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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BONI AVE, MANDALUYONG CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
MORPHOLOGY

Antido, James Ryan A.

Atencio, Cielo Mae V.

Canto, Ma. Pauline J.

Dalisaymo, John Teo Z.

Dela Cruz, Erika B.

Pepito, Cyril C.

Rubio, Peach Baby G.

Sabal, Lesterfran B.

Samson, Mary Joy G.

Talde, Kimberly S.

Submitted to

Prof. Lynn Besa

September 23, 2019


Table of Contents

Morphology……………………………………………………………............................... 3

Morphemes………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Allomorphs……………………………………………………………………………….... 4

Free Morphemes……………………………………………………………………………. 5

Bound Morphemes………………………………………………………………………….. 5

Inflectional Morphemes……………………………………………………………………. 6

Derivational Morphemes………………………………………………………………….... 7

Word Formation Processes………………………………………………………………..... 9

Morphophonemic Rules…………………………………………………………………….. 11

Morphemic Rules Affecting the Base………………………………………………………. 13

Implication for Teaching…………………………………………………………………… 14

References………………………………………………………………………………….. 16

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Morphology

It is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study
today. The term morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright,
and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the
nineteenth century in a biological context. Morphology came from the Greek words: morph-
which means ‘shape, form’ and –ology which means the study of something. In biology
morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it
refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics
morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch.

Morphemes

A major way in which morphologists investigate words, their internal structure, and how they
are formed is through the identification and study of morphemes, often defined as the
smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function. In English grammar and
morphology, a morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word such as dog,
or a word element, such as the -s at the end of dogs, that can't be divided into smaller
meaningful parts. They are commonly classified as either free morphemes, which can occur
as separate words or bound morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.

Examples:

dog

cat

lap

ant

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Allomorphs

An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in


its different phonological or morphological environments. The allomorph is conditioned by
the phonetic or sound environment of the word. Variants of a morpheme are called
allomorphs; the ending -s, indicating plural in “cats,” “dogs,” the -es in “dishes,” and the -en
of “oxen” are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

Additive Allomorph

a. Past Tense b. Plural


- called - books
- played - desks
- parted - frogs
- glided - wolves
- needed - houses
- watched - buses
- talked - cars

Replacive Allomorph

a. Irregular Verb b. Plural


- drink-drank-drunk - tooth-teeth
- begin-began-begun - foot-feet

Suppletive Allomorph

a. Irregular Verb b. Plural


- eat-ate-eaten - mouse- mice
- break-broke-broken - ox-oxen

Zero Allomorph

a. Irregular verb
- hit-hit-hit
- hurt-hurt-hurt

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Free and Bound Morphemes

Free Morphemes

There are two types of morphemes, bound morphemes and free morphemes. Free morphemes
are morphemes that can stand alone as words. It is divided into two general classes which are
the simple words and compound words. Simple words are just words that consists one
syllable or a word that couldn't be divided while compound words are two words with
different meaning that is combined to form another word.

1. Simple Word

It is made up of only one morpheme.

Examples:

the, run, on, well

2. Compound word

It is made up of two morphemes.

Examples:

keyboard, greenhouse, bloodshed, smartphone

Bound Morphemes

Bound morphemes are morphemes that can't stand alone, these are words that are composed
of a base and are inserted with affixes.

These are word elements that cannot stand alone, including both prefixes and suffixes.

Examples:

restart, pre-test, discontent, intolerable

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Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes - indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. There are
eight inflectional morphemes in English. Inflectional Morphemes are words that are created
from a lexeme, or a basic unit of meaning in language, without creating a new category in
one’s lexicon. And can form a new word that is created in the same grammatical category as
the original word.

Nouns

PLURAL “-(e) s”

Example: birds, eggplants, peaches, beaches

POSSESIVE “-s”

Example: women’s, children’s

Verbs

PAST TENSE “-(e) d”

Example: washed, walked, watched

PRESENT PARTICIPLE “-ing”

Example: running, sleeping

3RD PERSON SINGULAR “-s”

Example: swims, eats, reads

PAST PARTICIPLE “-en”

Example: eaten, spoken, written

Adjectives

COMPARATIVE “-er”

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Example: faster, higher,

SUPERLATIVE “-est”

Example: fastest, highest

Derivational morphemes - make new words of a different grammatical category from a


stem. Exhibit complex patterns of affixation and can be very irregular in a language. Words
that have different lexemes from the original word. Can produce a word that’s in a different
grammatical category from the original word.

The Difference Between Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

A derivational suffix like "-ly" can transform an adjective into an adverb, the suffix "-ment"
is often used to produce a noun. ... "(a) If an affix changes the part of speech of the base, it
is derivational. Affixes which do not change the part of speech of the base are usually
(though not invariably) inflectional.

Affix

Attached to a root or stem to form a new word, or a variant form of the same word, primarily
has 2 types:

Prefix – place before the stem of a word, adding it to the beginning of one word changes it
into another word.

Examples

Prefix Meaning Example


de- undo derail
ex- non, out ex-president, extend
in- negate incapable
anti- negate anti-social

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pre- before predate, pretest
sub- under, below subway
un- negate undo
dis- negate disengage, disagree
mis- wrongly mistreat
non- negate nonsense
pro- for proclaim
re again, repeat reread, rewrite
trans- across transatlantic
bi two, twice Bilingual
co- along with co-author

Suffix - placed after the stem or word, common examples are case endings, which indicate
the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjunctions
of verbs.

Suffix Meaning Example


-ness like Happiness
-ly in the manner of Likely
-able to have the quality or Floatable
ability
-er person carrying out action writer, reader
-ful having the quality of, full Hopeful
of
-ment result of Development
-less negate fruitless
-ous having the quality of Joyous
-tion to carry out Education
-age result of Outage

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Word formation process

Word formation is of great interest for linguists as it sheds light on other aspects of language.
How new words are being formed in the language.

Etymology- studies of the history of words, their origin, and how their form and meaning
changed over time

Affixation

The use of prefixes and suffixes.

Example: re-read- reread ; love-ly – lovely

Compounding

Joining two words (i.e. free morphemes) to form a new word.

Example: hairdo and takeaway

Compounds can be made up of various word classes or part of speech.

Examples:

Noun + Noun : bookcase

Noun + Verb : bloodshed

Adjective + Noun : greenhouse

Adjective + Verb: widespread

Verb + Noun : scarecrow

Verb + Adverb : takeaway

Adverb + verb: downfall

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Coinage

Also known as “new coinage”.

A lexical item that is pure invention. Examples: Kodak, Xerox, Kleenex, Penicillin

Clipping

Cutting the beginning or the end of the word. The deletion of a part of a word resulting in a
new and shorter word.

Examples:

fax for facsimile, flu for influenza, exam for examination

Blending

Taking parts of two words and putting them together to form a new word. Examples are
breakfast and lunch (brunch) and smoke and fog (smog)

Acronym

A word formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words (using the first letters of
several words). It is often written with capital letters.

Examples:

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

WHO (World Health Organizations)

Borrowing

The incorporation of a word or other item from one language into another.

Example: English borrowed the words “government” and “science” in French.

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Morphophonemic Rules

Morphophonology

The branch of linguistics that studies the interaction between morphological and
phonological or phonetic processes.

Morphophoneme

It is a term which belongs to the intersection of morphology and phonology.

Morphophonemic Rules

Also called SANDHI (cover term for a wide variety of sound changes that occur
at morpheme or word boundaries). In more traditional terms, are changes which occur in the
phonological content of morphemes so that they can adapt to different grammatical functions
or categories.

Example:

CONTRITE /`kəntrait/ + -ION > CONTRITION /`kəntriςən/

MALICE /`mælis/ + -OUS > MALICIOUS /mə`liςəs/

Morphophonemic rules affecting the Affix

Assimilation

Assimilation is such a morphemic change in which the last consonant of the prefixal
morpheme undergoes assimilation of sorts, changes into a phoneme identical with the
starting phoneme of the word root. More or less, this is a case of loss of phonemes.

Examples:

In + literate > illiterate

In + mortal > immortal

In + regular > irregular

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Partial Assimilation

When the last prefixal phoneme is not completely merged, but changed into another from the
set of phonemes articulated on the same place of articulation.

Examples:

En + bellish > embellish

In + balance > imbalance

In + possible > impossible

Dissimilation

With this stage, two phonemes form two different morphemes, most often the last of prefix
and the first of the root are dissimilated in such a way that they are no longer the same
phoneme, but the first one is changed into a different one.

Examples:

In + noble = innoble > ignoble

In + nominy = innominy > ignominy

Synthesis

Also known as palatalization. It refers to the process of combining or fusing two different
consonants into a single one, different from the other two.

Examples:

act + ion = action /`ÆKΣƏN/

expose + ure = exposure /IK`SPƏΥ3Ə/

moist + ure = moisture /`MOISTΣƏ/

press + ure = pressure /`PREΣƏ

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Morphemic Rules Affecting the Base

Voicing

Voicing refers to the change of the phonemic content of the base when an affix is to be
attached. The final consonant of the base is changed to match the consonant nature of the
initial phoneme in the affix.

Examples:

Calf > calves ; knife > knives; leaf > leaves; life > lives; thief > thieves; wife > wives; wolf >
wolves.

Baths /ba: θs/ or /ba: ðs/ ; youth /ju: θs/ or /ju: ðs/

Loss of the Phonemes

With this change on or more than one phoneme is dropped from the original morpheme and
its phonological content is altered.

Examples:

Aristocrat + -acy > aristocracy enemy + ity > enmity

meter + -ic > metric

Addition of the Phonemes

This change involves adding another phoneme to the phonological content of the morpheme.
This is not a very customary change in english, and usually occurs with so called ‘silent’
letters in writing which represent no phonemes in the root.

Examples:

bomb – bombastic

long – longer solemn – solemnize

Simple Consonant Change

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The last or final consonant in a morpheme undergoes a change of sorts when a suffix is to be
added.

Examples:

despise – despicable

electric – electricity

extinct – extinguish

Examples:

courage – courageous

industry – industrial

parent – parental

symbol – symbolic

Ablaut in Derivation

Change of syllabic vowel or mutation. As the names of this morphemic change suggest, it
refers to a kind of change in the syllabic vowel or a morpheme, or the vowel of a morpheme,
or the vowel which bears the primary stress.

Examples:

clear – clarity

long – length

strong – strength

wide – width

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Implication for Teaching

1. Recognize and manipulate words.


2. Better vocabularies.
3. Stronger reading comprehension performance.
4. Improves one’s pronunciation.

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References

Bauer (1988). Morphological Processes: Derivation and Inflection. Retrieved from


http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Morphology/MorphologicalProcessesDerivationVerusIn
flection

Booij, G. E., (2007). The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic


Morphology. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

eNotes Editorial, (2016). “With the aid of examples, distinguish between inflectional
morphemes.” Retrieved from http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/aid-examples-
distinguish-inflectional-morpheme-756448.

Fasold, R. and Connor-Linton, J., (2006). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics.


New York: Cambridge University Press.

Khullar, P. (2018). Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes. Retrieved from


http://languagelinguistics.com/2018/02/26/inflectional-derivational-morphemes/

McGregor, W., (2009). Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum International


Publishing Group.“Morphophonemic Analysis” Introductory Phonology (Hayes, 2009,
p.114)English morphology (Vladimir Ž. Jovanović p.81-89) By Gorana Čavić

O’Grady, W., (1997). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Longman

Oz., H. (2014). Morphology and implications for English language teaching. In A.


Saricoban (Ed.), Linguistics for English language teaching studies (pp. 83‐120). Ankara:
Ani Publishing

Slideshare. (2013). Word formation process in English Language. Retrieved from


https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/lalitaggarwalstiff/word-formation-process

Yule, G. (2006). The Study of Language. (Third Edition) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, (pp. 65-66). Retrieved from
https://languageavenue.com/linguistics/general-linguistics/grammar-
syntax/item/morphemes-in-english

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