ENGG1300 FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICS

Bending Stress
Deformation Characteristics

• Before:

M
M
• After:

• Straight longitudinal lines turns into curves.

• Longitudinal lines get shortened under compression and elongated
under tension.
• Cross-section lines remain straight and perpendicular to longitudinal
curves (plane sections remain plane assumption).
2
Neutral Surface & Neutral Axes
z
Neutral Axis
• Before: Neutral Surface

• After: Neutral Axis

Neutral Surface

• Neutral Surface the longitudinal layer under neither tension nor

compression.
• Neutral Axes: intersecting line of the neutral surface and cross
section. 3
Kinematics

dθ
ρ
1 2 2
Neutral
2 Surface
1
o1 o2
o1 o2 
y
a b a b
1 2 1 2
Undeformed Deformed
1 2 Configuration Configuration
Section 1-2

(  + y )d −  d y • The y-coordinate is

 xx = ( y ) = =
 d  measured from the neutral
axis.
4
Hooke’s Law

x
z
y
Cross Section

y
 xx =  ( y ) = E ( y ) = E


• Normal stress acting on a longitudinal layer is linearly proportional

to its distance from the neutral surface, positive for layers under
tension / negative for layers under compression.

5
 Static Equivalency
1 2

1 2 y
Section 1-2 Cross Section

• Neutral axis passes through the centroid:

E E
0 = FN =   dA =  ydA = Ay y = 0.
A A  
E
0 = M y =  z   dA =
A  A
yzdA A
yzdA = 0

• Note: for an arbitrarily defined y-coordinate: y =  Ai yi A

i 6
Static Equivalency
1 2

1 2 y
Section 1-2 Cross Section

E E 1 Mz
M Z =  y   dA =  y dA =
2
Iz  =
A A    EI z
E Mz y
 = y  =
 Iz
EIz : flexural rigidity
z 
I = y 2 dA
A
second moment/moment of inertia of cross-section
7
Pure Bending Normal Stress Formula
• Normal stress on cross-sections:  = M z y Iz .
• Maximum normal stress on cross-sections:
 max = M z ymax I z = M z Wz
Wz = I z ymax = 2I z h : bending section modulus

Remarks:
• The neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross-sectional
area when the material follows Hooke’s law and there is no axial
force acting on the cross section.
• Our discussion is limited to beams for which the y axis is an axis of
symmetry. Consequently, the origin of coordinates is the centroid.
• Since the y-axis is an axis of symmetry, it is a principal axis. So is
the z-axis.
8
Example 5.1
• Find the maximum tensile and compressive stress in the T-beam
shown below. 80 mm z1
q = 10 kN/m 20 mm
y z
120 mm
2.2 m 1m
• Solution: y1 20 mm
1. Centroid (neutral surface, neutral axis): T-shape Cross Section

y=
 A y i
=
80  20  10 + 20  120  ( 60+20 )
i
= 52 mm
A i 80  20 + 20  120
2. Moment of inertia:
By the Parallel Axis Theorem: I z ' = I z + Ad zz2 '
80  203 20 1203
Iz = + 80  20  ( 52 − 10 ) +
2
+ 20 120  ( 80 − 52 )2
12 12
= 764 104 mm 4 = 7.64 10−6 m 4 9
3. Reaction forces and diagram of
bending moments FA FB
x
0 =  M Ay  FB = 23.27KN 5 kNm

 FA = 10  3.2 − FB = 8.73KN
xD = 0.87 m -
A
2 D B C
M ( x ) = FA x − qx x  0, 2.2 m ) +
2
2 3.8 kNm
M ( x ) = FA x + FB ( x − 2.2 ) − qx x   2.2 m,3.2 m )
2
4. Maximum normal stress (At cross-section B)
(−5 103 )  (−52 10-3 )
 max =
+
= 34  10 6
Pa = 34 MPa
7.64 10 -6

−3
( −5  10 3
)  [(140 − 52)  10 ]
 max
−
= −6
= − 57.6  10 6
Pa = −57.6 MPa
7.64 10 10
5. Maximum normal stress (At cross-section D)
(3.8 103 )  [(140 − 52) 10−3 ]
 +
= −6
= 43.8  10 6
Pa = 43.8 MPa
7.64 10
max

(3.8 103 )  [−52 10−3 ]

 max
−
= 5 kNm
7.64 10−6

xD = 0.87 m -
A
+
D B C
3.8 kNm
6. Maximum normal stress
• Maximum tensile stress: lower edge of cross-section D (43.8 MPa).
• Maximum compressive stress: lower edge of cross-section B (-57.6
MPa).
11
Normal Stress Strength Condition
• For ductile materials
M 
 max =     
 Wz max
• For brittle materials
M  M
 +
max =     +  ,  −
max =   − 
 Wz max Wz max

• The maximum positive and negative bending moments in a beam

may occur at the following places: (1) a cross section where a
concentrated load is applied and the shear force changes sign, (2) a
cross section where the shear force equals zero, (3) a point of support
where a vertical reaction is present, and (4) a cross section where a
couple is applied.
12
Remarks on Strength Condition
• The maximum tensile stress and the maximum compressive stress
may not occur at the same cross-section.
• Usually, the allowable bending stress is slightly higher than the
allowable uniaxial tensile/compressive stress. This is because the
bending stress only takes extremities at the upper/lower edges of
bending beams while the maximum axial stress is uniformly
distributed on bar cross-sections.


Strength check
• Three types problem that are
typically addressed by strength Cross-section design
analysis:
Allowable load

13
Rational Design of Beams
• Normal stress plays the most important role in satisfying the strength
condition of beams under bending.

 Mz 
 max =   [ ]
 Wz max
• Minimize the maximum bending moments by proper arrangements
of the form and position of loading and constraints.

• Proper design of cross-sections to maximize bending section

modulus.
14
Rational Design of Cross-sections

2 ( A 2 ) ( h2 4 )
bh2
d 3
Wz = Wz  0.35 Ah
Wz = = 0.167 Ah Wz = h2
6 32
= 0.125 Ad = 0.5 Ah

• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable section

modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit length or cross
sectional area will be the least expensive and the best choice.
15
Example 5.2
• The dimension and material of the two cantilever beams shown are
identical. Find the allowable load ratio of these two beam based on
the normal stress strength condition: P1/P2 = ?

P1
P2
P
h z b z
l
h
b

(a) (b)

16
• Solution：
M max 1 Pl Pl
 max 1 = = 3 1
= 12
Wz 1 bh h bh
12 2 6
M max 2 P2l
 max 2 = = 2
Wz 2 hb
6
P1 h
 max 1 =  max 2  =
P2 b

17
Example 5.3
• Two identical rectangular beams are placed together and subjected to
a concentrated load as shown. Find the allowable load [P] if the
allowable normal stress is given as []. What is [P] if the two beams
are pinned together?

P P

h
2
h
2
l
b

18
• Solution
1. when the beams are not pinned together, each beam has its
own neutral surface and carries half of the bending moments.

b ( h 2)
2 2
bh
W1 = =
6 24
M max 2 M max 12 Pl
 max = = = 2
  
W1 2W1 bh
bh [ ]
2
 [ P] 
12l
19
2. After the beams are pinned, there exists only one neutral surface

M max Pl
 max = = 2   
W bh 6
bh 2 [ ]
 [ P] 
6l

• It can be seen that the load carrying ability are doubled after pinning.

20
Example 5.4
• Given P = 20 kN, [] = 140 MPa. Compare the material
consumption for the following three types of cross-sections: (1)
rectangle with h/b = 2; (2) circle; (3) I-shaped.

• Solution: P = 20 kN

Diagram of bending moment.

M max
 max =     l =1m
Wz
M max 20  103 3
Wz  = m  143 cm 3
-20 kN.m
  140  106
x
(1) For rectangular cross-section
bh 2
Wz =  A1 = 72 cm 2 M
6 21
(2) For circular cross-section
d3
Wz =  d = 11.3 cm  A2  100 cm 2
32
(3) For I-shaped cross-section

Check the table for I-beam: Wz = 141 cm3  A3 = 26.1 cm2

• I-beam consumes the least material while circular beam costs the
most.

• The maximum stress in the I-beam exceeds the maximum allowable

stress less than 5%. This is allowable in engineering practice.
22
 Bending of a Composite Beam

Wood-steel beam Bimetallic beam Reinforced concrete Beam Sandwich beam

y y
= ;  = E = E
 

• At the contact surface the

stresses in the two materials are
different.
• The y-coordinate is measured
from the proposed neutral axis.
23
 Bending of a Composite Beam
0 = FN
=   1dA +   2 dA
A1 A2
E1 E2
= ydA +  ydA
A1  A2 
 0 =  Ei Ai yi
i

• This equation determines the exact position of neutral axis.

• For an arbitrarily defined y-coordinate: y =  Ei Ai yi  Ei Ai .
i i
• Bending stress & Moment-curvature relationship
Ei 1 1 Mz
M Z =  y   dA =   y 2 dA =  Ei I zi  =
A
i  Ai  i   Ei I zi
i

y Ei
  i = Ei = Ei  i = Mz y
  Ei I zi
i 24
Approximate Theory for a Sandwich Beam
• Provided that: E1  E2
I z1 = ( h − hc ) , I z 2 =
b 3 3 b 3
hc
12 12
I
 z1 =
b ( h 3
− hc
3
) 12
=

+
2t 
3

− 
6t
 1  1
Iz2 bhc3 12  hc  hc
EI E 6t
 1 z1  1
E2 I z 2 E2 hc
• If E1 = 72 GPa (Al), E2 = 800 MPa (Plastic), 2t/hc = 1/15:
E1 I z1 72 3
  = 18
E2 I z 2 0.8 15
• Provided that: E1I z1  E2 I z 2

1
=
Mz

Mz • A conservative theory.
 E1 I z1 + E2 I z 2 E1 I z1
Ei Ei Mzy
 i = Mz y = Mz y  1  , 2  0
E1 I z1 + E2 I z 2 E1 I z1 I z1
25
Example 5.5
• Determine the maximum normal stress in
the faces (Al, E1 = 72 Gpa) and the core
(E2 = 800 Mpa ) using: (a) the general
theory for composite beams, and (b) the
approximate theory for sandwich beams. M
= 3.0 kN-m.
• Solution:
• (a) the general theory
I z1 =
12
b 3
( h − hc3 ) = 12.017  10−12 m 4 , I z 2 = 56.25  10−12 m 4
 E1 I z1 + E2 I z 2 = 910.2  103 kN  m 2
E1M z ( h 2 ) E2 M z ( hc 2 )
 ( 1 )max = = 19.0 MPa, ( 2 )max = = 0.198 MPa
E1 I z1 + E2 I z 2 E1 I z1 + E2 I z 2
• (b) the approximate theory
M z ( h 2)
( 1 )max
  = 20.0 MPa, ( 2 )max  0
I z1
26