Lab Report CSTR 40L

1
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
1.0TABLE OF CONTENT 2
2.0 ABSTRACT 3
3.0 INTRODUCTION 4
4.0 AIMS/ OBJECTIVE 5
5.0 THEORY 5-7
6.0 APPARATUS 8
7.0 PROCEDURES 9-11
8.0 RESULTS 12-13
9.0 CALCULATION 14-23
10.0 DISCUSSION 24-25
11.0 CONCLUSION 25
12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 25
13.0 REFERENCES 226
2
2.0 ABSTRACT
In this experiment, we are using CSTR (model: BP143) is designed for experiment on
chemical reaction in liquid phase which have isothermal and adiabatic conditions. This model
of CSTR used consists of two tanks of solution (feed) and one reactor. More than that, it also
has jacketed reaction fitted in the agitated and condenser in this model complete with vessels
for raw materials and products, feed pump and thermostat.
From this experiment, saponification between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate can
produce sodium acetate in a batch and the CSTR will evaluate the rate data needed to design
a bigger batch which is an industrial scale. To simplify this experiment, two solution sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate Et(Ac) was put into its own feed tank and then reacted
with each other in the CSTR. The product is then analysed by the titrating the sample produce
with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide to determine how well the reaction go.
Hence, the experiment was conducted and the results shows that the significant value of
conversion between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate increases almost linearly with the
increasing of residence of time. Further details of this experiment can be obtained in the
results and discussion section.
3
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Continuous Stirrer-Tank Reactor (CSTR) usually runs under steady state condition with continuous
flow of reactant from the feed tank into the reactor to mix the reactant and form a product. The inlet
and outlet has the same significant value of composition as in the reactor. The inlet and outlet streams
rate inside of the reactor must be more reachable than any other reactors. The inlet streams will bring
all the reactants in at a particular rate and this stream will flow into a large container where there is a
shaft with a stirrer attached in the reactor that rotates around continuously to mix the reactants. Hence,
there is an outlet stream, which will let the solution to exit from the reactor.
This CSTR (model: BP143) does not require much work to keep it running and due to its simplicity of
the components involved in the reactor, the maintenance is easy and cheap. However, this reactor
takes more space to mix the component compare to other reactor. In reactor design, we have the exact
size and type of reactor as well as the method of operation that suitable for a given job. This may
required the conditions in the reactor vary with the position and time. In industrial sector, this model
BP:143 of CSTR is used when relatively small amount of material are to be treated and this can be
calculated with a proper integration of the rate of equation for the operation.
However, this may cause some difficulties due to the temperature and composition of the reacting
fluid may varies from one point to another within the reactor. This depends on the endothermic or
exothermic nature of the reaction where the rate of heat addition or removal from the system and the
flow pattern of the fluid through the vessel. This can briefly indicates the particular features and the
main areas of application of these reactor types.
4
4.0AIM & OBJECTIVES
The main purpose of conducting the experiment is:
 To carry out saponification reaction between Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Ethyl
Acetate Et(Ac) by using continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR).
 To determine the effect of residence time to the reactions extent of conversion.
 To evaluate the reaction rate constant.
5.0THEORY
5.1 Reaction Rate
The rate of reaction for a reactant and products in particular reactions can be defined as how
long the reaction takes place. Considering the distinctive chemical reaction as
aA+ bB →cC +dD EQ 5.0
Where:
(a, b, c, d): stoichiometric coefficient of the species
(A, B): reactants
(C, D): products
The reaction rate, r for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system

under constant-volume conditions can be defined as
−1 d [ A ] −1 d [B ] 1 d [C ] 1 d [D]
r= = = = EQ 5.0 .1
a dt b dt c dt d dt
Negative notation are used to denotes reactants as seen with the species A and B above and
Positive notation are used to denotes product form as seen with the species C and D. The rate
of reaction can be also be related to:
−rA −rB rC rD
= = = EQ 5.0 .2
a b c d
5
5.2 Conversion
For EQ 5.0 can be rearranged for convenience. A way to do rearranged the equation is to put
the quantities on a “Per mole A” as basis as the following equation,
b c d
A + B → C+ D
a a a
As the species A becomes the basis calculation, the progression of reaction can be evaluate by
observing quantity of moles of products that being formed for every mole of ‘A’ consumed
and this can be called as Conversion. The conversion is number of moles ‘A’ that has reacted
divided by Number of moles of ‘A’ originally exists at the beginning of the experiment such
as:
moles of A reacted
X A=
moles of A fed
5.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR)
Generally CSTR with continuous flow or reactants and products runs at steady state. The feed
is assumed as a uniform composition throughout the reactor and the exit stream has the same
composition as in the tank. When the CSTR is operated at steady state, the rate of reaction
with respect to A as the following,
dN A
=0
dt
∫ r A dV =V r A
0
F A 0−F A +V rA =0
F A 0−F A
V=
−r A
Conversion increases with time as the reactant in feed decreases and product in reactor
increases. Time will usually increase as the volume of reactor increases for a continuous flow
6
system. So the conversion X is a function of the volume of reactor. Molar flow rate of species
A can be noted by FA0 is fed to the system operated at steady state while the molar flow rate
of when species A is reacting within the whole system will be noted as (X*FA0).
Molar flow rate of A to the system minus the reaction of A within the system will be equal to
the molar flow rate of A leaving the system FA0 and this can be shown as the following,
F A =F A 0−F A 0 X =F A 0 ( 1− X )
F A 0=C A 0 v 0∧¿
Where
F A 0 X=−r A V
F A0 X
V=
(−r A ) exit
Since the exit composition for the reactor is identical to the composition inside the reactor,
the rate of reaction is evaluated at the exit condition.
5.4 Residence of Time
The reactor residence of time can be defined as the reactor volume divided by the total flow
rates as the following shows,
V CSTR
ResidenceTIme=
F0
7
6.0APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
CHEMICAL USED:
 40 L of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)

 40 L of Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac) (0.1M)
 1L of Hydrochloric Acid (0.25M)
 pH indicator
 De-ionised water
APPARATUS USED:
 Burette
 Filter funnel
 Beaker
 Conical flask
 Measuring cylinder
 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (model: BP143)
Figure 1: SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (model: BP143)
8
7.0PROCEDURES
GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURES
1. The following solution was prepared:
I. 40L of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH (0.1M)
II. 40L of Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac) (0.1M)
III. 1L of Hydrochloric Acid, HCl (0.25M) for quenching
2. All the valves were initially closed.
3. The feed vessels were open as the following
I. The vessel for tank B1 and tank B2 were fully opened.
II. The NaOH solution was carefully poured into the tank B1 and Et(Ac) solution
was poured into the tank B2. Then the vessel was closed.
4. The power for control panel was then turned on.
5. The overflow tube was adjusted to give a working volume of 10L in the reactor.
6. Valves V2, V3, V7, V8 and V11 was opened and the unit is ready for experiment
GENERAL SUT DOWN PROCEDURES
1. The cooling water valve V13 was kept open to allow the cooling water to
continuously flowing in.
2. Pump P1 and P2 were switched off as well as the Stirrer M1 and the Thermostat T1.
3. The liquid in the reactor was left to cool down to room temperature and after a while
valve V13 was then closed.
4. Valves V2, V3, V7, V8 and V11 were opened to drain any liquid excess from the
CSTR unit.
5. Lastly, the power for control panel was turned off.
9
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME OF THE REACTION IN CSTR
1. Both pumps from tank 1 contain 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide and tank 2 containing
0.1M Ethyl Acetate on the unit were opened to the fullest to let the feed flow into the
reactor. This is to obtain the highest possible flowrate.
2. The reactor was filled up to 10L until both of the solution is about to overflow.
3. Valve V5 and V10 is then tuned so that the flowrate of both solution is 0.1L/min.
4. The stirrer M1 was switched on to the speed of 200rpm.
5. The conductivity value was monitored until it was constant value and the data was
recorded.
6. 50mL of sample was collected from the exit stream and mixed with 10 ml of HCl with
3 drops of indicator.
7. The sample was then titrated with 0.25M of NaOH.
8. Step 3 to 7 was repeated with both solutions having flow rates of 0.15 L/min, 0.20
L/min, 0.25 L/min and 0.30 L/min.
9. The data was the record in the table in section 8.0.
10
PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE FOR THE CONVERSION VS
CONDUCTIVITY
1. The following solution were prepared :

I. 1L of Sodium Hydroxide (0.1 M)
II. 1L of Ethyl Acetate (0.1M)
III. 1L of Deionised water, H2O
2. The conductivity and NaOH concentration for each value were determined by using
the following solution with 100 mL of deionised water.
I. 0% conversion : 100 mL of NaOH
II. 25% conversion : 75 mL of NaOH + 25 mL of Et(Ac)
III. 50% conversion : 50 mL of NaOH + 50 mL of Et(Ac)
IV. 75% conversion : 25 mL of NaOH + 75 mL of Et(Ac)
V. 100 % conversion : 100 mL of Et(Ac)
BACK TITRATION FOR MANUAL CONVERSION DETERMINATION
1. A burette was filled up with 0.1 M NaOH solution

2. In a flask, 10 ml of 0.25 M of HCl was measured.
3. A 50 mL sample was obtained from the experiment and added to the flask that
contained 10ml of 0.25 M of HCl. These steps are for quenching the saponification
reaction.
4. A few drops of pH indicator were added to the mixture.
5. The mixture in the flask was titrated with NaOH solution from the burette until the
mixture was neutralized which is the solution turned into pale pink colour.
6. The amount of NaOH titrated was recorded.
11
8.0RESULTS AND DATA
CONVERSIO SOLUTION MIXTURES CONCENTRATION CONDUCTIVIT

0.1M 0.1 M H2O
N OF NaOH (M) Y
NaOH Et(AC) (mL)
(Ms/cm)
0% 100 mL - 100 0.0500 17.28
25% 75mL 25mL 100 0.0375 16.03
50% 50mL 50mL 100 0.0250 9.75
75% 25mL 75mL 100 0.0125 4.90
100% - 100mL 100 0.0000 0.17
Conversion vs Conductivity
20
f(x) = - 0.18x + 18.7
15 R² = 0.97
conductivity 10 Linear ()
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
conversion
Figure 2: GRAPH CONVERSION VS CONDUCTIVITY
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EXPERIMENT 2 (TABLE 1)
REACTOR VOLUME = 10 L
CONCENTRATION OF NaOH IN FEED VESSEL = 0.1M
CONCENTRATION OF Et(Ac) IN FEED VESSEL = 0.1M
Temperature (ºC) 27.6 27.6 27.8 27.9 27.9

Flow rate of NaOH
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
(mL/min)
Flow rate of Et(Ac) (mL/min) 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Total Flow rate of Solution, F0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
(mL/min)
Volume of NaOH titrated (mL) 24.7 23.8 23.0 22.5 21.9
Volume unreacted quenching
9.88 9.52 9.20 9.0 8.76
HCl (mL)
Volume of HCl reacted with
0.12 0.48 0.80 1.00 1.24
NaOH (mL)
Conductivity (mS/cm) 2.53 2.43 2.23 2.11 1.99
Residence Time (min) 50 33.33 25 20 16.67
Exit Concentration of NaOH 0.0006 0.0024 0.004 0.005 0.0062
(M)
Conversion X (%) 98.8 95.2 92.0 90.0 87.6
Rate Constant, k (M-1s-1) 2744.44 247.94 115 90 68.35
Rate of reaction, -rA (M/s) 9.880 9.880 x 1.840 x 2.250 x 2.627 x
x 10-4 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-3
Conversion vs Residence Time

60
50
40 f(x) = - 8x + 53
R² = 0.9
RESIDENCE TIME 30 Linear ()
20
16.67
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CONVERSION
Figure 3: GRAPH CONVERSION VS RESIDENCE TIME
13
9.0CALCULATION
SAMPLE CALCULATION 1
Volume of sample, Vs 50 mL
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH, f 0.1 M
Volume of HCl for quenching, VHCl, S 10 mL
Concentration of HCl in standard solution, CHCl, S 0.25 M
Volume of NaOH titrated, V1 24.7 mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOH, S 0.1 M
1. CONCENTRATION OF NaOH ENTERING THE REACTOR, CNaOH,O
CNaOH,O = (1/2) CNaOH, S
= (1/2) (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
2. Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2
V2 = (CNaOH, S/CHCl, S) x V1
= (0.1/0.25) x 24.7
= 9.88 mL
3. Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCl, S – V2
= 10.0 – 9.88 mL
= 0.12 mL
4. Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000
= (0.25 x 0.12) / 1000
= 0.00003 mol
5. Concentration of unreacated NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/ Vs x 1000
= (0.00003/ 50) x 1000
= 0.0006 M
14
6. Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
C NaOH
X = (1- ¿ x 100%
CNaOH , 0
0.0006
¿
= (1- 0.05 x 100%
= 98.8%
7. Residence Time, Ʈ
Ʈ = VCSTR / F0
= 10 L/ (0.1 + 0.1) L/min
= 50 min
8. Reaction Rate constant, k
c NaOH ,0 −c NaOH
K = Ʈ c NaOH 2
0.05−0.0006
= 50 ( 0.0006 )2
= 2744.44 M-1s-1
9. Rate of reaction, -rA
rA = kCA2
= (2744.44) (0.0006)2
=9.880 x 10-4 M/s
15
= (1/2) (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
= (0.1/0.25) x 23.8
= 9.52 mL
V3 = VHCl, S – V2
= 10.0 – 9.52 mL
= 0.48 mL
n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000
= (0.25 x 0.48) / 1000
= 0.00012 mol
= (0.00012/ 50) x 1000
= 0.0024 M
16
C NaOH
X = (1- ¿ x 100%
CNaOH , 0
0.0024
¿
= (1- 0.05 x 100%
= 95.2%
Ʈ = VCSTR / F0
= 10 L/ (0.15 + 0.15) L/min
= 33.33 min
c NaOH ,0 −c NaOH
K = Ʈ c NaOH 2
0.05−0.0024
= 33.33 ( 0.0024 )2
= 247.94 M-1s-1
rA = kCA2
= (247.94) (0.0024)2
= 9.880 x 10-3 M/s
17
= (1/2) (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
= (0.1/0.25) x 23.0
= 9.20 mL
V3 = VHCl, S – V2
= 10.0 – 9.20 mL
= 0.8 mL
n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000
= (0.25 x 0.80) / 1000
= 0.0002 mol
= (0.0002/ 50) x 1000
= 0.004 M
18
C NaOH
X = (1- ¿ x 100%
CNaOH , 0
0.004
¿
= (1- 0.05 x 100%
= 92.0%
Ʈ = VCSTR / F0
= 10 L/ (0.2 + 0.2) L/min
= 25 min
c NaOH ,0 −c NaOH
K = Ʈ c NaOH 2
0.05−0.004
= 25 ( 0.004 )2
= 115 M-1s-1
rA = kCA2
= (115) (0.004)2
= 1.840 x 10-3 M/s
19
= (1/2) (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
= (0.1/0.25) x 22.5
= 9.00 mL
V3 = VHCl, S – V2
= 10.0 – 9.00 mL
= 1.0 mL
n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000
= (0.25 x 1.0) / 1000
= 0.00025 mol
= (0.00025/ 50) x 1000
= 0.005 M
20
C NaOH
X = (1- ¿ x 100%
CNaOH , 0
0.005
¿
= (1- 0.05 x 100%
= 90.0%
Ʈ = VCSTR / F0
= 10 L/ (0.25 + 0.25) L/min
= 20 min
c NaOH ,0 −c NaOH
K = Ʈ c NaOH 2
0.05−0.005
= 20 ( 0.005 )2
= 90 M-1s-1
rA = kCA2
= (90) (0.005)2
= 2.250 x 10-3 M/s
21
= (1/2) (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
= (0.1/0.25) x 21.9
= 8.76 mL
V3 = VHCl, S – V2
= 10.0 – 9.00 mL
= 1.24mL
n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000
= (0.25 x 1.24) / 1000
= 0.00031 mol
= (0.00031/ 50) x 1000
= 0.0062 M
22
C NaOH
X = (1- ¿ x 100%
CNaOH , 0
0.0062
¿
= (1- 0.05 x 100%
= 87.6%
Ʈ = VCSTR / F0
= 10 L/ (0.30 + 0.30) L/min
= 16.67 min
c NaOH ,0 −c NaOH
K = Ʈ c NaOH 2
0.05−0.0062
= 16.67 ( 0.0062 )2
= 68.35 M-1s-1
rA = kCA2
= (68.35) (0.0062)2
= 2.627 x 10-3 M/s
23
10.0 DISCUSSION
A type of reactor where its contents are uniform throughout the reactor that is well-stirred is
called Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). It is a real designed reactor that is almost
matches the performance of ideal reactor. For the objective that needed to be achieved which
is to carry out the saponification process between Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Ethyl
Acetate (Et(Ac)) in the reactor, to determine the effect of residence time onto conversion of
reactant extent and lastly to determine the constant rate of reaction. From all the data
collected, two graph was plotted which are conductivity versus conversion and residence time
versus conversion.
The reactor property is to be varied is the residence time and to get difference is residence
times, the flow rates of both reactants from their own tank are varied. The volume of CSTR
can b e referred to the volume of the reactor which is 10 L and F 0 is the flow rate of the feed
that can be varies to get difference in residence time, Ʈ. The flowrate to be varied in the
experiment are 0.1L/min, 0.15 L/min, 0.20 L/min, 0.25 L/min and 0.30 L/min which can be
seen in data collected in table 1.Referring to the data collected in table 1, the residence time
are determined to be 50 min, 33.33 min, 25 min, 20 min and 16.67 min respectively which
are included in the table 1 and the residence time were successfully done.
From the graph 1 which is the conductivity versus conversion, we can conclude that the
conductivity is not consistent with slope of 18.69. While from the graph 2 which is the
residence time versus conversion, we can conclude that the residence time increases
proportionally with the conversion. But there is some fluctuate which due to the error that
may be affecting the result and graph of the experiment.
For the saponification process, it is a continuous process reaction. In this experiment, the
reaction of saponification is quenching with the hydrochloric acid to neutralize the reaction.
The reaction rapidly reacts in increasing of experiment. To investigate if the reaction is stop,
the back titration method was used.
The are some error occurred during the process of this experiment such as while taking
reading of the burette, the position of eyes is not the same level of the meniscus and in order
to improve the quality of result, the position of eyes must be parallel to the meniscus. More
than that, we have to make sure the apparatus that we are using is clean properly. This is to
24
ensure the sample would not react with any other chemical that is not used in order to more
accurate reading of data to analysis.
11.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the objectives of this experiment achieved which is to carry out the saponification
process between Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Ethyl Acetate (Et(Ac)) in the reactor, to
determine the effect of residence time onto conversion of reactant extent and lastly to
determine the constant rate of reaction. We can conclude that the experiment was successfully
conducted even with some error occurred during the process based on the data that we have
collected and analysis.
For the experiment 1, it can be seen that the calibration curve plotted was quite similar to the
theoretical part. The reaction rate have been determined to be 9.880 x 10 -4M/s, 9.880 x10-
3
M/s, 1.840 x 10-3M/s, 2.250 x 10-3M/s and 2.627 x 10-3M/s respectively.
12.0 RECOMMENDATION
1. It is better to prepare the Hydrochloric acid first, so that when the sample is collected,
it can be quickly quenched. This will avoid any further reaction of the sample after it
was collected.
2. The indicator should be mixed with the same amount to the acid first, and then the
sample was added and titrated.
3. Titration should be immediately stopped when the indicator turns pale pink colour.
4. Pumps should never be run dry.
5. Always handle the chemical solution with glove to avoid any corrosion happened
during the experiment.
6. Always make sure that the eyes were parallel to the level of meniscus.
25
13.0 REFERENCES
 Operating & Experiment Manual, Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactor(Model:Bp143)
 Fogler, H.S (2006), Element of Chemical Reaction Engineering (3rd ed.) New
Jersey; Prentice Hall.
 Levelspiel. O, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley, 1972
 Robert H. Perry, Don W. Green, Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook,
McGraw Hill,1998
 Smith J.M Chemical Engineering Kinetics, McGraw Hill,1981
 McCabe, Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, 2005
26

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1

The main purpose of conducting the experiment is:

5.1 Reaction Rate

aA+ bB →cC +dD EQ 5.0

(a, b, c, d): stoichiometric coefficient of the species

(A, B): reactants

(C, D): products

The reaction rate, r for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system

5.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR)

5.4 Residence of Time

 40 L of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)

Figure 1: SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (model: BP143)

GENERAL SUT DOWN PROCEDURES

EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME OF THE REACTION IN CSTR

1. The following solution were prepared :

BACK TITRATION FOR MANUAL CONVERSION DETERMINATION

1. A burette was filled up with 0.1 M NaOH solution

CONVERSIO SOLUTION MIXTURES CONCENTRATION CONDUCTIVIT

Figure 2: GRAPH CONVERSION VS CONDUCTIVITY

CONCENTRATION OF NaOH IN FEED VESSEL = 0.1M

CONCENTRATION OF Et(Ac) IN FEED VESSEL = 0.1M

Temperature (ºC) 27.6 27.6 27.8 27.9 27.9

Conversion vs Residence Time

Figure 3: GRAPH CONVERSION VS RESIDENCE TIME

1. CONCENTRATION OF NaOH ENTERING THE REACTOR, CNaOH,O

CNaOH,O = (1/2) CNaOH, S

2. Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

3. Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

4. Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000

= (0.25 x 0.12) / 1000

5. Concentration of unreacated NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = n2/ Vs x 1000

= (0.00003/ 50) x 1000

= 10 L/ (0.1 + 0.1) L/min

8. Reaction Rate constant, k

9. Rate of reaction, -rA

=9.880 x 10-4 M/s

1. CONCENTRATION OF NaOH ENTERING THE REACTOR, CNaOH,O

CNaOH,O = (1/2) CNaOH, S

2. Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

3. Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

4. Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000

= (0.25 x 0.48) / 1000

5. Concentration of unreacated NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = n1/ Vs x 1000

= (0.00012/ 50) x 1000

= 10 L/ (0.15 + 0.15) L/min

8. Reaction Rate constant, k

9. Rate of reaction, -rA

= 9.880 x 10-3 M/s

1. CONCENTRATION OF NaOH ENTERING THE REACTOR, CNaOH,O

CNaOH,O = (1/2) CNaOH, S

2. Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

3. Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

4. Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = (CHCl, S x V3) / 1000

= (0.25 x 0.80) / 1000

5. Concentration of unreacated NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = n1/ Vs x 1000

= (0.0002/ 50) x 1000

= 10 L/ (0.2 + 0.2) L/min