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Integrity Critical
PPL-SU-4737-F
Hot Induction and Cold Shop Bending
Operating Environment: LNG, Onshore, Pipelines, Subsea, Topsides
This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and its affiliates. When made available to
any contractor providing services to Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its affiliates, the contractor’s use of this
document shall be governed by the confidentiality provisions of the applicable contract or bid package.
Without limiting the foregoing, neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed by the
contractor to any third party, other than an affiliate of the contractor that requires this information for
purposes of the contract with the Chevron entity, without the prior written consent of the Chevron entity
that has disclosed this document to the contractor. When requested by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its disclosing
affiliate, the contractor must return all copies of this document to the Chevron entity requesting such return
and delete any electronic copies from the contractor’s systems.
Any and all modifications (changes, amendments, etc.) to this document must follow approved
Chevron Engineering Standards governance processes.
Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

D 12/10 General revision. C. Buterbaugh S Mishael
E 09/13 General revision. A. Gonzalez S. Mishael
F 08/16 General revision. J. Farraro K. Baker
August 2016 © 2005–2016 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Confidential – Restricted Access 1 of 24
Integrity Critical
Hot Induction and Cold Shop Bending PPL-SU-4737-F
Summary of Changes
Revised technical content may be marked with change bars in the right margin as directed by Author.
The Author denotes the following technical changes to this revision as detailed below:
Author notations regarding this revision
Added technical requirements for induction bending CRA clad pipe.
Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below
n/a
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Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 5
2.3 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 6
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 7
4.0 Information to be Supplied by Purchaser.................................................................................... 8
5.0 General Requirements ................................................................................................................. 10
6.0 Process for Accepting and Qualifying Bending Procedures .................................................. 12
6.1 Bending Procedures.......................................................................................................... 12
6.2 Exemptions From Qualification Testing ............................................................................ 13
6.3 Qualification Bends ........................................................................................................... 13
6.4 Testing of Qualification Bends .......................................................................................... 14
6.5 Bending Group Essential Attributes .................................................................................. 15
7.0 Production of Bends .................................................................................................................... 16
8.0 Hardness Testing of Production Bends .................................................................................... 17
8.1 Non-Sour Service .............................................................................................................. 17
8.2 Sour Service ...................................................................................................................... 18
9.0 Hydrostatic Testing...................................................................................................................... 18
10.0 Dimensional and Nondestructive Examination ........................................................................ 19
11.0 Marking ......................................................................................................................................... 22
12.0 Inspection and Test Plan ............................................................................................................. 23
13.0 Documentation ............................................................................................................................. 24
14.0 Supplemental Requirements for Cold Shop Bending .............................................................. 24
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1.0 Scope
1. This specification provides requirements for hot induction and cold shop bending of the
following types of carbon and low alloy steel pipe:
a. ASME BPVC, Section IX, P1, P3, P4, and P5A pipe.
b. API 5L product specification level (PSL) 2 line pipe.
c. PPL-SU-1050 welded line pipe.
d. PPL-SU-1051 seamless line pipe.
e. CSA Z245.1 line pipe.
f. ISO 3183 line pipe.
g. DNV-OS-F101 line pipe.
h. Internally weld overlaid or roll bonded clad pipe with the backings steel pipe
manufactured to one of the specifications listed above.
2. Electric welded (EW), submerged-arc longitudinal welded (SAWL), or seamless (SMLS)
pipe may be bent according to this specification.
3. The requirements in this specification supplement industry standards and Owner
specifications indicated on data sheet PPL-DS-4737 or purchase order.
4. Mitered and segmentable bends are excluded from the scope of this specification. Contact
Owner’s materials and corrosion team for guidance.
5. This specification is to be accompanied by completed data sheet PPL-DS-4737, per
Section 5.0, item 1.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this specification.
2. Unless other specified in Sections 2.1 or 2.2, use the latest edition of the referenced
documents.
2.1 Owner Documents

PPL-SU-1050 Welded Line Pipe: Electric Welded and Submerged Arc Welded
Line Pipe
PPL-SU-1051 Seamless Line Pipe
PPL-DG-4737 Data Sheet Guide for Hot Induction and Cold Shop Bending
PPL-DS-4737 Data Sheet for Hot Induction and Cold Shop Bending
PPL-DU-5023 Materials and Design of Liquid Transportation Pipelines
PPL-DU-5236 Materials and Design of Gas Transportation Pipelines
PPL-SU-6185 Piping Material Line Classes for Pipeline Applications
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SSM-SU-5405 Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded (SAWL) Line Pipe for Water
Depths 1500 Feet and Greater
SSM-SU-5408 Seamless Line Pipe for Water Depths 1500 Feet and Greater
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute (API)
Spec 5L Specification for Line Pipe
ASME (founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [ASME])

B16.49 Factory-Made, Wrought Steel, Buttwelding Induction Bends for
Transportation and Distribution Systems
B31.1 Power Piping
B31.3 Process Piping
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries
B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Section IX, Qualification Standard for Welding, Brazing, and
Fusing Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding, Brazing, and
Fusing Operators
ASTM International (ASTM)

G28 Standard Test Methods for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular
Corrosion in Wrought, Nickel-Rich, Chromium-Bearing Alloys
A53/A53M Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped,
Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
A106/A106M Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for
High-Temperature Service
A262 Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack
in Austenitic Stainless Steels
A333/A333M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for
Low-Temperature Service and Other Applications with Required Notch
Toughness
A435/A435M Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of
Steel Plates
A578/A578M Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of
Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications
A672/A672M Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for
High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures
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Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

Z245.1 Steel Pipe
Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

3183 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Steel pipe for pipeline
transportation systems
10893-8 Non-destructive testing of steel tubes – Part 8: Automated ultrasonic
testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
15590-1 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Induction bends, fittings and
flanges for pipeline transportation systems – Part 1: Induction bends
Society for Protective Coating (SSPC)

SP 6 Commercial Blast Cleaning
2.3 Conflict Resolution

1. Conflicts or discrepancies between this specification and other referenced documents shall
be submitted in writing to Owner for resolution.
2. In the event of inconsistencies among the requirements stated in the referenced documents,
the following order of precedence shall apply:
a. Local country statutes, regulations, and directives.
b. Local country codes and standards.
c. Project requisitions.
d. Data sheets.
e. This specification.
f. Other international codes and standards.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
CE Carbon Equivalent
CVD Crest-to-Valley Depth
DN Diametre Nominel (nominal diameter in mm)
EW Electric Welded
HAZ Heat Affected Zone
HFW High Frequency Welded
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HIC Hydrogen-Induced Cracking

HRC Hardness Rockwell C-Scale
HV Hardness Vickers Scale
ID Inside Diameter
ILI In-line Inspection
ITP Inspection and Test Plan
MPS Manufacturing Procedure Specification
MTR Mill Test Report
NDE Nondestructive Examination (also known as nondestructive inspection [NDI]
or nondestructive testing [NDT])
NPS Nominal Pipe Size
OD Outside Diameter
pMPS preliminary Manufacturing Procedure Specification
PSL Product Specification Level
SAWL Submerged-Arc Longitudinal Welding\
SME Subject Matter Expert
SMLS Seamless
SSC Sulfide Stress Cracking
TMCP Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Processing
UT Ultrasonic Testing
3.2 Definitions
Bend Angle Amount of directional change through the bend by taking into
account bend radius arc length.
Bend Group Bends with similar essential bend variables that share a
qualified manufacturing procedure specification (MPS).
Bending Procedure The manufacturing procedure specification.
Bend Radius Distance from the center of curvature to the centerline axis of
the bent pipe.
Cold Shop Bend Bends manufactured utilizing a hydraulic press and
saddle-shaped dies at room temperature, often filled with water
to prevent ovalization.
Extrados Outer curved section of the bend arc.
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Induction Bend (Hot Bend) Bends manufactured by heating a narrow band 360-degrees
around a pipe at the point of bending as the pipe is being pushed
through the induction coil at a constant speed. Induction bends
are typically not segmentable and have ovality approaching 3
percent.
Intrados Inner curved section of the bend arc.
Mitered Bend Bends fabricated by cutting pipe ends of straight sections at an
angle and joining the sections together by girth welds. Mitered
bends are excluded from the scope of this specification. Mitered
bends create local stress concentration and can make pigging
and in-line inspection (ILI) operations more difficult. Contact
Owner’s Materials and Corrosion Team for guidance.
Mother Pipe Straight section of pipe from which a bend is made.
Qualification Bend Bend prepared according to the bending procedure in order to
qualify or accept the bending procedure.
Segmentable Bend Bends fabricated utilizing a hot press and form process.
Segmentable bends are typically limited to 1 percent ovality to
accommodate “segments” to be cut in the field or shop and still
allow for proper fit up to mating pipe. Segmentable bends are
excluded from the scope of this specification. Contact Owner’s
Materials and Corrosion Team for guidance.
Test Bend Production bend that is tested to ensure that the manufacturing
is being performed properly.
Transition Zone Areas at the start and stop points of bending. For induction
bends, this includes material that extends from the unheated
mother pipe to the material that has been heated to the full
bending temperature. For cold shop bends, this includes
material that extends from unbent mother pipe to the material
that has been cold worked in the bent portion.
4.0 Information to be Supplied by Purchaser

Purchaser shall specify the following items listed in PPL-DS-4737:
1. Purchaser name.
2. Job name.
3. Location.
4. Subsea service applicability.
5. Applicable construction design codes (CSA, ISO, DNV, or ASME B31.1, B31.3,
B31.4, B31.8).
6. Material grade (API 5L product specification level [PSL] 2 Grade B, X42, X46, X52, X56,
X60, X65, X70, ASME BPVC Section IX P1, P3, P4, P5A material).
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7. Mother pipe specification (API 5L PSL 2, ASTM A53/A53M, ASTM A106/A106M,

CSA Z254.1, DNV-OS-F101, PPL-SU-1050, PPL-SU-1051, SSM-SU-5405,
SSM-SU-5408, or Section IX of BPVC).
8. Process of manufacture (electric welded [EW], submerged-arc longitudinal welding
[SAWL], or seamless [SMLS]).
9. Outside diameter ([OD]—inches, mm).
10. Nominal wall thickness (inches, mm) of mother pipe.
11. Nominal wall thickness (inch, mm) of mating pipe.
12. Total quantity supplied (number of joints, feet, meters).
13. Approximate individual joint length supplied (feet, meters).
14. Bend identification number.
15. Number of bends required.
16. Bend radius, R, (feet) and angle, X, (degrees) with tolerances.
17. Tangent T1 length (shown in PPL-DS-4737) with tolerances.
18. Tangent T2 length (shown in PPL-DS-4737) with tolerances.
19. Minimum acceptable wall thickness after bending (inches, mm).
20. Maximum design pressure (psi, MPa).
21. Sour service hydrogen sulfide content (if applicable).
22. Charpy V-notch requirements.
23. Minimum design temperature.
24. Sizing gauge type and dimensions (diameter for ball type or length for plate type).
25. Maximum pig OD expected during inspection.
26. Hydrostatic test pressure and duration.
27. End finish bevel angle (if applicable).
28. Maximum residual magnetism.
29. Type of end protectors used (plastic caps, metal caps, enclosed, etc.).
30. Owner’s quality assurance oversight requirement in addition to third-party inspector.
31. Special markings/tags.
32. Coating type (i.e., fusion-bonded epoxy, polyethylene, etc.) and coating thickness
(if applicable).
Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.
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5.0 General Requirements

1. Data sheet PPL-DS-4737 shall be completed for the bends that are to be ordered by
Purchaser.
Note: PPL-DS-4737 is a separate document to be submitted with the initial request

for quotation. For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.
2. Mother pipe for line pipe applications shall be supplied in accordance with the requirements
of the latest edition of API 5L PSL 2 and as supplemented by PPL-SU-1050, PPL-SU-1051,
SSM-SU-5405, and SSM-SU-5408, including the appendices and data sheets.
3. As additional supplemental requirements, the following specifications may also be invoked
for mother pipe:
a. CSA Z245.1.
b. ISO 3183.
c. DNV-OS-F101.
d. ASME BPVC Section IX (P1, P3, P4, and P5A pipe).
4. Mother pipe for the following grades shall meet the applicable ASTM requirements:
a. ASTM A53/A53M (API 5L Grade B PSL 2).
b. ASTM A106/A106M (API 5L Grade B PSL 2).
c. ASTM A333/A333M (Grade 6).
5. Stock pipe used as mother pipe shall be supplied in accordance with the requirements of the
latest edition of API 5L PSL 2 and as supplemented by stock line pipe purchasing
requirements specified in PPL-DU-5023 Appendix A or PPL-DU-5236 Appendix A, and
requirements specified in PPL-SU-6185.
6. If the bender supplies the pipe, the bender shall provide a copy of the mill test report (MTR)
from the steel mill and pipe mill for acceptance prior to bending, regardless of the bending
group.
7. Pipe lengths containing circumferential butt welds shall not be hot induction or
cold shop bent.
8. Prior to bending, the inside and outside pipe surfaces shall be free of dirt, scale, oil, grease,
and other contaminants.
9. At no time prior to or during bending shall the pipe contact low melting temperature
materials such as copper, brass, zinc, and aluminum.
10. For hot induction bending, the pipe shall be fed through the induction coil at a constant speed,
followed by a continuous quench without interruption.
a. An air quench shall be used for materials that meet the requirements of Section IX of
BPVC, P4 and P5A materials.
b. A water quench shall be used for all other materials.
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11. For hot induction bending, the bending shall be performed at a temperature greater than the
upper critical temperature of the material.
a. For hot induction bending, bending of carbon steel shall not occur at metal temperatures
less than 1600°F (870°C) or greater than 2000°F (1090°C).
b. Temperature shall be measured with an optical pyrometer or a contact thermocouple.
12. Hot induction bending shall not be performed if the vanadium content is greater than
0.08 percent.
13. Post-bend heat treatment (tempering) shall be required unless otherwise agreed by Purchaser.
14. Clad induction bends shall meet the following requirements:
a. No circumferential seam welds shall be permitted in the bend assembly.
b. Acceptance criteria shall meet the same requirements as for the supplied mother clad
pipe.
c. All mechanical tests required by this specification shall be performed and documented
unless otherwise accepted by Purchaser.
d. A qualification bend shall be produced and tested for each size, wall thickness, grade
(backing steel pipe), and cladding material.
e. Sizes and wall thicknesses may be grouped to require fewer tests to conserve clad pipe
materials with written acceptance from Purchaser.
f. Corrosion testing of the cladding per ASTM A262 or ASTM G28 shall be performed on
the qualification bend after bending. Unless otherwise specified, the calculated corrosion
rate shall not exceed 0.50 mpy (0.013 mmpy).
g. Each clad bend, as a part of qualification, shall have the inside diameter (ID) surfaces
100 percent liquid penetrant examined by direct or remote visual (camera) to an accepted
procedure prior to completing mechanical testing.
15. Unless otherwise specified, Purchaser shall perform in-plant quality assurance inspection
during bending and of the completed order.
16. Unless otherwise specified in PPL-DS-4737, the ends shall be beveled at
30 degrees with a tolerance of +5 degrees and −0 degrees.
17. Unless otherwise specified in PPL-DS-4737, the residual magnetism shall not exceed
30 gauss.

18. If the mother pipe that is to be induction bent has been manufactured via the
thermo-mechanically controlled processing ([TMCP]—API 5L delivery condition “M”)
method, the following shall be required:
a. Bender shall submit previously qualified bending procedures for hot induction bending
of pipe with the same grade and similar chemistry for Purchaser review and acceptance.
b. Qualification bends per Section 6.3 and completion of qualification bends testing
per Section 6.4 shall be required a minimum of 8 weeks in advance of production
start date.
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c. Section 6.2 regarding exemption from qualification testing shall not apply.
Note: Cold shop bending is preferred over hot induction bending of TMCP pipe.
TMCP pipe is particularly at risk for losing strength due to induction
heating.
6.0 Process for Accepting and Qualifying Bending Procedures

Note: Bending procedures are drafted (preliminary manufacturing procedure specification
[pMPS]), accepted by Purchaser, and qualification bends are created based on draft.
Resulting bends are tested. If the test results meet the requirements of this specification,
bending procedure is qualified or accepted for use in production. If tests fail, draft is
revised as needed and new qualification bends are produced and tested.
6.1 Bending Procedures

1. Bender shall draft a pMPS for each “bend group” as defined in Section 6.5, item 1 and obtain
Purchaser acceptance for each.
a. One procedure for each bending group shall be submitted.
b. Bender shall establish and define, with Purchaser acceptance, the bend groups based on
mother pipe and bending requirements, where more than one bend in a bend group may
share a manufacturing procedure specification (MPS).
2. Each pMPS shall be qualified by the following process:
a. Pipe shall be bent according to requirements of the pMPS.
b. Unless exempted by Section 6.2, item 1 or item 2, bender shall be required to qualify the
bending procedure by performing mechanical tests, dimensional inspection, and
nondestructive examination (NDE) on a qualification bend.
1) Inspection and testing of the qualification bend shall include tangents and transition
zones if required for the produced bends.
2) Bender shall conduct qualification tests using samples from a qualification bend
produced from the mother pipe for the order.
c. Purchaser or Purchaser’s representative(s) shall witness bending and testing.
d. Each pMPS (for induction bend) shall include reaustenization of the full bend section
(including both tangents) and quenching prior to post-bend tempering.
e. MPS shall be adjusted based on actual qualification bending conditions and shall be
reviewed and accepted by Purchaser. After MPS is accepted by Purchaser, production
bending and testing may begin.
3. Qualification bends shall meet the requirements of Section 6.4.
4. Bender shall provide a record of the bend qualification parameters used and the test results,
which include the information contained in PPL-DS-4737.
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6.2 Exemptions From Qualification Testing

1. Bender may be exempt from qualification testing by satisfying either item 2 or item 3 below.
2. Bending procedure shall be qualified without the need for qualification testing if the
following requirements are met:
a. Material shall be carbon steel (API 5L PSL 2 Grades B/L245 through X46/L320,
ASTM A53/A53M Grade B, A106/A106M Grade B, or Section IX of BPVC P1
material).
b. Material shall be tempered at a minimum temperature of 1150°F (620°C) following
bending. A minimum tempering time of 60 minutes per inch (25.4 mm) of wall thickness
shall be used, with a minimum tempering time of 60 minutes for wall thicknesses less
than 1 inch (25.4 mm).
c. Carbon equivalent (CE) shall be < 0.42 percent.
d. Carbon content shall be > 0.12 percent.
e. The submitted procedure shall include the bending parameters listed in PPL-DS-4737.
3. A bending procedure supported by qualification testing of a test bend for a previous job shall
be considered qualified without additional testing if the following requirements are met:
a. For each bending group, the bender shall be submitted for Purchaser review and
acceptance a documented bending procedure and qualification test results from a
qualification previously performed.
b. The candidate pipe shall be of the same bending group as defined in Section 6.5.
c. The submitted procedure shall include all information shown in PPL-DS-4737.
6.3 Qualification Bends

1. Qualification bends shall have sufficient arc length to allow extraction of the necessary test
specimens.
2. Qualification bends shall be manufactured in accordance with each pMPS.
3. For grades of pipe with CE ≥ 0.35 percent, the entire length of bends shall be furnace
tempered according to the following requirements:
a. For qualification bends, unless otherwise accepted according to Section 7.0, item 9, the
bender shall determine the actual tempering temperature necessary to meet the
qualification requirements of the pipe material specification.
b. The maximum temperature and time at temperature shall be recorded in PPL-DS-4737.
4. For grades of pipe with CE < 0.35 percent that are not manufactured by TMCP, tempering of
the bend may be omitted with written acceptance from the project engineer if the bend is
intended for sweet service and the qualification bend meets the requirements of the original
pipe without tempering.
5. For qualification bends, one thermocouple shall be attached to each end of the bend. Furnace
thermocouple charts shall be attached to PPL-DS-4737.
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6. Qualification bends shall be heat treated in the same furnace in which the production bend
will be heat treated.
7. Qualification testing specimens shall be removed from the qualification bend after
heat treatment.
6.4 Testing of Qualification Bends

1. Hot induction and cold shop bends shall meet the material properties, NDE acceptance
criteria, and dimensional requirements of the original pipe material specification and of
API 5L, unless otherwise stated in the data sheet.
2. If required for the main pipeline, sour service testing shall include hydrogen-induced
cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) testing of qualification bends.
3. Mechanical property, fracture toughness, and hardness testing of the qualification bends shall
be done following bending and tempering (if tempering is required). The tests and sample
locations shall be specified in PPL-DS-4737.
6.4.1 Hardness Tests of Qualification Bends

1. Hardness tests shall be conducted as part of the bending qualification procedure at locations
indicated in PPL-DS-4737.
2. Rockwell and Vickers test methods shall be acceptable. Brinell hardness testing shall not be
acceptable on qualification bend cross-section.
3. The cross section shall consist of 3 impressions at 1/16 inch (1.60 mm) from each surface and
at mid wall (9 impressions total).
4. For high frequency welded (HFW) or SAWL pipe, the same set of impressions described in
item 3 shall be taken in both the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ), in addition to the
body tests.
5. No hardness test impression shall exceed 22 Hardness Rockwell C-Scale (HRC) or
250 Hardness Vickers 10 (HV10). This hardness requirement shall not be waived for sour
service.
6. Hardness readings shall be recorded in PPL-DS-4737.
6.4.2 Qualification Test Failure

1. If any qualification test fails, a new qualification bend shall be produced and
completely retested.
2. Bender shall notify Purchaser’s representative of the cause for failure and actions shall be
taken to prevent failure of the new qualification attempt.
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6.5 Bending Group Essential Attributes

1. A bending group, or bend group, shall be defined by the following attributes:
a. Material grade (except as rolled or normalized, grades B, X42, and X46 may be
grouped together).
b. CE difference of ±0.03 percent, where:
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15
Equation 1
c. Pipe product form (HFW, SAWL, or SMLS).

d. Bend radius.
e. Difficulty factor that does not exceed the calculated value qualified by the qualification
bend. The difficulty factor is defined as follows:
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)2
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑙𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Equation 2
Note: Qualification of a higher difficulty factor also qualifies a pipe bend with a lower
difficulty factor, provided the other eight essential attributes are met.
f. For induction bends, changes to the following:
1) Bending machine speed by more than ±0.098 inches/minute (2.5 mm/minute).
2) Bending machine coil power by more than ±5 percent.
3) Bend temperature of greater than ±45°F (25°C).
4) Induction heating frequency by more than ±20 percent.
g. Use of different bending machines.
h. Use of different heating coil design for induction bending.
i. Change in the following:
1) Post-bending heat treatment from tempering to quenching and tempering.
2) Post-bending tempering time exceeding ±15 minutes from the qualified
tempering time.
3) Tempering temperature variation exceeding ±25°F (15°C).
4) Cooling medium (or coolant) temperature variation exceeding ±25°F (15°C).
5) Type of cooling medium.
6) Cooling medium flow rate (or equivalent pressure) variation exceeding 10 percent.
j. Change in cladding material (if applicable).
2. A change to any attribute shall constitute a change in the bending group and shall require a
new qualified bending procedure.
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7.0 Production of Bends

1. Production bends shall be made using the machine settings and tempering heat treatments as
specified in the bending procedures as defined in the accepted MPS.
2. For induction bending, after the bending operation starts, it shall continue until completion of
the bend without interruption; otherwise, the bend shall be rejected.
3. Weld seams shall be oriented not more than 15 degrees from the neutral axis (0 degrees or
180 degrees) and, preferably, toward the intrados of the bend for single plane bends.
4. On a compound bend, the weld seam shall be located about 45 degrees from the neutral axis.
5. Mother pipe wall thickness for bends shall be increased sufficiently to offset wall thinning
due to induction bending or cold shop bending process.
Note: Wall thinning will occur on the extrados and neutral axis of the bend. The tighter
(smaller) the bend radius, the thinner the extrados of the bend becomes. Bender
should be requested to provide wall thinning information based on experience of
similar pipe materials.
Per ASME B16.49 paragraph 12.3 (“Wall Thickness”) requirement, the bend wall
thickness should not fall below 90 percent of the nominal mating wall thickness
marked on the bend (also specified in Section 10.0, item 5a of this specification).
𝑡bend ≥ 90% × 𝑡nominal of mating pipe
Equation 3
The bend manufacturer should ensure the mother pipe wall thickness is sufficient to
meet the requirement above, such that
𝑡bend = (1 − max. Wall Thinning Ratio) × 𝑡mother pipe ≥ 90% × 𝑡nominal of mating pipe
Equation 4
6. For SMLS pipe prior to bending, the thickest part of the pipe shall be oriented to the outside,
or extrados, of the bend.
7. Cold pressing following tempering to reduce bend ovality shall not be allowed.
8. Bend angles on intermediate strength carbon steel line pipe bends (ASME P1 or API 5L
PSL 2 Grades B/L245 through X46/L290) may be corrected by locally applied heat (such as
with a rosebud torch).
a. Metal temperature shall be limited to 1200°F (650°C) or the maximum tempering
temperature of the bend per PPL-DS-4737, whichever is lower (measured by
temperature-indicating crayons).
b. Localized heating shall be followed by air cooling.
c. Water cooling shall not be permitted.
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9. For grades of pipe with CE ≥ 0.35 percent or bends exempt from qualification testing
according to Section 6.2, item 2, the entire length of bends shall be furnace tempered. The
following requirements shall apply:
a. Bends exempt from qualification testing according to Section 6.2, item 2 shall be furnace
tempered at a minimum temperature of 1150°F (620°C).
b. A minimum tempering time of 60 minutes per inch (25.4 mm) of wall thickness shall be
used, with a minimum tempering time of 60 minutes for wall thicknesses less than
1 inch (25.4 mm).
c. Bends that have been produced using a previously qualified procedure shall undergo the
same heat treatment as specified in the qualified procedure according to Section 6.2,
item 3.
1) Tempering temperature shall be controlled to ±25°F (±15°C) of the qualified
temperature.
2) Maximum temperature and time at temperature (time above the minimum specified
tempering temperature) shall be recorded in PPL-DS-4737.
3) Localized heat treatment shall not be acceptable.
10. A minimum of one thermocouple shall be required for each stacked layer of bends, plus one
thermocouple measuring the furnace atmosphere temperature.
a. If production bends are to be stacked for heat treatment, shop furnace and stacking
procedure shall be accepted by Purchaser.
b. Furnace thermocouple charts shall be attached to PPL-DS-4737.
11. Project shall ensure any misalignment or unequal wall thickness between bends and mating
pipe are code compliant. Additional requirements shall be considered for the following:
a. Avoid inadequate weld penetration due to high-low.
b. Ensure unobstructed pigging.
c. Bend end bevel, bend taper, and transition spool.
8.0 Hardness Testing of Production Bends

Hardness tests shall be performed on the OD surface of the production bend, as specified in
Section 8.1 and Section 8.2.
8.1 Non-Sour Service

1. For non-sour service, a hardness test shall be performed on one bend if the order is for less
than or equal to five bends.
2. If the order is for more than 5 bends, 20 percent of the production bends shall be tested in
each tempering furnace lot or, if not tempered, every fifth production bend.
3. Hardness shall be tested on the following:
a. Extrados.
b. Intrados.
Integrity Critical
c. Neutral axis of the mid-bend area.

d. Intrados of both transition zones.
4. If welded pipe is being bent, a hardness test shall also be made on the weld.
5. Maximum permitted hardness shall be 22 HRC or 250 HV10. The Microdur hardness tester
shall be acceptable.
6. If a bend fails the hardness test, the bend shall be quarantined for disposition and Purchaser
shall be notified.
7. In PPL-DS 4737, the following shall be recorded:
a. Highest hardness value measured in the mid-bend area.
b. Highest hardness value measured in the transition zones.
8.2 Sour Service

1. When sour service is specified in PPL-DS-4737, every production bend shall be tempered
and hardness tested on the following:
a. Extrados.
b. Intrados.
c. Neutral axis of the mid-bend area.
d. Intrados of both transition zones.
2. If welded pipe is being bent, a hardness test shall also be made on the weld.
3. No hardness impression shall exceed 22 HRC or 250 HV10.
4. If bends do not meet the hardness requirement, the bend shall be quarantined for disposition
and Purchaser shall be notified.
5. In PPL-DS-4737, the following shall be recorded:
a. Highest hardness value measured in the mid-bend area.
b. Highest hardness value measured in the transition zones.
9.0 Hydrostatic Testing

1. If hydrostatic testing is required, it shall be indicated in PPL-DS-4737.
2. Hydrostatic pressure and hold time shall be indicated in PPL-DS-4737.
3. If specified in PPL-DS-4737, each finished pipe bend shall be pressure tested at the pressure
specified for the field hydrostatic testing.
4. Test pressure shall be held for the minimum time specified in PPL-DS-4737.
Integrity Critical
10.0 Dimensional and Nondestructive Examination

1. Each bend shall meet the dimensional requirements specified in Section 4.0.
2. Buckled, dented, wrinkled, or cracked pipe bends shall not be acceptable.
3. Minor upsetting, waving, or start/stop bumps as shown in Figure 1 shall be acceptable,
provided that the following requirements are met:
a. Wave shapes blend into the pipe surface in a gradual manner with a maximum
crest-to-valley depth (CVD) of 1 percent of the actual OD.
b. Ratio of the distance between adjacent crests (“l” in Figure 1) to the CVD is a minimum
of 25:1.
c. CVD shall be determined as follows:
𝐷2 + 𝐷4
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = − 𝐷3
2
Equation 5
where:
D2 and D4 = ODs of two adjacent crests
D3 = OD of the intervening valley
1
Figure 1: Crest-to-Valley Depth of Pipe Bends (Courtesy of ISO )
1
©ISO. This material is excerpted from ISO 15590-1:2009 with permission of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) on behalf of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). All
rights reserved.
Integrity Critical
4. Ovality greater than 3 percent in the bend area shall not be acceptable, where:
𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = × 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Equation 6
5. Bends shall be produced with the following dimensional tolerances, or as specified in

PPL-DS-4737.
a. Wall thickness shall be checked in a sufficient number of locations throughout the bend
to ensure that the minimum wall thickness is as follows:
1) Not below 90 percent of the nominal mating wall thickness marked on the bend.
2) Meets Purchaser minimum wall thickness requirement as specified in PPL-DS-4737.
b. Bend angle: ± 1/2 degree.
c. Flat plane of bend: ± 1 percent of centerline radius.
d. Bend radius, R:
1) For bends with R ≥ 39.37 inches (1000 mm): ± 1 percent.
2) For bends with R < 39.37 inches (1000 mm): ± 0.394 inch (10 mm).
6. Bend end dimensions shall meet those of the mother pipe body diameter and tolerances
specified in API 5L, Table 10 (“Tolerances for diameter and out-of-roundness”), unless
otherwise stated in PPL-DS-4737.
a. End squareness (per Figure 2) shall be as follows:
1) NPS 36 (DN 900) and smaller: 0.09 inch (2.4 mm).
2) Greater than NPS 36 (DN 900a): 0.12 inch (3.00 mm).
b. Linear dimensions shall be as follows:
1) NPS 24 (DN 600) and smaller: 0.19 inch (± 5 mm).
2) Greater than NPS 24 (DN 600): 0.25 inch (± 6.35 mm).
c. Ovality shall be within 3 percent.
d. Cut ends shall have ± 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) perpendicularity to the longitudinal axis of
the pipe.
Integrity Critical
2
Figure 2: Measurement of Bend Angle and Out-of-Squareness
2
Reprinted from ASME B16.49-2012, by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
All rights reserved.
Integrity Critical
7. Unless otherwise specified in PPL-DS-4737 or accepted by Purchaser, the bend shall be

capable of passing a sizing gauge of 97 percent of the ID based on nominal dimensions
(OD and wall thickness). If gauging plates are used, they shall be separated by a rigid bar of a
length equal to 1.5 times the ID.
8. Magnetic particle or liquid-penetrant examination shall be performed on the bend area,
including the intrados, extrados, and weld seam.
a. Cracks, laps, laminations, and all rounded indications greater than 0.118 inch (3 mm) in
any direction shall be classed as defects.
b. Surfaces to be inspected shall be grit blasted or shot blasted clean to a bright metal finish
in accordance with SSPC SP 6.
9. Remaining wall thickness in the extrados and neutral axis after bending shall be measured
using an ultrasonic thickness gauge.
a. Readings shall be taken along the extrados (outside radius) and neutral axis at a
minimum of three locations each to ensure uniform thickness.
b. Ultrasonic testing (UT) shall be carried out per ISO 15590-1, Section on “Ultrasonic
testing on the bend body”.
10. A 2-inch (50-mm)-wide band at each end shall be inspected for laminar imperfection by UT
in accordance with ISO 10893-8, ASTM A435/A435M, or ASTM A578/A578M per
ISO 15590-1. Laminar imperfections shall not exceed 0.250 inch (6.4 mm) in the
circumferential direction or have an area in excess of 0.16 inch2 (100 mm2).
11. All clad bends shall be 100 percent inspected by UT compression wave procedures in
accordance with ASTM A578/A578M (acceptance standard level C). No evidence of
disbonding shall be allowed.
12. Dye-penetrant inspection of weld overlaid cladding shall be performed in accordance with
ASTM A672/A672M Supplementary Requirement S9.
a. Acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with ASTM A672/A672M Supplementary
Requirement S7.2.
b. In applications where high corrosion rates are anticipated, Purchaser may specify a “zero
bleed-out” acceptance criteria.
c. If “zero bleed-out” is required, it shall be specified in PPL-DS-4737.
13. A visual inspection shall be carried out on production bends on all accessible surfaces
following cleaning of the surface. The surfaces shall be free of defects that would be rejected
under the original pipe specification.
11.0 Marking
1. Each bend shall be clearly marked by paint stenciling with white paint and minimum
1-inch (25.4-mm)-high letters on the ID of the bend.
2. For pipe that is induction or cold shop bent outside the U.S. that must be permanently marked
to comply with import regulations, low-stress die stamping shall be permitted for the country
of origin marking only.
Integrity Critical
3. The following information shall be marked:

a. Bender name or trademark.
b. Nominal wall thickness.
c. OD.
d. Grade per API 5L PSL 2, CSA Z245.1, ISO 3183, DNV-OS-F101, or
Section IX of BPVC.
e. Heat number or bend identification number (shall be fully traceable to the original
heat number).
f. Bend radius.
g. Bend angle.
h. If required by purchase order, Purchaser’s name and purchase order number.
i. Hydrostatic test pressure and date (if performed).
j. Post-bend heat treatment condition.
k. Special requirements, if specified.
12.0 Inspection and Test Plan

1. Bend manufacturer shall complete Sheets 1 and 2 of the Record of Bend Qualification
Testing in PPL-DS-4737for each bend group.
2. Purchaser’s inspector shall complete Sheets 1 and 2 of the Inspection Record for Production
Bends in PPL-DS-4737 for each production bend.
3. An inspection and test plan (ITP) shall be submitted for Purchaser review and acceptance
prior to start of work. Purchaser shall specify inspection and testing activities on the ITP.
4. All inspection points requiring a hold shall require 48-hour written notification to Purchaser
or Purchaser representative. Items shall be placed on hold until Purchaser representative
arrives or written approval to proceed is received from Purchaser.
5. Inspection hold points proposed on the ITP shall include Purchaser acceptance for the
following:
a. pMPS and bending qualification procedures, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/subject
matter expert (SME).
b. MPS and bending qualification procedure, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME.
c. Total number of bend groups, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME.
d. Exemptions from qualification testing, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME.
e. Previously qualified bending procedure, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME.
f. Tempering exemption, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME.
g. ITP, hold point for Purchaser’s engineer/SME and Purchaser’s inspector.
Integrity Critical
13.0 Documentation
1. For all bending groups, the bender shall provide the following:
a. Information shown in the “Record of Bend Qualification Testing” section of
PPL-DS-4737, including those qualified per Section 6.2, item 2 and item 3.
b. Qualification test results per PPL-DS-4737, except bends qualified per Section 6.2,
item 2.
2. For production bends, the bender shall provide the information required by the “Inspection
Record for Production Bends” section of PPL-DS-4737.

3. The bender shall provide a Certificate of Compliance for all production bends.
a. Each production bend shall be identified by bend identification number.
b. Production bends shall be in compliance with the requirements of this specification,
API 5L PSL2, and applicable Annex (e.g., Annex H for sour service).
14.0 Supplemental Requirements for Cold Shop Bending

Requirements of Sections 2.3 and 4.0 through 12.0 shall apply to cold shop bending, and
additional supplemental requirements shall apply as follows:
1. After completion of bending, the end caps (if used) shall be cut off the bent pipe. Weld HAZ
shall be completely removed.
2. After bending and removal of the end caps (if used), the cold-bent pipe shall be thermally
stress relieved.
a. Stress relief temperature shall be no less than 1100°F (593°C) and no greater than
1200°F (649°C).
b. A minimum tempering time of 60 minutes per inch (25.4 mm) of wall thickness shall be
used, with a minimum tempering time of 60 minutes for wall thicknesses less than
1 inch (25.4 mm).
c. Requirements described in items a and b shall not be waived for sour service.
3. Following stress relief, tensile tests shall be performed from a section cut from one tangent
end to verify strength requirements.
a. Production bends shall be tested following stress relief.
b. If two bends are made from one pipe and if both bends are heat treated simultaneously,
only one tangent end of one bend shall be required to be tested.
c. Test rings shall be cut after final stress relieving.

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Integrity Critical

Operating Environment: LNG, Onshore, Pipelines, Subsea, Topsides

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

Author notations regarding this revision

Added technical requirements for induction bending CRA clad pipe.

Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below

2.1 Owner Documents

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

ASME (founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [ASME])

ASTM International (ASTM)

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Society for Protective Coating (SSPC)

2.3 Conflict Resolution

HIC Hydrogen-Induced Cracking

4.0 Information to be Supplied by Purchaser

7. Mother pipe specification (API 5L PSL 2, ASTM A53/A53M, ASTM A106/A106M,

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

5.0 General Requirements

Note: PPL-DS-4737 is a separate document to be submitted with the initial request

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.0 Process for Accepting and Qualifying Bending Procedures

6.1 Bending Procedures

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.2 Exemptions From Qualification Testing

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.3 Qualification Bends

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.4 Testing of Qualification Bends

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.4.1 Hardness Tests of Qualification Bends

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

6.4.2 Qualification Test Failure

6.5 Bending Group Essential Attributes

CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15

c. Pipe product form (HFW, SAWL, or SMLS).

7.0 Production of Bends

𝑡bend ≥ 90% × 𝑡nominal of mating pipe

8.0 Hardness Testing of Production Bends

8.1 Non-Sour Service

c. Neutral axis of the mid-bend area.

8.2 Sour Service

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

9.0 Hydrostatic Testing

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

10.0 Dimensional and Nondestructive Examination

𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

5. Bends shall be produced with the following dimensional tolerances, or as specified in

7. Unless otherwise specified in PPL-DS-4737 or accepted by Purchaser, the bend shall be

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

3. The following information shall be marked:

12.0 Inspection and Test Plan

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

Note: For additional information, refer to PPL-DG-4737.

14.0 Supplemental Requirements for Cold Shop Bending

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