SIGMUND FREUD o From two sources

Hysteria – a disorder typically characterized by  Conscious perception – ideas that

paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of alternate easily betweein being conscious
the body and preconscious are largely free from
Catharsis – the process of removing hysterical anxiety
symptoms through “talking them out”  Unconscious – some never become
- Freud gradually discovered free association which conscious because if we recognize them
soon replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic as derivatives of the unconscious, we
technique would experience increased levels of
Wandering womb – uterus traveling throughout anxiety
women’s bodies and causing varois parts to - Conscious
malfunction. o Mental elements in awareness at any given
The Case of Anna O – Breuer’s patient he spent many point in time
hours treating for hysteria several years earlier o Two different directions:
- Led to collaboration of Breuer and Freud in  Perpetual conscious
publishing cases of hysteria - Studies on Hysteria system – what we perceive
Interpretation of Dreams – Freud’s greatest work through our sense organ
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE enters into consciousness
- Mental life divided into two levels, the  From within the mental
unconscious and the conscious structure – includes
- Unconscious has two different levels: nonthreatening ideas from
unconscious proper and preconscious the preconscious as well as
- Both process and location menacing but well-disguised
- Unconscious images from the
o Contains all drives, urges, instincts that are unconscious
beyond our awareness but that nevertheless PROVINCES OF THE MIND
moticate most of our words, feelings, and - Id – das Es or “it”
actions o Most primitive part
o Explanation for the meaning behind dreams, o Has no contact with reality
slips of the tongue, and certain kinds of o Sole function is to seek pleasure or “pleasure
forgetting called repression principle”
o Preventing anxiety-producing memories from o
entering awareness - Ego – das Ich or “I”
o Repression – forcing unwanted anxiety-ridden o Only region of mind in contact with reality
experiences intto the unconscious as a o Reality principle
defense against the pain of that anxiety o Becomes the decision-making or executive
o Phylogenetic endowment – portion of our branch of personality
unconscious originates from the experiences of - Superego – das Uber-Ich or “over-I”
our early ancestors that have been passed on o Represents the moral and ideal aspects of
to us through hundreds of generations of persinality
repetition o Moralistic and idealistic principles
- Preconscious o Has no contact with the outside world
o Not conscious but can become conscious o Has 2 subsystems:
either quite readily or with some difficulty  Conscience – what we should not do
  Ego-ideal – what we should do
o Well developed superego acts to control
sexual and aggressive impulses through
repression
o Guilt – result when the ego acts contrary to the
moral standards of the superego
o Feelings of inferiority – when ego cannot
meet the superego’s standards of perfection
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- Driving forces behind people’s actions
- Drives – “Trieb” – constant motivational force
o Two major drives:
 Sex or Eros – libido (psychic energy)
 aim: pleasure
 entire body is invested with libido
 erogenous zones – genitals, mouth,
anus
 can take many forms:
o Narcissicm
 primary narcissism –
infant’s libido invested
almost exclusively on their
own ego
 secondary narcissism –
adolescents redirect their
libido back to the ego and
become preoccupied with
personal appearance and
other self interest
o Love – when people invest their
livido on an object or person
other than themselves
 Aim-inhibited – original
aim of reducing sexual
tension is inhibited or
repressed; love felt for
family members
o Sadism – need for sexual
pleasure by inflicting pain or
humiliation on another person
o Masochism – sexual pleasure
from suffering pain and
humiliation inflicted either by
themselves or by others
 Aggression, distraction, or Thanatos
 Aim: return the organism to an
inorganic state; self destruction
o Originate from the id but they come under the
control of ego
o Impetus – amount of force the drive exerts
o Source – the region of the body in a state of
excitation or tension
o Aim – to seek pleasure by removing that
excitation or reducing the tension
o Object – person or thing that serves as means
through which the aim is satisfied
- Anxiety – felt, affective, unpleasant state
accompanied by a physical sensation that warns
the person against impending danger
o Id – neurotic anxiety – apprehension about
an unknown danger
o Superego – moral anxiety – stems from the
conflict betweein the ego and superego
o Outer world – realistic anxiety – closely
related to fear; unpleasant, nonspecific feeling
incolcing a possible danger
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- Ego’s mechanism to avoid dealing directly with
sexual and aggressive implosives and to defend
itself against the anxiety that accompanies them
- Repression – most basic and involved in each of
the others; forcing threatening feelings to the
unconscious
- Reaction formation – adopting a disguise that is
directly the opposite of its original form; obssessive
and compulsive form
- Displacement – people redirect their unacceptable
urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the
original impulse is disguised or concealed
- Fixation – when the process of taking the next step
becomes too anxiety provoking, ego may resort to
the strategy of remaining at the present, more
comfy psychological stage
- Regression – reverting back to an earlier stage
during times of stress and anxiety
- Projection – when an internal impulse provokes
too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety
 by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external
object
o Paranoia – extreme type of projection; mental
disorder characterized by powerful delusions of
jealousy and persecution
- Introjection – people incorporate positive qualities
of another person into their own ego
- Sublimation – repression of the genital aim of Eros
by substituting a cultural or social aim
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
- First 4-5 years of life (infantile stage) – most
crucial for personality formation
o Divided into three phases according to which
of the three primary erogenous zones is
undergoing the most salient development
 Oral phase – first organ to provide an
infant with pleasure
 Oral receptive phase - infants feel
no ambivalence toward the
pleasureble object and needs are
usually satisfied with minimum
frustration and anxiety
 Oral-sadistic period – bitng, cooing,
closing their mouth, smiling, crying;
example: thumb sucking – defense
against anxiety that satisfies their
sexual but not nutritional needs
 Anal phase
 Early anal period – taking friendly
interest toward their feces
o Anal character – people who
continue to receive erotic
satisfaction by keeping and
possessing objects and by
arranging them in an excessively
neat and orderly fashion
o Anal triad – orderliness,
stinginess, obstinacy
 Phallic Phase – genital area as the
leading erogenous zone
 Male Oedipus complex –
identification with his father; later
develops sexual desire for his mother;
seeing father as rival for mother’s love
 Castration complex – castration
anxiety; fear of losing the penis
 Female Oedipus complex – tranfer of
sexual interest onto the father and
developing hostility towards the mother
 Penis envy – powerful force in the
formation of girls’ personality
- Followed by 6-7 year period of lantency – little or
no sexual growth takes place
o Reinforced through constant suppression by
parents and teachers and by internal feelings
of shame, guilt, and morality
- Puberty – genital stage – renaissance of sexual
life
o Adolescents - give up autoeroticism; direct
their sexual energy toward another person
instead of toward themself
- Maturity – psychosexual development culmination
APPLICATION OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Free association – patients are required to verbalize
every though that comes to their mind
- Purpose: to arrive at the unconscious by starting
with a present conscious idea and following it
through a train of associations to wherever it leads
Transference – strong sexual or aggressive feelings,
positive or negative, that patients develop toward their
analyst during the course of treatment
Dream analysis – freud’s method of analyzing dreams;
dreams as manifestation of unconscious
- Manifest content – surface meaning or conscious
description
- Latent content – unconscious material
- all dreams are wish fulfillments
- except for patients suffering from traumatic
experience – repetition compulsion
Freudian Slips – everyday slips of the tongue or pen,
misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and
temporarily forgetting names or intentions are not
chance accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious
intentions; “Fehlleistung” or faulty function;
parapraxes