ROUTING PRESENTED BY

CH.MANOJINI
CONTENTS:

Routing
Importance of routing
Objectives of routing
Stages of routing
Post routing optimization
Checks
ROUTING

The routing is to locate a set of wires in the routing space that connect all the nets
in the netlist.
The capacities of channels, width of the wires and wire crossings other need to be
taken into consideration.
It is important for the physically decide the path actual circuit.
Proper routing stands for minimizing the wire length.
IMPORTANCE OF ROUTING

Device delay decrease

Interconnect resistance increases.
Vertical heights of interconnect layers increase, in an attempt to offset increasing
interconnect resistance
Area components of interconnect capacitance no longer dominates
OBJECTIVES OF ROUTING

Open and short circuit clean

Routing paths must meet setup and hold timing margin
DRV’s max. Capacitance/Transition must be under the limit
Metal traces must meet foundry physical DRC requirements
STAGES OF ROUTING

Global Routing
Track Assignment
Detailed routing
GLOBAL ROUTING

Identifying routable path for the nets driving/driven pins in a shortest distance.
And assign net segments over the specific routable Window Called Global Route
Cell(GRC).
Avoid congested areas and also long detours
Avoid routing over blockages
Avoid routing for pre-route nets such as Rings/Stripes/Rails
TRACK ASSIGNMENT

Takes the Global Routing Layout and Assigns each nets to the Specific tracks and
layer geometry.
It doesn’t follow the physical DRC rules.
It helps to via minimization.
It Will do Timing aware Track Assignment.
DETAILED/NANO ROUTING

Detailed routing follows up with the track routed net segments and performs
the complete DRC Aware and timing driven routing.
It is the final routing for the design built after the CTS and the timing is freeze.
Filler cells are added before Detailed routing.
Detailed Routing is done after analyze the cause for congestion in the design ,
add density screen or change floorplan etc.
POST ROUTING OPTIMIZATION

Crosstalk reduction: Runs routing based crosstalk reduction by signal

integrity optimization .
 Spacing between aggressor net and victim net can increased.
 Shielding for the critical nets.
Types of shielding for critical nets
- Same layer shielding
- Adjacent layer/Coaxial shielding
POST ROUTING OPTIMIZATION

Filler Cell insertion

- Filler Cells can be inserted before or after Detailed routing
- If Fillers contain metal routing other than Pre-Routing then Fillers should be
inserted before routing
- Width of the smallest Filler Cells is the Placement Grid Width
- Once Filler are inserted then the placement is fixed and tool can’t move
cells for further optimization
POST ROUTING OPTIMIZATION

Metal Fill
- Filling up the empty metal tracks with metal shapes to met metal density
rules
- 2types of metal Fill
. Floating Metal Fill: Doesn’t completely shield the aggressor Nets, So SI will
be prominent
. Grounded metal Fill: Completely shields the aggressor nets , so less SI
Impact
. Grounded Metal fill is complex as compared to floating metal fill
- Metal Density Rule helps to avoid Over Etching /Metal Erosion
POST ROUTING OPTIMIZATION

Spare Cells tie-up and tie-down

- The cells connects the gate of cells to VDD/VSS So reduces ESD
- Tie-up Cells helps in avoid ground BOUNCE
- Tie-Down cells help in avoid Ground Bounce
- Tie cells are basically MOS in Diode-Connected Configuration