CERTIFICATE

OF AUTHENTICITY

This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory Project” on the topic “Drug
Addiction” has been successfully completed by Lohitakshya Das of class XII
– A under the guidance of Mr. Bhabagrahi Sanibigraha in particular
fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2019-20.

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.

I would like to thank my principal Mr. Ravi Prakash and school for
providing me with facilities required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mr. Bhabagrahi Sanibigraha,

for his invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages
of this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support and
encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates and the

laboratory assistant in developing the project and to the people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 CONTENT
 Objective
 Project Report on Drugs Dependence
 Introduction to "drugs addiction"
 Classification of Drugs
 Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol
 How does drug addiction begin?
 Social Disease - Smoking, Drinking, and Use of Drugs
 Tobacco
 Alcohol
 Economic Impact of Drug & Alcohol addiction
 A National Burden
 States, Programs Feel the Pinch
 A Wiser Investment
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE

To study drugs, their classification,

addictive nature, and prevention
from addiction.
 PROJECT REPORT ON
DRUGS DEPENDENCE
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or treatment of
diseases, or for increasing the physical and mental performance and are
withdrawn as soon as the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of
certain drugs on a periodic or continuous basis may make the body
dependence. Such drugs are called psychotropic drugs. They act on the
brain and alter behavior, consciousness, and capacity of perception.
Hence, they are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some people start
taking drugs without medical advice due to one reason or the other and
become drugs dependent.
 INTRODUCTION TO
"DRUGS ADDICTION"
“Drug Addiction” phrase is made by two words:

(I) Drug

(II) Addiction.

What is meant by a drug?

Any substance, other than food, used
in the prevention, diagnosis, all
aviation or treatment of a disease is
called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when
taken in some way after the body
function. The drug is also known as a
medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating
or addictive.

Meaning of Addiction
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on a
substance or practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is
habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
DRUGS
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent.
These are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers,
opiate narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.

Type of Drug Examples Effect

Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS activity
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines give a feeling of
Calmness, relaxation,
drowsiness.
Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine, Suppress brain
Codeine, Heroin activity relaxed pain.
Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more
Caffeine, Cocaine wakeful, alert and
active, cause
excitement.
Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin, Alter thoughts,
psilocybin, Ganja, feeling, and
Charas, Hashish. perceptions.
 COMBINATIONS OF
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’.
Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects,
including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each
doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called
speedball gives a spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of
heroin.

Combination Effect
Markedly increased the
1. Alcohol + Barbiturates depressant effect.

Marked drowsiness
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines

Dramatically increases sedative

3. Alcohol + Valium effect.

Decreased coordination
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or increased reaction time
Hashish Impaired judgment.

Increased changes of damage to

5. Alcohol + Aspirin gastric mucosa.
 HOW DOES DRUG
ADDICTION BEGIN?
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity

for having a personal experience of the drugs.

2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends

allures others to start the use of drugs.

3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get relief
from frustration and depression.

4. The desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep
awake the whole night to prepare for the examination. It is not desirable
as it may cause a mental breakdown.

5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open up a
new world tempts some young octets to start taking-drugs.

6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with

physician’s advice at times leads to addiction.

7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the
family.

8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their

instinct for excitement and adventure.
 SOCIAL DISEASE - SMOKING,
DRINKING, AND USE OF
DRUGS
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly are social
diseases. They adversely affect the health of the addicts and the society.
Young people take to these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an
adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the
elders who themselves indulge in these activities but check the youngsters.
Other factors that make people take to these vices are the inability to face
problems of life indifference shown by members of the family and
encouragement or pressure by friends. A temporary escape from the life
problems and mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning
increase person’s interest in them. Soon they become habitual and find in
difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with
time.

As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is spreading in India

also. A large number of our young men and women have taken to
intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent drug addicts are between the ages of 14
and 25 years.
 TOBACCO
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where
the Red Indian first started smoking.
Now the tobacco plant has spread
the world over. It has large, quote to
lanceolate leaves and terminal
clusters of tubular, white or pink
flowers.

Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating
component is poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine, which causes addiction.
Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the
leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from
cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. The
cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. The cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in
paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn
directly from the pipe and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking may
give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long run, it
proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in
one cigar may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When
smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is
observed. Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and
then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of
nerve
impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline,
increasing
heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart
diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyzes
nerve cells.

Other Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-
monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tar.

Other Effects:
(i) Smoking effects economy: A smoker not only waste money but also runs
the risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained. Lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging
from the mouth looks odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to
non-smokers. It may prove even more harmful to them. A smoker should
avoid smoking. When in the company of non-smokers. A smoker makes
the person nearby person’s passive smokers through inhaling smoke
released by him.
 ALCOHOL
Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol,
flammable, colorless liquid
having a penetrating odour
and burning taste. It is one of
the products of the
distillation of fermented
grains, fruit juices and
starches with the help of
yeast enzymes. It is the
principal constituent and the
intoxicating principle of
wines.

Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy, and wine and in relatively
high concentration as arrack, brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, vodka etc.

Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all society section of
society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. They drinkers begin
with small doses, but many of them soon start consuming large doses and become
addicts. By the time they realize that drinking in adversely affecting them, it is too
late to give it up.

Why People Take to Drinking:

The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure
(ii) Desire for excitement
(iii) Feeling of independence
(iv) Liking of taste
(v) Desire to escape from such realities of life as disappointments and failures and
(vi) The desire to offset the hardships and monotony of daily life.

What happens when Alcohol is consumed?

Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the
stomachand upper part of small
intestine and reaches all the tissues
in minutes. Its oxidation starts at
once and a large amount of heat in
produced. Since heat is not needed
in the body, it is taken up by the blood and carried to the skin for
dissipation. Since the receptors of heat are located in the skin, the rush of
blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body. The blood
supply of internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature
in them. The energy released by alcohol is not used in any life process.
Rather the energy derived from food is used up in ridding the body of
excess heat.

Is Alcohol A Stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation. Actually, alcohol is a depressant,
a substance which dulls the senses. It reduces the efficiency of every tissue
the body. Any feeling of lift a person may claim to feel is a mistaken
impression or an attempt to justify the act in his own mind.
 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DRUG
& ALCOHOL ADDICTION

The devastating physical effects of drug abuse have long been established,
as have the negative impacts addiction can have on one’s social and
emotional well-being. But an oft-overlooked result of substance abuse is
the financial burden inflicted on addicted individuals, their families, and
society as a whole.
As a person descends deeper and deeper into drug or alcohol abuse, his
ability to earn money often decreases while his addiction-related expenses
continue to soar. Many people in this situation find themselves forced to
rely upon friends or family members for financial assistance, while others
end up destitute and reliant upon government assistance or other social
services.
A NATIONAL BURDEN
The U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy estimates that drug abuse
in the United States cost $180.9 billion in 2002 (the last year for which
such statistics are available). According to the ONDCP report that analyzed
drug abuse’s cost to the nation between 1992 and 2002, the $180.9 billion
price tag represents “both the use of resources to address health and
crime consequences as well as the loss of potential productivity from
disability, death, and withdrawal from the legitimate workforce.”

Highlights from the ONDCP study include the following:

The difference between the 2002 price and the $102.2 billion estimate
from 1992 indicated an annual increase of more than 5.34 percent through
the decade addressed in the report.
The rate at which drug-abuse-related costs increased exceeded the 5.16
percent annual growth in gross domestic product over the same time
period.
The largest proportion of costs was from lost potential productivity,
followed by non-health “other” costs and health-related costs.
At the time the report was written, loss of productivity was predicted to
cost $128.6 billion in 2002, while health-related costs were projected to
total $16 billion.
Data provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services show
that from 1992 to 2002, overall health care spending in the United States
increased by an annual rate of 6.5 percent, which means that substance
abuse-based health care spending grew at a slower-than-average rate.
Experts attributed this to improved techniques, and resultant lowered
costs, for treating addicted patients who had contracted HIV/AIDS.
The final major category of costs, non-health “other” costs, totaled $36.4
billion in 2002. This amount included the price of the addiction-related
components of the criminal justice and social welfare systems.
The authors of the ONDCP study acknowledged that their estimates are
likely less than the actual costs related to drug abuse, and note that their
numbers do not reflect the use (or misuse) of legal substances such as
alcohol and tobacco. Yet, “even if we only compare the health-related
costs of drug abuse,” they wrote, “it still must be considered one of the
more costly health problems in the nation.”
STATES, PROGRAMS
FEEL THE PINCH
When alcohol abuse is factored into the equation, the results can be
staggering. For example, the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
reported that alcohol alone accounted for 63 percent of the estimated
$25.9 billion the state spent on substance abuse in 2000.
For purposes of comparison, if this ratio were applied to the ONDCP’s
estimated $180.9 billion cost of illegal drug use, the result would be an
annual national expenditure of more than $488.9 billion on alcohol abuse.
In the June 30, 2008 edition of the Los Angeles Times, staff writer Susan
Brink reported on the financial impact drug and alcohol abuse had on one
major American hospital:
[Dr.] Patricia Santora of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and
colleagues found that 14 percent of people admitted to Johns Hopkins
Hospital from 1994 to 2002 were alcohol or drug abusers.
Of these more than 43,000 patients, the researchers found, about half
abused two or more drugs, resulting in hospital costs in 2002 of $28
million. An additional 25 percent abused alcohol only, incurring $20 million
in hospital costs in 2002. (Treatment costs rose in each year of the study
period.)
“Virtually all . . . were admitted for the medical and psychiatric
consequences of their abuse,” Santora says.
“Our results demonstrated the high prevalence of hospital admissions with
co-occurring [alcohol/drug abuse addiction disorders] and the striking
financial costs placed on the hospital, government programs, and
insurers,” Santora and her co-author, Dr. Heidi E. Hutton, wrote in the June
issue of the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment.
A June 25 article about Santora and Hutton’s research on the e! Science
News website noted that hospitalization costs for individuals with multiple
addiction disorders increased by an inflation-adjusted 134 percent
between 1994 and 2002, with expenditures related to opioid abuse rising
by 484 percent. Seventy percent of these individuals were eligible for
health coverage under Medicaid or Medicare, the news site reported.
A WISER INVESTMENT
Faced with what appear to be perpetually spiraling costs, are Americans
doomed to spend an ever-increasing amount of money in the fight against
drug and alcohol abuse? At least one expert believes revising how these
dollars are spent could dramatically decrease how much is paid out every
year.

In a 2004 report by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services

Administration (SAMHSA) that evaluated the costs of drug and alcohol
treatment in the United States, Charles Curie, who was then the SAMHSA
administrator, observed that more spending on treatment would likely
result in a significant lowering of other costs.

“Treatment is a bargain compared to expenditures for jails, foster care for

children, and health complications that often accompany addiction,” Curie
wrote. “Rarely do we have public initiatives that can save society as much
as substance-abuse treatment and recovery support services. Treatment
provides an opportunity for recovery for the individual, better homes for
children, and improved safety for our communities.”
 CONCLUSIONS
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability
in the world. Recent advances in neuroscience may help
improve policies to reduce the harm that the use of
tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive drugs impose on
society.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
See H. Abadinsky, Drug Abuse (1989); H. T. Milhorn, Jr., Chemical
Dependence (1990); D. Baum, Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and
the Politics of Failure (1996); M. Massing, The Fix (1998); J. Jonnes,
Hepcats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with
Illegal Drugs (1999); publications of the Drugs & Crime Data Center and
Clearinghouse, the Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, and the
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information.

 NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual

 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.google.co.in
 https://www.scribd.com
 https://www.slideshare.com
 Class 12 NCERT Textbook
 Reference articles from various blogs.