FEUD THEORY

Defense mechanisms of repression and sublimation

Sublimation is a mature type of defense mechanism, in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially
acceptable actions
Repression is the psychological attempt to direct one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding them from one's
consciousness and holding or subduing them in the unconscious

influence of those who have stepped into the place of parents — educators, teachers, people chosen as ideal models" to deal with needs, wants,
desires, and impulses
Stage of Id, Ego
Id
Gratification of any impulse defined as seeking to avoid pain or unpleasure (not "displeasure") aroused by increases in instinctual tension were
unpleasure is causing discomfort, unhappiness, or revulsion; disagreeable while displeasure is causing annoyance.
Ego
The reality principle that operates the ego is a regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function
effectively in the real world. An example would be to resist the urge to grab other people's belongings, but instead to purchase those items.
The ego acts according to the reality principle; i.e., it seeks to please the id's drive in realistic ways that, in the long term, bring benefit, rather than
grief. At the same time, Freud concedes that as the ego "attempts to mediate between id and reality, it is often obliged to cloak the [unconscious]
commands of the id with its own preconscious rationalizations, to conceal the id's conflicts with reality, to profess...to be taking notice of reality
even when the id has remained rigid and unyielding.

The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions. To overcome this the ego
employs defense mechanisms. The defense mechanisms are not done so directly or consciously. They lessen the tension by covering up our
impulses that are threatening and these are shown below
SN Defense Mech. Description
a person is faced with a fact
that is too uncomfortable to
accept and rejects it instead,
1 Denial
insisting that it is not true
despite what may be
overwhelming evidence
This operates in the mind
unconsciously, its
transference of emotions,
Displacement ideas, or wishes being most
often used to allay anxiety
in the face of aggressive or
sexual impulses
Execution Scenario
o DARVO is an acronym used to describe a
common strategy of abusers. The abuser will:
o Deny the abuse ever took place, then Attack the
victim for attempting to hold the abuser
accountable; then they will lie and claim that
they, the abuser, are the real victim in the
situation, thus Reversing the Victim and
Offender
o simple denial: deny the reality of the o The actual abusers threaten, bully and make a
unpleasant fact altogether nightmare for anyone who holds them
o minimization: admit the fact but deny its accountable or asks them to change their
seriousness (a combination of denial abusive behavior. This attack, intended to chill
and rationalization) and terrify, typically includes threats of law
o projection: admit both the fact and suits, overt and covert attacks on the whistle-
seriousness but deny the blower's credibility, and so on.
responsibility by blaming somebody or o Denial of denial involves thoughts, actions and
something else behaviors which bolster confidence that
nothing needs to be changed in one's personal
behavior
o Denial of fact: In this form of denial, someone
avoids a fact by utilizing deception. This lying
can take the form of an outright falsehood
(commission), leaving out certain details to
tailor a story (omission), or by falsely agreeing
to something (assent)
o Displacement of object: Feelings that are
connected with one person are displaced onto
another person. A man who has had a bad day
at the office, comes home and yells at his
wife and children, is displacing his anger
from workplace onto his family.
.
o Displacement of attribution: A characteristic
that one perceives in oneself but seems
unacceptable is instead attributed to another
person. This is essentially the mechanism of
psychological projection; an aspect of the self
is projected (displaced) onto someone else.
 Freud wrote that people commonly displace
their own desires onto God’s will.
This defense mechanism by
which reasoning is used to
block confrontation with an
unconscious conflict and its
associated emotional stress
Intellectualization
where thinking is used to
avoid feeling.
It involves removing one's
self, emotionally, from a
stressful event

Super Ego
The super-ego aims for perfection.[28] It forms the organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes
the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticizes and prohibits their drives,
fantasies, feelings, and actions. "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. For
example, for having extra-marital affairs."[34] Taken in this sense, the super-ego is the precedent for the conceptualization of the inner critic as it
appears in contemporary therapies such as IFS.[35]

The super-ego works in contradiction to the id. The super-ego strives to act in a socially appropriate manner, whereas the id just wants instant self-
gratification. The super-ego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. It helps us fit into society by getting us to act in socially acceptable
ways
Dealing with Defense Mechanism
Sublimation is a mature type of defense mechanism, in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially
acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
Sigmund Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity and civilization, allowing people to function normally in culturally acceptable
ways. He defined sublimation as the process of deflecting sexual instincts into acts of higher social valuation, being "an especially conspicuous
feature of cultural development
Sublimation (German: Sublimierung) is the process of transforming libido into "socially useful" achievements, including artistic, cultural and
intellectual pursuits.
Piagets

Sensorimotor
 Use real objects in play activities.
 Connect play to the five senses.
 Implement routines for the youngest children. They are predictable and may be highly useful with
developing communication.

Preoperational
 Children learn best by doing. Allow them to actively interact with a variety of things in their
environments, including books, people, games, and objects.
 Ask questions while children are engaged in daily routines and allow them to come up with their own
ideas.
 Point out new things and encourage children to question you about those things.
Concrete operational
 Create timelines, three dimensional models, science experiments, and other ways to manipulate
abstract concepts.
 Use brain teasers and riddles to foster analytical thinking.
 Focus on open-ended questioning.

Formal operational
 Offer step-by-step explanations of concepts and utilize charts and other visual aids.
 Explore hypothetical situations. You may relate them to current events or social issues.
 Broaden concepts whenever possible. For example, if talking about the Civil War, discuss other issues
that have divided the country since that time.

Sensorimotor

The sensorimotor stage covers children ages birth to 18–24 months old. Characteristics include motor
activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial and error.

The main goal at this stage is establishing an understanding of object permanence — in other words,
knowing that an object still exists even if you can’t see it or it’s hidden.
Preoperational

The preoperational stage can be seen in children ages 2 through 7. Memory and imagination are
developing. Children at this age are egocentric, which means they have difficulty thinking outside of their
own viewpoints.

The main achievement of this stage is being able to attach meaning to objects with language. It’s thinking
about things symbolically. Symbolic thought is a type of thinking where a word or object is used to represent
something other than itself.

Concrete operational

Children are much less egocentric in the concrete operational stage. It falls between the ages of 7 to 11
years old and is marked by more logical and methodical manipulation of symbols.

The main goal at this stage is for a child to start working things out inside their head. This is called
operational thought, and it allows kids to solve problems without physically encountering things in the real
world.

Formal operational
Children 11 years old and older fall into Piaget’s formal operational stage. A milestone of this period is using
symbols to understand abstract concepts. Not only that, but older kids and adults can also think about
multiple variables and come up with hypotheses based on previous knowledge.

Piaget believed that people of all ages developed intellectually. But he also believed that once a person
reaches the formal operational stage, it’s more about building upon knowledge, not changing how it’s
acquired or understood.

Ethnic[edit]
Main category: Ethnic restaurants
Ethnic restaurants specialize in ethnic or national cuisines. For example, Greek restaurants specialize in Greek cuisine.[1]

Fast food[edit]
Main article: Fast food
Fast food restaurants emphasize speed of service. Operations range from small-scale street vendors with food carts to multibillion-dollar
corporations like McDonald's and Burger King. Food is ordered not from the table, but from a front counter (or in some cases, using an
electronic terminal). Diners typically then carry their own food from the counter to a table of their choosing, and afterward dispose of any
waste from their trays. Drive-through and take-out service may also be available. Fast food restaurants are known in the restaurant industry
as QSRs or quick-service restaurants.[2]

Fast casual[edit]
Main article: Fast casual restaurant

Fast casual restaurants are primarily chain restaurants, such as Chipotle Mexican Grill and Panera Bread.[3] More of the food is prepared at
the restaurant than is the case at fast food chains. Fast casual restaurants usually do not offer full table service, but many offer non-
disposable plates and cutlery. The quality of food and prices tend to be higher than those of a conventional fast food restaurant but may be
lower than casual dining

Casual dining[edit]
A casual dining restaurant (or sit down restaurant) is a restaurant that serves moderately-priced food in a casual atmosphere. Except for
buffet-style restaurants, casual dining restaurants typically provide table service. Chain examples include Harvester in the United Kingdom
and TGI Friday's in the United States. Casual dining comprises a market segment between fast-food establishments and fine-dining
restaurants. Casual-dining restaurants often have a full bar with separate bar staff, a full beer menu and a limited wine menu. They are
frequently, but not necessarily, part of a wider chain, particularly in the US. In Italy, such casual restaurants are often called "trattoria", and
are usually independently owned and operated.

Premium casual[edit]
Premium casual restaurants originate from Western Canada and include chains such as Cactus Club Cafe, Earl's and JOEY. Premium
casual restaurants are described as upscale fast casual. Similarly to casual dining, they typically feature a dining room section and a lounge
section with multiple screens. They are typically found downtown or in shopping districts. Premium casual restaurants carry a wide range of
menu options including burgers, steaks, seafood, pizza, pasta and Asian foods.

Family style[edit]
Family style restaurants are a type of casual dining restaurants where food is often served on platters and the diners serve themselves. It
can also be used to describe family-friendly diners or casual restaurants.

Fine dining[edit]

The Fat Duck, a fine dining destination restaurant in Bray, UK

Fine dining restaurants are full service restaurants with specific dedicated meal courses. Décor of such restaurants features higher-quality
materials, with establishments having certain rules of dining which visitors are generally expected to follow, sometimes including a dress
code.
Fine dining establishments are sometimes called white-tablecloth restaurants, because they traditionally featured table service by servers,
at tables covered by white tablecloths. The tablecloths came to symbolize the experience. The use of white tablecloths eventually became
less fashionable, but the service and upscale ambience remained