TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – Manila

363. P. Casal, Quiapo, Manila

Experiment No. 2
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE DEMONSTRATOR & VENTURI NOZZLE
DE DIOS, Mary Jane T., DEL ROSARIO, John Matthew C., LETADA, Eugenio III R., LIM, Kassandra Charmaine C.,
MALIWAT, Kris Marielle H.

Unit Description: Procedure:

Arrange the experimentation set-up on the HM 150 such
that the discharge routes the water into the channel.
 Make hose connection between HM 150 and HM
150.07.
 Open discharge of HM 150.
 Set cap nut (1) of probe compression gland such
that slight resistance is felt on moving probe.
 Open inlet and outlet valves.
 Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of HM
150.
 Open cent valves (2) on water pressure gauges.
 Carefully close outlet valve until pressure gauges
are flushed.
 By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet valve,
regulate water level in pressure gauges such that
1 Assembly board neither upper nor lower range limit (UL, LL) is
2 Single water pressure gauge overshot or undershot.
3 Discharge pipe
 Record pressures at all measurement points.
4 Outlet valve
Then move overall pressure probe to
Venturi nozzle with six
5 corresponding measurement level and note down
measurement points
6 Compression gland overall pressure.
Probe for measuring overall  Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use
7 stopwatch to establish time t required for raising
pressure
8 Hose connection, water supply the level in the tank of the HM 150 from 20L to
9 Inlet valve 40L.
10 6-fold water pressure gauge

3.2.1 Velocity Profile in the Venturi Nozzle

Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
The Venturi nozzle used has six measurement
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
points.

The velocity 𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 was calculated from the dynamic

pressure:

𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛
 FLOW VE LO CI T Y I N T HE
VE NT URI NOZ Z LE
measured velocity profile
calculated velocity profile
2.5

FLOW VELOCITY
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
The table below shows the standardized reference 0 2 4 6 8
velocity w. This parameter is derived from the geometry of MEASUREMENT POINTS I ON VENTURI NOZZLE
the Venturi nozzle.
𝐴1 Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
𝑊𝑖 =
𝐴𝑖
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
Reference
Point i A in 𝑚2 𝑥10−4
Velocity in w
1 3.38 1.00 The velocity 𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 was calculated from the dynamic
2 2.33 1.45 pressure:
3 0.846 4.00
4 1.70 2.00
𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛
5 2.55 1.33
6 3.35 1.00
Determination of Flow Rate Factor
A Venturi nozzle can be used for flow rate measurements.
Multiplying the reference velocity values with a
In comparison with orifice or nozzle, there is a far more
starting value, the student can calculate the theoretical
smaller pressure loss during measurements of flow rate.
velocity values Wcalc at the six measuring points in the
The pressure loss ∆ρ between largest and smallest
Venturi nozzle.
diameter of the tube is used as measure for the flow rate:
At constant flow rate, the starting value for
calculating the theoretical velocity is found as: V̇ = K · √∆𝜌

𝑉 The flow rate factor K is generally made available for the

𝑊1 =
𝐴1
The graph below illustrates the measured and calculated
velocity profile along the Venturi nozzle at a flow rate of
0.15 l/s.
The deviation can be attributed to inexact measurement.
user by the manufacturer of a Venturi nozzle. If the flow
rate factor is unknown, it can be determined from the
pressure loss ∆ρ.
V̇
𝐾=
√∆𝜌
The following table shows the pressure loss for various
flow rates as well as the flow rate factor K.
The pressure loss is read off from the 5-fold manometer in The graph below illustrates the measured and calculated
mm water column and set in the equation as bar. The flow velocity profile along the Venturi nozzle at a flow rate of
rate can be used with unit l/s/ 0.15 l/s.
Technical Data
Pressure Distribution Nozzle
350
300

hdyn, mmWS
250
200
hstat
150
100 htotal
50 hdyn
0
0 2 4 6 8
Measurement points i on Venturi Nozzle
Data and Results:
Velocity Profile in the Venturi Nozzle: The deviation can be attributed to inexact measurement.
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6
V
i in in in in in in t
,L/s
mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS
Hstat 266 260 64 167 183 195 Conclusion:
Htotal 289 280 258 236 228 233
Hdyn 23 20 194 69 45 38 13 0.15 We therefore conclude that the measurement of
Wmeas 0.67 0.63 1.95 1.16 0.94 0.86
Wcalc 0.44 0.64 1.77 0.88 0.59 0.45
stagnation pressure and temperature, and nozzle pressure
drop allows calculation of velocity. Pressure difference in
the venturi meter occurs due to the increase in velocity as
Determination of Flow Rate Factor the fluid enters the constricted throat. However, further
down the tube the velocity returns to its original value.
V=0.15l/s V= 0.12 l/s V= 0.08 l/s
Because of friction losses, some of the pressure difference
K in K in K in is not fully recovered downstream to the original pressure
Measurement ∆ρ in ∆ρ in ∆ρ in
Zone mmWS
Itr
mmWS
Itr
mmWS
Itr before contraction.
s.√bar s.√bar s.√bar

1
204 1.05 128 1.06 55 1.08
2

3.2.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Nozzle

The pressure changes in the Venturi nozzle can be
represented in a graph directly:
The graph shows, that the equation:
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡

is fulfilled at every point in the Venturi nozzle.

Furthermore, it becomes clear, that there is a slight overall
pressure loss (htotal) in the Venturi nozzle.