

A closed curve in a plane formed by three non-
collinear points.

The three points are called the vertices of a triangle.

The three line segments joining the vertices are
called the side of the triangle.
triangle
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES

According to sides:
1. Scalene Triangle – a triangle with no two sides
equal.
2. Isosceles Triangle – a triangle with at least two
sides equal.
equal
3. Equilateral Triangle – a triangle with three sides
equal.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES

According to angles:

1. Right Triangle – a triangle that contains a right angle.

2. Oblique Triangle – a triangle with no right angle. It may
consists of three acute angles (acute triangle) or two
acute angles and one obtuse angle (obtuse triangle).
 Acute triangle – a triangle with all angles acute.
ex. 80 o,55 o, 45 o ; 60 o 60 o 60 o
 Obtuse triangle – a triangle with two acute angles
and one obtuse angle.
 Equiangular Triangle – a triangle with three angles
equal. Thus, each angle is 60O .
 ANGLE
EMMEASURE
The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation
about the vertex to move the initial side onto the
terminal side.
Systems of Measurement:

The Sexagesimal System – degree (o)

1/360 of a complete revolution or 1 rev = 360 o

The Circular System – radian (rad)

1 rev = 2π

The Grade System – gradient (grad)

1 rev = 400 grades

The Mil System – mil

1 rev = 6400
 RADIAN MEASURE

The Circular System – a system used in measuring

angles whose basic unit of measurement is radian
that allows treat the trigonometric functions as
functions with domain of real numbers rather than
degrees.

Radian – is a measure of a central angle subtended
by an arc of a circle which is equal to the length of
the radius of a circle.
from C = 2πr
2
2 = 3600
If r = 1: then, 1 revolution (rotation) = 2π
 circumfere nce
1 complete revolution = radians
radius
C
= rad
r
2 πr
= rad
r
1 complete rev. = 2 πrad
1
1 rad = of a complete revolution
2π
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DEGREES AND RADIANS
(Conversion Factors)

1 rad = 1800 /π = 57.2960

10 = π/1800 = 0.01745 rad

Note: 10 = 60' (mins),

), 1' (min) = 60" (secs)
(
10 = 3600" (secs)
Conversion Formula

From To Multiply

Radians Degrees 180 o

π
π
Degrees Radians 180 o

Note: When no unit of measure is indicated, it is

understood that an angle is expressed in radians.
EXAMPLE
A. Find the radian B. Find the degree measure.
measure.
1) 2500 1) 11π/3
2) -600 2) -3π/2
3) 2700 3) 14π/4
4) 7200 4) 5π/6
5) -3600 5) -2

Note: When no unit is given, the angle

le is assumed to be measured in radians.

From To Multiply

Radians Degrees 180 o

π
π
Degrees Radians
180 o
Exercises:
A.Find
Find the radian measure:
1.315o
2.-210o
3.495o
B.Find
Find the degree measure:
1.7∏/6
2.-10 ∏/3
3.11 ∏/6
 RADIAN MEASURE

The Circular System – a system used in measuring

angles whose basic unit of measurement is radian
that allows treat the trigonometric functions as
functions with domain of real numbers rather than
degrees.

Radian – is a measure of a central angle subtended
by an arc of a circle which is equal to the length of
the radius of a circle.
from C = 2πr
2
2 = 3600
If r = 1: then, 1 revolution (rotation) = 2π
ARCLENGTH, SECTOR, LINEAR
VELOCITY AND ANGULAR
VELOCITY
 ARCLENGTH
1. Length of a Circular Arc:
Arc s
An angle whose radian measure is θ is
subtended by an arc whose length is the fraction
(θ/2π) of the circumference of the circle C.
s = (θθ/2π) C
since C = 2πr
2
r
θ S therefore s = (θ/2π
( ) (2πr)
thus, s = rθ.
r

s = rθ θ = s/r r = s/θ
In Exercises 1-4,
4, find the central angle Ɵ given the radius and the
arclength:
1.
2.
3
4.

1- 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
 APPLICATIONS

1. A circle has a radius of 4 inches. Find

the length of the arc intercepted by a
central angle 0f 240o.
2. A central angle θ in a circle of radius 5
cm. cuts off an arc of length 10 cm.
What is the radian measure of θ? What
is the degree measure of θ?
3. Find the length of the arc cut off by a
central angle of 2 radians in a circle of
radius 3 inches.
4. A clock has a pendulum 30 cm long. If
it swings through an angle of 35 o,
how far does the bottom of the bob
travel in one swing?
5. The minute hand of a clock is 2.4 cm
long. How far does the tip of the minute
hand move in 20 minutes? Express
your answer to two significant figures.

S = 5.0 cm 2 sig. figures

6. The diameter of a ferries wheel is 250 ft. and
θ is the central angle formed as a rider
moves from his initial position A to B. Find the
distance travelled by the rider if:
a) θ = 45 o b) θ = 105 o
7. A space shuttle 200 miles above the earth is
orbiting the earth once every 6 hours. How far does
the shuttle travel in 1 hour? Assume the radius of
the earth is 4000 mi. Express your answer as
a) exact value b) approximate value
8. Two pulleys, 30 cm and 20 cm in diameter,
respectively, are connected by a belt. If the larger
pulley turns through 1 revolution, through what
angle does the smaller pulley turn?
7. A space shuttle 200 miles above the earth is
orbiting the earth once every 6 hours. How far
does the shuttle travel in 1 hour? Assume the
radius of the earth is 4000 mi. Express your
answer as
a) exact value

b) approximate value
8. Two pulleys, 30 cm and 20 cm in
diameter, respectively, are connected
by a belt. If the larger pulley turns
through 1 revolution, through what
angle does the smaller pulley turn?
1.
2.
3. A central angle off tw
two radians cuts off an
arc of length 4 inches. Find the area of
the sector formed.
4. If the area formed by a central angle of
o π
30 is cm2, find the radius of the
3
circle.
 AREA OF A CIRCULAR SECTOR
Area of a Circular Sector: As
Circular sector – A sector may be defined as a
portion of a circle bounded by two
radii and their intercepted arc.
Let As = area of a sector, then by ratio and
proportion, r
area of a sector central angle θ θ S
=
area of a circle 1 complete rev.
12
As = r θ
2
2A 2A
a) r = b) θ = 2
θ r
 APPLICATIONS

1. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway

sprays water over a distance of 70 feet
and rotates through an angle of 120o.
Find the area of the fairway watered by
the sprinkler.
2. A central angle of two radians cuts off an
arc of length 4 inches.
inches Find the area of
the sector formed.
3. If the area formed by a central angle of
π
30 is cm2, find the radius of the circle.
o
3

4. In a circle, a sector is formed by an arc of

length 10π meters and by a central angle
of 30o. Find the area of the sector.

5. A gigantic wheel has 32 spokes regularly

spaced. If the length of the arc between
two consecutive spokes is 6 meters, find
the area of the sector.
sector
6. A lawn sprinkler is located at the corner of a
yard. The sprinkler is set to rotate through 90o
and project water out 40 feet. Find the area of
the yard watered by the sprinkler.
1.

2.

3. Find the perimeter and area of a circular sector,

whose angle is 2.8 2 radians, if the
circumference of the circle is 42.7 ft.
 AREA OF A SMALLER SEGMENT
A Smaller Segment is the portion within
the sector but outside the triangle formed
by the radaii and the cord connecting the
endpoints of the radaii.
radaii
Derivation:
Let Ass= area of the smaller segment
A ∆= area of the triangle formed
A s= area of the sector

1 2
Ass = r (θ − sin θ )
2
Example:
1. Find the area of a smaller segment of a
circle with radius 12 cm and θ = 30 o.

2. The arc of a segment of a circle is 37

inches long. If its angle is 2.2 radians,
what is the area of the segment?
 Execises
Execises:
1. A sector has an angle of 1.25 radians in a
circle of radius 14 inches.
inches

a) Find the area of the sector.

b) Find the area of the smaller segment.
2. A gigantic wheel has 32 spokes
regularly spaced. If the length of the
arc between two consecutive spokes is
6 meters, find the area of the sector.
3. The area of a circular sector whose
angle is 36 o is 14 feet long.

a) Find the area of the sector.

b) Find the area of the segment.
4. The area of a sector having an angle of 80o
is 200 sq. m. Find the radius of the circle.
3. Find the perimeter and area of a circular
sector, whose angle is 2.8 radians, if the
circumference of the circle is 42.7 ft.
6. A circle has radius of 18 inches. Find
the central angle subtended by a cord 8
inches long. What is the length of the
arc which subtends this angle and the
area of the sector having this angle?
7. The arc of a segment of a circle is 37
in. long. If its angle is 2.2 radians, what
is the area of the segment?
8. A regular pentagon is inscribed in a circle. If
one of its sides is 8 inches, find the area of
each segment.
9. A cord of 2 feet subtends an angle of 0.8
radians. Find the radius of the circle and the
area bounded by the cord and the arc.
1. A rope is wound around a wheel 10.47
inches in radius.. How much rope will
be wound around the wheel if it is
rotated at an angle of 42 o 15 ‘ ?
2. Find the perimeter and area of a
circular sector, whose angle is 2.8
radians, if the circumference of the
circle is 42.7 ft.
3. kkk
 Circular Motion
The motion of a point along a circle is
described in two ways:
ways
1. Linear Velocity
2. Angular Velocity
 Linear Velocity

Linear Velocity – the rate at which the

distance traveled is changing (distance
traveled divided by the time elapsed).
- is the measure of how
fast the position of the point P is
changing.
- denoted by v, it is the
distance s travelled per unit of time t.
s
v =
t
 Angular Velocity

the rate at which the central angle is
changing (the number of radians this angle
changes divided by the time elapsed)

the measure of how fast the angle θ is
changing.

denoted by ω,, it is the angle formed by an
object moving in a uniform direction per
unit of time t.
θ
ω=
t
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
LINEAR VELOCITY & ANGULAR VELOCITY
θ
Angular velocity : ω=
t
Linear velocity : s
v =
t
s = r θ
s = r θ
t
s r θ
=
t t
s θ
= r
t t
v = r ω
a) r = v/w b) w = v/r
1. The second hand of the clock 10.2 centimeters
long. Find the linear speed of the tip of this
second hand as it passes around the clock
face.
2. The blades of a wind turbine are 116 feet long.
The propeller rotates at 15 revolutions per
minute.
a. Find the angular speed of the
propeller in radians per minute.
b. Find the linear speed of the tips
of the blades.
 Example:
2π
3. A point P on a circle rotates through 3 in 3
seconds. Find the angular velocity of P.
4. David is twirling a model airplane on a string 5
feet long. If he twirls the plane at 0.5
rpm(revolutions per minute), (a) how fast does
the plane travel? (b) How far does the plane
travel in 2 minutes?
5. A phonograph record is turning at 45 rpm. If
the distance from the center of the record to a
point on the edge of the record is 3 inches,
find the angular velocity and the linear velocity
of the point in feet per minute.
6. One gear of a wheel turns another on the rims.
The wheels have 80 cm and 100 cm diameter
and the larger wheel rotates at 20 rpm. Find the
angular velocity of the smaller wheel in
revolutions per minute..
7. The diameter of the wheel of a certain model of
a ferries wheel is 250 feet and one complete
revolution takes 20 minutes. What is the
angular velocity and linear velocity of a person
riding on the wheel.
8. The wheel of a bicycle has a radius of 13
inches and turns with an angular velocity of 5
rad/sec. Find the distance travelled by a point
on the bicycle tire in 2 minutes.
minutes