4-4 CHAPTER 4 INFERENCES ABOUT PROCESS QUALITY

4.2. 
Suppose that you are testing the following hypotheses where the variance is known:
H0 :   100
H1 :   100
Find the P-value for the following values of the test statistic.

(a) Z0 = 2.50

From Appendix II, (Z0) = (2.50) = 0.99379

For a one-sided, upper-tail test: P = 1 − (Z0) = 1 – 0.99379 = 0.00621

(b) Z0 = 1.95

From Appendix II, (Z0) = (1.95) = 0.97441

For a one-sided, upper-tail test: P = 1 − (Z0) = 1 – 0. 97441 = 0.2559

(c) Z0 = 2.05

From Appendix II, (Z0) = (2.05) = 0.97982

For a one-sided, upper-tail test: P = 1 − (Z0) = 1 – 0. 97982 = 0.02018

(d) Z0 = 2.36

From Appendix II, (Z0) = (2.36) = 0.99086

For a one-sided, upper-tail test: P = 1 − (Z0) = 1 – 0. 99086 = 0.00914
4-6 CHAPTER 4 INFERENCES ABOUT PROCESS QUALITY

4.4. 
Suppose that you are testing the following hypotheses where the variance is unknown:
H0 :   100
H1 :   100
The sample size is n = 20. Find bounds on the P-value for the following values of the test statistic.

(a) t0 = 2.75

From Appendix IV and ν = n – 1 = 10 – 1 =9,

 0.025 0.01
T , 9 2.262 2.75 2.821
For a two-sided test: 2(0.01) < P < 2(0.025), or 0.02 < P < 0.05

(b) t0 = 1.86

From Appendix IV and ν = 9,

 0.05 0.025
T , 9 1.833 1.86 2.262
For a two-sided test: 2(0.025) < P < 2(0.05), or 0.05 < P < 0.10

(c) t0 = −2.05

From Appendix IV and ν = 9,

 0.05 0.025
T , 9 1.833 2.05 2.262
For a two-sided test and by symmetry of the t distribution: 2(0.025) < P < 2(0.05), or 0.05 < P < 0.10

(d) t0 = −1.86

Same answer as for (b)

Melissa Moody ST260
4/24/2012
Assigned Problems B

1. The tensile strength of a fiber used in manufacturing cloth is of interest to the

purchaser. Previous experience indicates that the standard deviation of tensile strength is 2 psi. A
random sample of eight fiber specimens is selected, and the average tensile strength is found to
be 127 psi.

(a)Test the hypothesis that the mean tensile strength equals 125 psi versus the alternative
that the mean exceeds 25 psi. Use alpha = 0.05.
Z = (8)^1/2 ((127-125)/2) = 2.828 2.828 > 1.895 therefore we reject the null
hypothesis that μ = 125.

(b) What is the P-value for this test? 0.0024

(c) Discuss why a one-sided alternative was chosen in part (a). A one-sided
alternative was chosen because we are testing that mu is equal to 125 or greater than 125. If we
were testing that mu is less than 125 or greater than 125 we would use a two- sided alternative.

(d) Construct a 95% lower confidence interval on the mean tensile strength.
127 – 1.64 (2/(8)^1/2) < μ 125.84 < μ

2. A machine is used to fill containers with a liquid product. Fill volume can be assumed
to be normally distributed. A random sample of 10 containers is selected, and the contents (oz)
are as follows: 12.03, 12.01, 12.04, 12.02, 12.05, 11.98, 11.96, 12.02, 12.05, and 11.99.

(a)Suppose that the manufacturer wants to be sure that the mean net content exceeds 12
oz. What conclusions can be drawn from the data (use alpha= 0.05)?
Z = ((10)^1/2 (12.015 – 12)) / .0303 = 1.57
1.65 < 1.833 therefore we fail to reject the hypothesis that μ>12
This means that the probability that the mean net content exceeds 12 is good.

(b)Construct a two-sided 95% confidence interval on the mean fill volume.

12.015 – 2.262 (.0303 / (10)^1/2) < μ < 12.015 + 2.262 (.0303 / (10)^1/2)
11.993 < μ < 12.037
 IE 446 Homework 2 Due Thursday Feb 11 in class
4.8 The tensile strength of a fiber used in manufacturing cloth is of interest to the purchaser. Previous
experience indicates that the standard deviation of tensile strength is 2 psi. A random sample of eight fiber
specimens is selected, and the average tensile strength is found to be 127psi.
a) Test the hypothesis that the mean tensile strength equals 125 psi versus the alternative that the mean
exceeds 125psi. Use   0.05 .
Solution: (5 points)

b) What is the P-value for this test?

Solution: (5 points)

4.11 A new process has been developed for applying photoresist to 125-mm silicon wafers used in
manufacturing integrated circuits. Ten wafers were tested, and the following photoresist thickness
measurements (in angstroms*1000) were observed:
13.3946, 13.3987, 13.3902, 13.4001, 13.3965, 13.4002, 13.3957, 13.4015, 13.3918, 13.3925
O

a) Test the hypothesis that mean thickness is 13.4*1000 A (angstrom). Use   0.05 and assume a
two-sided alternative.
Solution: (10 points)

b) Find a 99% two-sided confidence interval on mean photoresist thickness. Assume that thickness is
normally distributed.
Solution: (10 points)

4.12 A machine is used to fill containers with a liquid product. Fill volume can be assumed to be normally
distributed. A random sample of ten containers is selected, and the net contents (oz) are as follows: 12.03,
1
 x́−μ 17.5−15
t 0= = =6.43>1.697 , so reject.
s−√ n 2.2/ √ 32

Problem 2

The inside diameters of bearings used in an aircraft landing gear assembly are known to
have a standard deviation of 0.002 cm. A random sample of 15 bearings has an average
inside diameter of 8.2535 cm.

(a) Test the hypothesis that the mean inside bearing diameter is 8.25 cm. Use a two-
sided alternative and α=0.05.
(b) Calculate the p-value of the test in (a).
(c) Construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval on mean bearing diameter.

Solution:

(a)

(b)

Z value 6.78 is out of the range in the table, therefore, P­value is close to 0,
<0.00006

(c)
      

Problem 3

Two different hardening processes, (1) saltwater quenching and (2) oil quenching, are
used on samples of a particular type of metal alloy. The results are shown here. Assume
that hardness is normally distributed.

Saltwater Quench Oil Quench

145 152
150 150
153 147
148 155
141 140
152 146
146 158
154 152
139 151
148 143
(a) Test the hypothesis that the mean hardness for the saltwater quenching process
equals the mean hardness for the oil quenching process. Please use α=0.05 and
assume equal variances.
(b) Assuming that the variances and are equal, construct a 95% confidence
2 2
 1  2

interval on the difference in mean hardness.

(c) Construct a 95% confidence interval on the ratio . Does the assumption
 12  22
made earlier of equal variances seem reasonable?

Solution:

Saltwater quench:
n1 10; x1 147.6; S1 4.97
 IE 446 Homework 2 Due Thursday Feb 11 in class
4.8 The tensile strength of a fiber used in manufacturing cloth is of interest to the purchaser. Previous
experience indicates that the standard deviation of tensile strength is 2 psi. A random sample of eight fiber
specimens is selected, and the average tensile strength is found to be 127psi.
a) Test the hypothesis that the mean tensile strength equals 125 psi versus the alternative that the mean
exceeds 125psi. Use   0.05 .
Solution: (5 points)

b) What is the P-value for this test?

Solution: (5 points)

4.11 A new process has been developed for applying photoresist to 125-mm silicon wafers used in
manufacturing integrated circuits. Ten wafers were tested, and the following photoresist thickness
measurements (in angstroms*1000) were observed:
13.3946, 13.3987, 13.3902, 13.4001, 13.3965, 13.4002, 13.3957, 13.4015, 13.3918, 13.3925
O

a) Test the hypothesis that mean thickness is 13.4*1000 A (angstrom). Use   0.05 and assume a
two-sided alternative.
Solution: (10 points)

b) Find a 99% two-sided confidence interval on mean photoresist thickness. Assume that thickness is
normally distributed.
Solution: (10 points)

4.12 A machine is used to fill containers with a liquid product. Fill volume can be assumed to be normally
distributed. A random sample of ten containers is selected, and the net contents (oz) are as follows: 12.03,
1
 IE 446 Homework 2 Due Thursday Feb 11 in class
12.01, 12.04, 12.02, 12.05, 11.98, 11.96, 12.02, 12.05, and 11.99.
(a) Suppose that the manufacturer wants to be sure that the mean net contents exceed 12 oz. What
conclusions can be drawn from the data (use = 0.01).
Solution: (10 points)

(b) Construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the mean fill volume.
Solution: (10 points)

4.15 The output voltage of a power supply is assumed to be normally distributed. Sixteen observations taken
at random on voltage are as follows: 10.35, 9.30, 10.00, 9.96, 11.65, 12.00, 11.25, 9.58, 11.54, 9.95, 10.28,
8.37, 10.44, 9.25, 9.38, and 10.85.
a) Test the hypothesis that the mean voltage equals 12 V against a two-sided alternative using   0.05 .
Solution: (10 points)

b) Construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval on 

Solution: (10 points)

2
Melissa Moody ST260
4/24/2012
Assigned Problems B

1. The tensile strength of a fiber used in manufacturing cloth is of interest to the

purchaser. Previous experience indicates that the standard deviation of tensile strength is 2 psi. A
random sample of eight fiber specimens is selected, and the average tensile strength is found to
be 127 psi.

(a)Test the hypothesis that the mean tensile strength equals 125 psi versus the alternative
that the mean exceeds 25 psi. Use alpha = 0.05.
Z = (8)^1/2 ((127-125)/2) = 2.828 2.828 > 1.895 therefore we reject the null
hypothesis that μ = 125.

(b) What is the P-value for this test? 0.0024

(c) Discuss why a one-sided alternative was chosen in part (a). A one-sided
alternative was chosen because we are testing that mu is equal to 125 or greater than 125. If we
were testing that mu is less than 125 or greater than 125 we would use a two- sided alternative.

(d) Construct a 95% lower confidence interval on the mean tensile strength.
127 – 1.64 (2/(8)^1/2) < μ 125.84 < μ

2. A machine is used to fill containers with a liquid product. Fill volume can be assumed
to be normally distributed. A random sample of 10 containers is selected, and the contents (oz)
are as follows: 12.03, 12.01, 12.04, 12.02, 12.05, 11.98, 11.96, 12.02, 12.05, and 11.99.

(a)Suppose that the manufacturer wants to be sure that the mean net content exceeds 12
oz. What conclusions can be drawn from the data (use alpha= 0.05)?
Z = ((10)^1/2 (12.015 – 12)) / .0303 = 1.57
1.65 < 1.833 therefore we fail to reject the hypothesis that μ>12
This means that the probability that the mean net content exceeds 12 is good.

(b)Construct a two-sided 95% confidence interval on the mean fill volume.

12.015 – 2.262 (.0303 / (10)^1/2) < μ < 12.015 + 2.262 (.0303 / (10)^1/2)
11.993 < μ < 12.037
Melissa Moody ST260
4/24/2012
(c) Does the assumption of normality seem appropriate for the fill volume
data? Yes

(d)If the true mean fill volume is 12.05 oz, approximately how many samples would be
required to reject the null hypothesis with a probability of at least 0.90?

1.833 = (n)^1/2 ((12.015-12.05) / .0303) n = 2.5 this rounds up to n = 3

3. The diameters of aluminum alloy rods produced on an extrusion machine are known to have a
standard deviation of 0.0001 in. A random sample of 25 rods has an average diameter of 0.5046
in.

(a)Test the hypothesis that the mean rod diameter is 0.5025 in. Assume a two-sided
alternative and use alpha = 0.05.
Z = (25)^1/2 ((.5046-.5025) / 0.0001) = 105 105 > 1.96 therefore we reject the
null hypothesis that μ=0.5025.

(b) Find the P-value for this test. 0

(c) Construct a two-sided 95% confidence interval on the mean rod diameter.
0.5046 – 2.064(0.0001/(25)^1/2) < μ < 0.5046 + 2.064 (0.0001/(25)^1/2)
0.50456 < μ < 0.50464
ISyE 3039 Section A Methods for Quality Improvement Spring 2014

Homework 2 Solution
February 2, 2014

1. The diameters of aluminum alloy rods produced on an extrusion ma-

chine are known to have a standard deviation of 0.0001 in. A random
sample of 25 rods has an average diameter of 0.5046 in.

(a) Test the hypothesis that mean rod diameter is 0.5025 in. Assume a
two-sided alternative and use α = 0.05.

Solution : We know that n=25, x=0.5046, σ=0.0001, α=0.05, µ0 =0.5025.

We wish to test the hypothesis

H0 : µ = µ0

H1 : µ 6= µ0
Then we compute that
x − µ0
Z0 = √ = 105
σ/ n
and
Zα/2 = Z0.05/2 = Z0.025 = 1.96
Because |Z0 | > Z0.025 , so we reject H0 . We can conclude that the
mean rod diameter differs from 0.5025 in.

(b) Find the P-value for this test

Solution :

p = P(|Z| > |Z0 |) = 2×P(Z > |Z0 |) = 2×(1−Φ(Z0 )) = 2×(1−Φ(105)) = 2×(1−1) = 0

(c) Construct 95% two-sided confidence interval on the mean rod di-
ameter.

Solution
 : The (1 − α) confidence interval
on the mean rod diam-
√
√
eter is x − Zα/2 σ/ n , x + Zα/2 σ/ n . Here α=0.05, so the
95% confidence interval is [0.50456, 0.50464].

2. The cooling system in a nuclear submarine consists of an assembly pipe

through which a coolant is circulated. Specifications require that weld
strength must meet or exceed 150 psi.
4-22 CHAPTER 4 INFERENCES ABOUT PROCESS QUALITY

4.16.
Two machines are used for filling glass bottles with a soft-drink beverage. The filling processes have
known standard deviations 1 = 0.010 liter and 2 = 0.015 liter, respectively. A random sample of n1 = 25
bottles from machine 1 and n2 = 20 bottles from machine 2 results in average net contents of x1 = 2.04
liters and x2 = 2.07 liters.

(a) Test the hypothesis that both machines fill to the same net contents, using  = 0.05. What are your
conclusions?

 = 0.05,  0 = 0
Test H0: 1 – 2 = 0 versus H0: 1 – 2  0. Reject H0 if Z0 > Z/2 or Z0 < –Z/2.
(x1  x2 )  0 (2.04  2.07)  0
Z0    7.682
 n1   n2
2
1
2
2 0.0102 25  0.0152 20
Z/2 = Z0.05/2 = Z0.025 = 1.96 Z/2 = 1.96
Reject H0: 1 – 2 = 0, and conclude that there is a difference in mean net contents between machine 1
and machine 2.

(b) Find the P-value for this test.

P-value = 2[1  (Z0)] = 2[1  (7.682)] = 2[1  1.00000] = 0

(c) Construct a 95% confidence interval on the difference in mean fill volume.

(x1  x2 )  Z /2
 12 
 22  (1   2 )  (x1  x2 )  Z /2
 12 
 22
n1 n2 n1 n2
2 2 2 2
(2.04  2.07)  1.9600 0.010  0.015  (1   2 )  (2.04  2.07)  1.9600 0.010  0.015
25 20 25 20
0.038  (1   2 )  0.022
The confidence interval for the difference does not contain zero. We can conclude that the machines do
not fill to the same volume.
2. A random sample of 200 printed circuit boards contains 18 defective or nonconforming units.
Estimate the process fraction nonconforming.
a. Test the hypothesis that the true fraction nonconforming in this process is 0.10. Use
𝛼 = 0.05. Find the P-value.

Answer: We want to test the proportion of a population. We have that 𝑛 = 200, and
𝑝̂ = 18⁄200 = 0.09. The null hypothesis is 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.10 versus 𝐻1 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.10. The
test statistic is:

𝑝̂ − 𝑝0 0.09 − 0.10
𝑍0 = = = −0.471
√𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 )⁄𝑛 √0.10(1 − 0.10)⁄200

Using the test statistic, we have that:

𝑃 = 2[1 − Φ(𝑍0 )] = 2[1 − Φ(0.471)] = 2(1 − 0.681) = 0.638

b. Construct a 90% two-sided confidence interval on the true fraction nonconforming in

the production process.

Answer: The equation for a two-sided confidence interval is:

𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) 𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ )
𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝛼⁄2 √( ) ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝛼⁄2 √( )
𝑛 𝑛

0.09(1 − 0.09) 0.09(1 − 0.09)

0.09 − 1.645√( ) ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 0.09 + 1.645√( )
200 200

0.0567 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 0.123

3. Two quality control technicians measured the surface finish of metal parts, obtaining the data
in the table below. Assume that the measurements are normally distributed. The data are not
paired.

Technician 1 Technician 2
1.45 1.54
1.37 1.41
1.21 1.56
1.54 1.37
1.48 1.20
1.29 1.31
1.34 1.27

Page 2 of 12
 Two Population Proportion Example
• Two processes are used to produce forgings used in an
aircraft wing assembly. Of 200 forgings selected from
process 1, 10 do not conform to the strength
specifications, whereas of 300 forgings selected from
process 2, 20 are nonconforming.
a) Estimate the fraction nonconforming for each process.
b) Test the hypothesis that the two processes have identical
fractions nonconforming. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
c) Construct a 90% confidence interval on the difference in
fraction nonconforming between the two processes.

28
 Two Population Proportion Example
a) Estimate the fraction nonconforming for each
process.

29
 Two Population Proportion Example
b) Test the hypothesis that the two processes have
identical fractions nonconforming. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

30
 Two Population Proportion Example
b) Construct a 90% confidence interval on the difference in
fraction nonconforming between the two processes.

31