Circularly Polarized Microstrip Fractal Antennas

P. Dehkhoda*, A. Tavakoli
Electrical Engineering Department
Amirkabir Univmity of Technology,
424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 15914, Iran

I Introduction In this paper a couple of circularly polarized fractal B ~ ~ C M S BTS

S inmducsd.
Fractal shapes enhancs antenna propsnies due U) their rcif-sirmlaigl behavior. Multiband
bchavior [I], miniatwired s i l e [2] and high directivity [3, 41 arc Bmong these improved
properties reponed in the literature Here a miniaturized circularly polarized microstnp antenna
based on Sicrpinrki gasket is inaoducsd. Aim a new fractal micro~fnpantenna named Crown
Square anlenna based on the nearly square shape is presented. It is shown thal Crown Square
fractal antenna hss circular polatiration at higher order modes with a marly cenbal fccd
position. T h i s new antenna i s optimized with "genetic a1gonthm"to get minimum axial ratio

2 The Sierpinskl Miemstrip Antenna The Sierpinti gasket is mnitmcfcd by subtracting a

central invcned fCanglc from a main vlanglc shape. In each iteration, the s m e pmcdurs i s
repsated to thc remaining tfiangles. Figure I shows second itcration of Sicrpinski gasket and
simple ttiangle microslfip antennas with a substrate of &=2.52 and h=3.2 m thickness. The
comial feed is IoCatCd at the middle of the fight ridc which resulk in a left hand circular
polariration. lfths feed is placed in the middle of the left side antenn~,a fight hand circular
polarization is pmdueed [SI. The MOM (method af moments) is used to analyze there two
antennas. Figvrc 2 and Figure 3 depict LCreal and the imaginary p m of input impedance Of
these two antenna at first resonant frcqucncy. A i iiiusmted, Sisrpinti gasket microslip
ant~nnahas 0.44 GHr lowcr resonant frequency compared fo simple vlangic antenna which
will m u l l in s i x reduction for fractal antenna. Scvsral simulation result! of these antennas me
compared in Table i
Tabla 1
S l M U U T l O N REIULTSOFnlelWTENNAE

0 (rimpie triangle) 1.213 18.89

4.455 1.174

As seen in ihc Tablc 1, minimum axial ralio and the bandwidth for axial ratio<( dB in &tal
mfcnna are degradcd. However, by u i n g the optimization methods m c can improve the
antema propcnies.

3.1 Crown Square fractal microstrip Antenna with nearly eentrd feed Figure 4 shows
the bare $hapc of Crown Square fractal and ifs flnf and rssond iterations. In the n' iteration, a
shape with scale of I / 2"' is added to thc (0-i)' itemtion. Here, wianalyze u1s second iteration
of Crown Square fraclal and the nearly square microsttip a n t m a with a substrate of ~ y 2 . 5 2
and 118 inch thickness. These two mVnnas and the fccd location we iilvsmfed in Figure 5.
Again we ulilircd thc MOM to simulate thres anlcmas. Figure 6 and Figure 7 compare the real
and lhc imrginaly parrs ofinpui impedance ofthc antennas. it is shown that fractal antenna has
circular polarizrlian 81 3.95 CHI in the broadside direction. None ofthc m o n ~ nfrequencies
t of

02004 IEEE 3453

0-7803-8302-8/04/$20.00
nsarly square antema has circular polarization at this band of frcqucney. The minimm axial
ratio of fractal antema for fhis feed location is 5.25 dB a1 3.95 GHz and the bandwidth ofaxial
ratio c6 dB i s 3.2 MHz or 0.08%.

3.2 Optimhntion To improve the minimum aria1 ratio of C r o w Squarc microship antenna.
we have used genetic algorithm [6]. optimization parameers are the ratio of W O sides of the
ansma pia, a=5.32 cm) and the diagonal fecd l~cstionin the n~areslregion to the center of the
anlcnna. We have changed b/a bewesn I and 1.1 wifh the accuracy of 0.001 and feed location
with the accuracy of 0.01 millimeter.The resulfj am:
bla=1.046 P= (23.36 mm, 24.43456 mm]

Sicrpinrki antenna Triangular antenna

Figure I.Second iteration of Sierpinski gesket and triangular antenna with their fecd location,
a=16mm and b i a 4 9 8

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 rmuency x too
Figurc 3. The imaginary pm of input impsdancc of fhs antemm

OB Bare Shape First Iteration Second Iteration

Figure 4. Cmwn Squaie FrscIaIs.

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 fccd
4

E b

Figurc 5. Cmwn Square antema (second iteration) and Ncarly Squarc a n i m a

a=5.32, bla=I.O526 and their feed position (24.5 mm, 25.88 m)from !he comer

Figure 6.The real pan of input impedance of !he antemm

Figure 1.The maginary pan ofinpur impedance ofthsanlmnm

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