Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2, Issue 9
August 2019
Corporate Security
o n e s
Dr AN EYE IN T H E S K Y
The Only Way
to Do Great Work
is to Love
What you Do
From th e
1
Knowledge & Technology CHAPTER - 01
A system has advantage & disadvantage and Drones and gas refineries, flare stacks, and pipelines. They
(Remotely Piloted Aircraft System - RPAS) cannot be eliminates the need for workers to physically access hostile
exceptional. Particularly when Drones are to be used for environments, where factors such as height, wind, waves,
surveillance & security purpose, it has many security issues weather, and radiation can lead to accidents or health
& concerns. DGCA, an apex government body has made a issues. Drones can easily access difficult-to-reach areas
comprehensive policy to deal with Drones & MHA has also while eliminating the need for a human to go there using the
issued standard operating procedures. As the technology risky mechanical tools. Drones are making it possible for
advances, these Drones are becoming more common and professionals to easily collect aerial data in places where it
affordable, giving rise to debates that weigh to their benefits would be logically impossible. It is less risky and safer to use
against new ethical and legal concerns. Some of the drones in hostile environments for applications, such as
advantages & disadvantages are listed below: radiation monitoring, inspecting high-voltage lines, and
² Quality Aerial Imaging other installations that can cause injuries or health problems
Drones can take high-quality aerial photographs and video, ² Security & Safety
and collect vast amounts of imaging data. These high- With the appropriate license, operators can use unmanned
resolution data can be used to create 3-D maps and aerial vehicles to provide security and surveillance to private
interactive 3-D models, which have many beneficial uses. companies, sporting events, public gatherings and venues.
For example, 3-D mapping of disaster areas can enable Drones can also gather valuable data during and after
rescue teams to be better prepared before entering natural disasters to aid in security and recovery efforts.
hazardous situations. Safety is a primary concern when dealing with unmanned
² Precision aerial vehicles. To avoid mid-air collisions, UAVs need to be
Since unmanned aerial vehicles are equipped with GPS, they programmed with “sense and avoid” capabilities – being
can be programmed and manoeuvred accurately to precise able to detect a potential collision and manoeuvre to safety –
locations. This is especially helpful in precision agriculture, that match those of manned aircraft pilots. In the event of
in which UAVs are used for a variety of farming needs such system failures, ground impact is another serious danger,
as spraying fertilizer and insecticide, identifying weed especially when drones are used near large crowds.
infestations, and monitoring crop health. The precision of ² Privacy
UAVs saves farmers both time and cost. One of the most common concerns from the public about
² Easily Deployable UAVs is privacy. Drones can collect data and images without
With advances in control technology, most drones can be drawing attention, leading many Indians to fear that their
operated by users with relatively minimal experience. rights of privacy may be in jeopardy if government entities
Combined with the relative low cost of most models, this has were to use drones to monitor the public.
led to drones becoming accessible to a wide range of ² Internationally we have the 3 main types of drones
operators. UAVs also have a greater range of movement which are most being used:
than manned aircraft, being able to fly lower and in more
1. Fixed Wing - A fixed wing drone consists of one rigid
directions, allowing them to easily navigate traditionally
wing and is designed to look and work like an airplane.
hard-to-access areas.
What helps distinguish fixed wing drones from other
² Inspection types is that they cannot stay in one place with vertical
Drones enable easy and safe inspection of tall and complex lift rotors, but instead glide on a set path as long as their
structures, especially the inspection of facilities such as oil energy permits. This means they can be far more
2
efficient compared to the two other main categories of easiest to manufacture and the cheapest drone option.
drones. Fixed wing UAVs are well known in the military, They carry several rotors on their body and can be
as they are often used when manned flight is considered further classified based on the number of that on the
too risky or difficult. They are also used in the platform of the drone. There are tricopters (3 rotors),
commercial industry. quad copters (4 rotors), hexa copters (6 rotors) and
Advantages: The average flight time is a couple of octo-copters (8 rotors), among others. Quad copters
hours and can go up to an impressive 16 hours or more if are by far the most popular multi-rotor drones.
the drone is gas engine powered. Fixed wings can fly at a Advantages: Multi-rotor drones are easy to control and
high altitude. They are more forgiving in the air than manoeuvre. They have the ability to hover. They can
other models and have the ability to carry more weight. take off and land vertically and are very stable.
Disadvantages: Fixed wing drones can be expensive, Disadvantages: Multi-rotors have a limited flying time
training is usually required to fly them in most cases, a (usually 15-30 minutes).They only have small payload
launcher is needed to get a fixed wing drone into the air. capabilities and most of the drone's energy is spent on
They are more difficult to land than the two other fighting gravity and stabilizing in the air.
categories of drones and they can only move forward Typical Uses: Aerial photography and video aerial
and can't hover in the air. inspection, leisure, agriculture, construction, security.
Typical Uses: Because fixed wing drones are more data You can further categorize within the three main
focused in design, they are usually used for commercial categories of drones:
purposes such as aerial mapping, inspection,
By Size: Nano: size of an insect (up to 50 cm) Small:
agriculture, construction, security, and surveillance.
bigger than the size of an insect but still quite small (less
2. Single Rotor - Single rotor drones are strong and than 2 meters in length). This is the size of most
look similar in structure and design to actual helicopters. consumer drones. These drones can be handled by one
They have one big rotor, which is like one big spinning person. Medium: Smaller than light aircrafts and
wing, plus a small sized rotor on the tail for direction and usually need to be carried by two people. Large: size of
stability. a small aircraft, usually used in military or surveillance
Advantages: Single rotor drones are able to hover situations.
vertically in the air. They are built to be strong and By Range: Close-range: Most close range drones
durable. They have a long-lasting flight time, which usually have a range of around 3 miles and can stay in
increases if the drone is gas powered and a heavy the air on an average of 20-30 minutes. Consumer
payload capability. drones fit into this category. Short-range: Most short
Disadvantages: Single rotors are harder to fly than range drones can be controlled up to 30 miles away from
multi-rotor drone types. They can be expensive. These users and can stay in the air for an average of 1 hour and
drones have a higher complexity and can be dangerous up to 6 hours. Mid-range: Most mid range drones can
because of the heavy spinning blade. be controlled up to 90 miles away and can stay in the air
up to 12 hours.
3. Multi-rotor - The most popular type of drone for
By Endurance: Most endurance drones can be
getting an “eye in the sky” is the multi-rotor drone. This
controlled up to 400 miles and be up in the air for up to
is the popular choice for aerial photography, filmmaking
3 consecutive days. These are typically used for
and surveillance. It is used by professionals and
surveillance and collection of scientific data.
hobbyists alike because of its small size and ready to fly
out of the box capabilities. Multi-rotor drones are also
3
Knowledge & Technology CHAPTER - 02
4
7 Requirements for Issue of Unmanned Aircraft conditions, including safe recovery during emergencies
Operator Permit (UAOP): and system malfunction.
• Nano RPA operating below 50 feet (15 m) AGL in 10 RPAS Maintenance Requirements: Maintenance and
uncontrolled airspace/enclosed premises. repair of RPAS & ground control equipment shall be
• Micro RPA operating below 200 feet (60 m) AGL in carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's
uncontrolled airspace/enclosed premises. However, approved procedures with the manufacturer's
the user shall intimate to local police office 24 hours recommended inspection and overhaul interval, as
prior to conduct of actual operations. applicable. Each RPA flight should be recorded & made
available to the DGCA on demand.
8 Security/Safety Requirements:
1. The operator shall be responsible for the safe 11 Equipment Requirements: All RPA (except for Nano
custody, security and access control of the RPAS. In category intending to operate up to 50 ft (15m) AGL in
case of loss of RPA/damaged and cannot be restored uncontrolled airspace/enclosed premises), shall be
to original condition, the operator shall report equipped with the following serviceable components/
immediately to the local police office, BCAS and equipment:
DGCA for the same shall be notified to DGCA by the • GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) for
owner/operator for cancellation of UIN. horizontal and vertical position fixing
2. The operator of all RPA except Nano RPA shall be • Autonomous Flight Termination System or Return
responsible for notifying any incident/accident Home (RH) option
involving RPA to the Director of Air Safety, DGCA. • Flashing anti-collision strobe lights
3. The RPAS operator shall ensure that all security
• RFID and GSM SIM Card/NPNT compliant for APP
measures are taken & the ground control station
based real time tracking
(while in use or in store) shall be secured from
• Fire resistant identification plate inscribed with UIN
sabotage or unlawful interference.
• Flight controller with flight data logging capability
4. The RPAS (issued with UIN) shall not be sold or
disposed-off in any way to any person or firm without 12 Operating Requirements:
permission from DGCA. Any changes in the contact a) The RPA operator shall prepare Standard Operating
details specified in UIN shall be immediately notified Procedures (SOP), which shall contain following
to DGCA and all other concerned agencies. procedures according to the provisions contained in
9 Remote Pilot Training Requirements: Remote pilot relevant sections of AIP-India:
shall have attained 18 years of age, having passed • Take-off/landing
10th exam in English, and undergone ground/practical • Collision avoidance
training from any DGCA approved Flying Training
• Noise abatement
Organization (FTO), and includes the following theory
• Flight plan filing
subjects: Basic Radio Telephony (RT), Flight Planning
• Local airspace restriction
and ATC procedures, regulations specific to area of
operations, basic knowledge of principles of flight and • Right-of-Way
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Knowledge & Technology
c) RPA operations except those in enclosed premises, shall operator for emergency, RPA holding and flight
be conducted only when the following meteorological terminations. The take-off and landing areas should be
conditions exist: properly segregated from public access.
• During daylight (between sunrise and sunset). i) Remote pilots shall prefix RPA call-sign with the word
• In Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) with a UNMANNED during voice communications between ATC
minimum ground visibility of 5 km and cloud ceiling and the remote pilot station. RPA operator shall ensure
not less than 1500 feet (450 m). that no Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is caused to
air traffic operations and air navigation equipment.
• Surface winds of not more than 10 knots or as
specified by the manufacturer & no precipitation 1- For operations in the controlled airspace, the remote
(rain, hail or snow) or thunderstorm activities, or pilot shall establish and maintain contact with ATC
exceeding those specified by the manufacturer. prior to entering the controlled airspace. All
communication between remote pilot station and
• The operator [except Nano intending to operate up to
ATS Unit shall be in prescribed ICAO (International
50 ft (15 m) AGL in uncontrolled airspace/enclosed
Civil Aviation Organization) phraseology.
premises] shall obtain permission before undertaking
flight through 'Digital Sky Platform'. j) No person shall act as a remote pilot for more than one
RPA operation at a time. If two or more persons are
d) In addition to the above requirements, all RPA operators
available as remote pilots for a flight, at any given
[except Nano and Micro category intending to operate up
moment, there shall be only one person acting as a
to 50 ft (15 m) AGL (Above Ground Level) and 200 ft
remote pilot-in-command.
(60 m) AGL respectively in uncontrolled airspace/
k) RPA operator shall be responsible for ensuring that the
enclosed premises] are required to file flight plan at least
RPA is operated safely and remains clear of all manned/
24 hours before actual operations and obtain following:
unmanned air traffic, terrain and obstacles. RPA shall, at
• ATC briefing, Meteorological (MET) briefing, and ATC
all times, give way to manned aircraft. RPA shall not
clearance from the nearest ATC Unit.
discharge or drop substances unless specially cleared
• Air Defense Clearance (ADC) from the nearest IAF Unit. and mentioned in UAOP.
• FIC Number from the Flight Information Centre (FIC) l) RPA shall not transport any hazardous material such as
concerned. explosives or animal or human payload. RPA shall not be
e) Nano and Micro category RPA operators intending to flown in a manner to cause danger to any person or
operate beyond 50 ft (15 m) AGL and 200 ft (60 m) AGL property.
respectively in uncontrolled airspace/enclosed premises m) RPA operator/remote pilot shall be liable to ensure that
shall not be exempted. privacy norms of any entity are not compromised in any
f) All RPA operators (except Nano RPA operating below manner.
50 ft), shall inform the concerned local police office in n) In the event of cancellation of operations, the operator
writing prior to commencing the operations. shall notify the same to all appropriate authorities
immediately.
g) RPA operator shall carry out safety risk assessment
including hazard identification, determination of severity 13 OPERATING RESTRICTIONS: No RPA shall be
and likelihood of hazard on the operation, mitigation flown:
measures to reduce the risk identified, and verification of I. Within a distance of 5 km from the perimeter of airports
mitigation actions of the RPA operations including that of at Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and
launch/recovery sites. The site (including emergency Hyderabad.
operation zone and any safety zone for the operations of II. Within a distance of 3 km from the perimeter of any
the RPAS) shall be under the full control of the operator. civil, private or defense airports.
h) Designated safe areas should be established by the RPA III. Above the Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) or PANS-
6
OPS surfaces, whichever is lower, of an operational XI. Over eco-sensitive zones around National Parks
aerodrome, specified in Ministry of Civil Aviation and Wildlife Sanctuaries notified by Ministry of
(Height Restrictions for Safeguarding of Aircraft Environment, Forests and Climate Change without
Operations) Rules, 2015 notified through Gazette of India prior permission.
notification GSR751(E) as amended from time to time. No RPA shall carry out aerial photography/remote sensing
IV. Within permanent or temporary Prohibited, Restricted survey over the areas specified. However, DGCA may
and Danger Areas including TRA, and TSA, as notified authorize such operations on case-to-case basis subject to
in AIP. approval of MoD. In such a case, application shall be
V. Within 25km from international border which includes submitted to Director Regulations & Information, DGCA
Line of Control (LoC), Line of Actual Control (LAC) and (seven copies) in the prescribed format.
Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL). 14 General Requirements: Operation of RPA beyond the
VI. Beyond 500 m (horizontal) into sea from coast line conditions specified may be authorized by DGCA on
provided the location of ground station is on fixed case-to-case basis subject to adequate justification
platform over land. provided by the applicant for safe conduct of RPAS
operations. To encourage new technology, Indian
VII. Within 3 km from perimeter of military installations/
organizations/institutions involved in R & D related
facilities/where military activities/exercises are being
activity of RPAS shall use the test sites for testing/
carried out unless clearance is obtained from the local
demonstration purpose. Some government
military installation/facility.
organizations may alternatively utilize unused airstrips
VIII. Within 5 km radius from Vijay Chowk in Delhi.
or Government educational institutions campus,
However, this is subject to an additional conditions/
provided adequate safety precautions are in place.
restrictions imposed by local law enforcement
15 Legal Obligations: All UIN and/or UAOP issued by
agencies/authorities in view of the security.
DGCA, RPAS operators/remote pilots should follow the
IX. Within 2 km from perimeter of strategic locations/ vital
compliance of regulatory requirement, which may exist
installations notified by Ministry of Home Affairs unless
under the State or local law.
clearance is obtained from MHA.
16 Insurance: All civil RPA operators shall have insurance
X. Within 3 km from radius of State Secretariat Complex in
with the liability that they might incur for any damage to
State Capitals; From a mobile platform such as a
third party resulting from the accident/incident.
moving vehicle, ship or aircraft.
ACRONYMS
AAI (Airports Authority of India), ADC (Air Defence Clearance), ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast), AGL (Above
Ground Level), AIP (Aeronautical Information Publication), ATC (Air Traffic Control), ATS (Air Traffic Service), ARC (Aviation Research
Centre), ARP (Aerodrome Reference Point), BCAS (Bureau of Civil Aviation Security), CAR (Civil Aviation Requirements), DGCA
(Directorate General of Civil Aviation), DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade), DIPP (Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion),
FIR (Flight Information Region), FRTOL (Flight Radio Telephone Operator's License), FTO (Flying Training Organization), GNSS (Global
Navigation Satellite System), GPS (Global Positioning System), IAF (Indian Air Force), ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization),
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules), IPC (Indian Penal Code), MHA (Ministry of Home Affairs), MoCA (Ministry of Civil Aviation), MoD (Ministry
of Defence), NOTAM (Notice to Airmen), NPNT (No Permission-No Takeoff), NTRO (National Technical Research Organization), PPL
(Private Pilot License), RF-ID (Radio Frequency Identification), RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft), RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft
System(s)), RPS (Remote Pilot Station (s)), SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices), SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), TSA
(Temporary Segregated Areas), TRA (Temporary Reserved Areas), UA (Unmanned Aircraft), UAOP (Unmanned Aircraft Operator
Permit), UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System(s)), UIN (Unique Identification Number), VFR (Visual Flight Rules), VLOS (Visual Line-Of-
Sight), VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions), WPC (Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing, DoT)
7
Knowledge & Technology CHAPTER - 03
The conventional aerial platforms include planes (civil and purpose & not allowed for use by civilians. However, Mini
fighter) and missiles. Sub-conventional aerial platforms are & Micro RPAS can also be restricted by IAF/DGCA.
small flying objects as listed above. These platforms are Regarding Small/Mini/Micro RPAS, for its purchase,
more difficult to deal with considering that registration, use, height restrictions, operator
c e r t i fi c a t e , o p e ra t i o n a l l i m i t s e t c . h a s b e e n
a) they are not tracked by conventional radar systems
adequately addressed by DGCA vide their policy dated
b) create no/low sound
1st December'2018.
c) require no license except for micro-light aircrafts and RPAS
The sub-conventional aerial platforms may be used to
d) can carry destructive payloads harm the following likely targets.
e) easily available in market • Legislative assemblies and Mantralayas
f) long range and maneuverability • Courts, crowded places like airports, metro-stations,
g) require small area for landing/take-off railway stations, stock exchanges etc.
h) detection depends on visual sighting, which leaves very • VVIP residences
low reaction available. Therefore, there is a requirement • Vital installations
for security agencies to react appropriately against any
† Central Government viz. Atomic Energy, Power,
such threat to high value national assets (Vital
Petroleum and Natural gas, Defense
Installations, Vital Areas, Vital Points, and Sensitive
† State/UT administrations
Areas etc.). These flying machines can carry bombs,
† Under Defense forces
suicide bombers, carry and drop IEDS at any location or
indulge in random shooting with fire arms resulting in • Sensitive/restricted venues/places
disruption and damage to civic life and Vital Installations. • Venues of important events
RPAS (Drones) are also called UA (Unmanned Aircraft)/ Therefore, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) has
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)/UAS (Unmanned Aerial been developed with objectives of
System) which consists of UA, a RPS (Remote Pilot • Awareness amongst Security agencies.
8
• Identification of likely targets and present mechanism † In case of 'manned', if sighted flying in any 'no-fly'
to tackle. zone, it can be declared 'hostile' if
• Sensitize and train Security personnel to scan, detect ¡ Seen to be armed
and report. ¡ Seen to be carrying out hostile acts/flying in
• Define process to neutralize. hostile manner
• Formalize and establish Communication setup and ¡ Already declared 'hostile' by IAF/Nodal officer
reporting procedures ¡ Diverts from its flight path and does not revert
Security measures for protection against aerial platforms, back despite orders/signal
both conventional and sub-conventional, include the following • Security arrangements by Central Ministries and the
• Measures by Central Government vital installations under Central Government
† Border areas on land and sea protected by Army, † Ministry will form Standing Group for coordination
BSF, ITBP, Coast guard, Air Force. Air defense of and review of Security arrangements for its vital
India is responsibility of IAF. installations with members from Ministry, IB,
† IAF also responsible for handling threats from Police, IAF, ADA and Navy/Coast Guards (in case
conventional and sub-conventional aerial vital installation in coastal area). Periodical
platforms, which can be detected by radar. meetings to be held.
† Threats from sub-conventional platforms will be
† Sub-Committees will be formed for each vital
dealt with by State/UT/Local Police and Security of
area/point, for quick reaction and coordination
vital installations.
with Standing Group, in case of contingency.
• Security arrangements by IAF
† Framing of 'Contingency Plan' for dealing with
† Countering any threat from conventional from air
aerial threats.
by conventional aerial vehicles including handling
• Security arrangements by Central Government and
aircraft hijack situation and dealing with aircraft
State/UTs
declared as threat.
† Procedures, regulatory and penal provisions to
† Identification of 'friendly', 'unknown' airborne
objects and declaration of 'hostile' object. apprehend violators
• Security arrangements by State/UT Police † DGCA is the authority for issue of CAR (Civil
Aviation Regulation)/Rules/Regulation regarding
† Taking action against any flying object, not observed
sub-conventional aerial platforms. CAR on Civil-
by IAF, and operating close to a vital/sensitive
drones states, no RPAS (Drone) is to be flown
installation/area, will be responsibility of Police.
¡ Within 5 km from perimeter of airports in
† In case of unconventional flying object being seen,
local police control room and IAF control room will Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru
9
Knowledge & Technology
exercises are being carried out unless cleared In conclusion, role of vital installations i.e. relevant
by installation/facility. from Corporation point of view, is as follows:
¡ Other such specified places like Vijay Chowk, • The Security of the vital installations will be responsible,
MHA etc. apart from other agencies, for engaging threat from
¡ Within 3km from perimeter of strategic sub-conventional aerial platforms.
locations/vital installations notified by MHA. • In case any flying object is missed by IAF, it will be
etc. responsibility of State/UT police and Security of vital
† DGCA developed a mobile-application called installation/area to take action against flying object and
Digisky, through which applications for permission its owner.
to operate RPAS in particular areas can be made • To inform local police control room and IAF control room
online. The concerned agencies (DGCA, Central immediately, on sighting an unconventional aerial
Security agencies and State/local police) will object, who will confirm whether it is 'friendly' or
process the applications online. 'enemy/unknown'. Action to be taken accordingly.
¡ Considering the coordinates of vital • Ministry/management (of vital installations) will have
installations, sensitive areas, Defense members on Standing Group for Coordination and
installations etc., Red Zone (No-fly), Yellow Review of Security Arrangements (SG-CRSA) for vital
Zone (fly subject to permission) and Green installations, to be formed by Administrative Ministry/
Zone (may fly) Department. A sub-committee for each vital point/area
¡ Once declared, Red Zone can not be changed. for purpose of quick reaction and coordination with SG-
Only concerned agency can make changes to CRSA will also be formed.
Green/Yellow zones. • SG-CRSA and sub-committees will frame a contingency
¡ Central/State Government/UT Administration plan to deal with threats from such aerial threats. Mock
will declare 'NO DRONE ZONE' and its Security drills of the plan will be carried out.
forces will be free to shoot down non- • Coordinate for training of Security of vital installations
conventional aerial objects in these zones. from IAF and DGCA in dealing with threats.
¡ All States/UTs to. • In case, they have seen and taken action against a flying
• Set up a Central Committee which will identify and object, they will inform the Police Control Room
review Zoning on permanent/temporary bases. • Give due publicity to inform the public at large that doing
• Set up Central Police Command Room (CPCR) to so shall be an offence under section of IPC such as
coordinate action regarding RPASs. section 121,121-A,287,336,337,338 etc of IPC
depending on the nature of offence/threat and distance
• Identify equipment required to monitor and deal with
from the prohibited vital installation/area.
RPASs. Vital installations to approach their Ministries
for equipment. • Small flying platforms are extremely flexible &
maneuverable. It can be folded into portable packages
¡ IAF will train Police and Security force of Vital
and reassembled easily. Hence, at ground level
installations in visual observation, identification,
intelligence channels at the police stations/security of
reporting and neutralization of RPASs.
vital installation to be sensitized to remain on the lookout
¡ DGCA will provide training and familiarization
for the presence of sub-conventional aerial vehicles/
sessions to District administration and Security of
RPAS in the vicinity of vital installations/sensitive areas.
vital installations on topics of civil drones and
Human intelligence is the most reliable way to prevent
Digisky platform.
such an attack.
10
Knowledge & Technology CHAPTER - 04
11
Knowledge & Technology
6. What are the requirements for import of Drones in DGCA website homepage www.dgca.nic.in, and also
(with or without camera) in India? in the Digital Sky portal homepage. The Digital sky
Any entity intending to import RPAS in India shall obtain manual is available in the above mentioned website
Equipment Type Approval (ETA) from WPC Wing, from 1st December, 2018.
Department of Telecommunication for operating in 12. I am a foreigner and want to fly drones in India.
de-licensed frequency band(s). Such approval shall be What are the permission do I require?
valid for a particular make and model. Foreigners are currently not allowed to fly drones in
The applicant, other than Nano category, shall apply to India. For commercial purpose, they need to lease RPAS
DGCA along with ETA for import clearance. Based upon to an Indian entity who in-turn will obtain Unique
the import clearance issued by DGCA, DGFT shall issue Identification Number (UIN) and UAOP from DGCA.
license for import of RPAS. 13. What is UIN?
7. What is NPNT and how do I comply with that? UIN is unique identification number issued by DGCA for
programme that enables every RPA (except Nano) to 14. How much is the fees for UIN & UAOP?
obtain a valid permission through Digital Sky platform For UIN: - One thousand Indian Rupees (` 1000/-).
before operating in India. Please contact your OEM/ For fresh UAO:- Twenty Five Thousand Rupees
manufacturer for complying with this requirement. (` 25,000/-)
8. What is controlled and uncontrolled airspace? For Renewal of UAOP:- Ten Thousand Rupees
Controlled airspace is airspace of defined dimensions (` 10,000/-)
within which ATC services are provided. Uncontrolled 15. Where do I pay fees for UIN and UAOP for drone?
airspace is airspace where an Air Traffic Control (ATC) You will be prompted for payment through payment
service is not necessary or cannot be provided for Gateway in the Digital Sky Platform.
practical reasons.
Or
9. I am intending to locally purchase one drone The link for paying the fees is https://
operating in de-licensed frequency band, should I bharatkosh.gov.in /. You need to mention the
still require ETA from WPC Wing, DoT? transaction receipt number and upload copy of the
ETA from WPC Wing is required for all wireless payment receipt in Digital Sky Platform at the time of
equipment working in de-licensed frequency band(s) in your application.
India. Ensure to get ETA from the seller or 16. How do I mark my unmanned aircraft with my
manufacturer of RPA which is required to be uploaded UIN?
while applying for UIN. After you have been issued with UIN for a particular
10. Whether drones fall under the category of drone, engrave it on a fire resistant plate and firmly affix
restricted items for carrying in hand baggage in on your drone. Ensure the number remains affixed to
aircrafts? the aircraft during routine handling and all operating
Drones are restricted items and can't be carried in hand conditions and is readily accessible and legible upon
12
18. What is UAOP? Foreign Entity has to lease their RPAS to the Indian
UAOP is Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit Entity. The Indian entity shall apply for UIN and UAOP.
Remote Pilot (if a foreign national) should be security
19. Who all are required to obtain UAOP?
cleared. Foreigners are currently not allowed to fly
All operators other than exempted categories
drones in India.
mentioned below are required to obtain
27. Where should I apply for security clearance?
UAOP from DGCA:-
For security clearance, apply as per the form available in
• Operators of Nano & Micro category in uncontrolled
the CAR on RPAS or Use “E Sahaj– Online portal for
airspace/enclosed premises upto 50ft and 200ft
processing security clearance applications” available in
respectively.
DGCA homepage www.dgca.nic.in
• RPA operated by NTRO, ARC, and Central
28. I have a Nano drone. What permissions do I
Intelligence Agencies.
require?
20. What is the validity of UAOP?
Nano RPA (less than 250 gm) is exempted from
Five years obtaining UIN and UAOP. Please ensure not to fly it
21. What format do I use for renewal of UAOP? beyond 50 ft (15m) AGL. Also, ensure you are not flying
in controlled air space and no other manned or
Same format is used for issue/renewal of UAOP through
unmanned aircraft is flying nearby. If operations to be
Digital Sky app. However, please note you will need
done in controlled airspace you need to apply for UIN,
fresh security clearance from MHA.
UAOP and your RPA shall be NPNT complaint. It is
22. How do I report an incident or accident?
recommended to fly in uncontrolled airspace/enclosed
The operator of all RPA except Nano RPA will notify any premises and go through Do's and Don'ts every time
incident/accident involving RPA to the Director of Air before you fly.
Safety, DGCA through Digital Sky Platform.
29. I have a micro drone engaged in wedding
23. I was travelling and lost my bag along with my photography, what permission do I need to keep
drone. Whom should I contact now? doing it legally.
Please lodge FIR immediately in local police and report • You need to obtain UIN.
occurrence in Digital Sky along with a copy of FIR.
• You will not require an UAOP if you are flying your
24. My drone is completely broken. Can I use its UIN drone below 200 ft (60m) AGL in uncontrolled
for another drone of same make and model? airspace /enclosed premises. However, you shall
No. The operator has to apply for fresh UIN. intimate the local police office at least 24 hours prior
25. I want to sell my used drone to someone. What is to conduct of actual operations.
the procedure? • Your drone needs to NPNT compliant and you have to
RPAS if issued with UIN cannot be transferred or obtain permission through Digital Sky before flying.
disposed-off without permission from DGCA. You are 30. I am an individual want to film my friend's
required for cancellation of UIN and the buyer has to marriage using drones. What permission do I
apply for fresh UIN through Digital Sky Platform. need?
26. We are a company registered elsewhere than in If you have a micro drone, flying within enclosed
India and we have a remote pilot who is licensed by premises and below 200ft then; you need to apply for
our civil aviation authority. We want to lend our UIN and to intimate local police before operating your
services to an Indian Organisation. What drone. You will require UAOP and NPNT if you are flying
permissions do we require? in controlled airspace.
13
Knowledge & Technology
Also ensure, no other manned or unmanned aircraft is e) Fire resistant identification plate inscribed with UIN
flying nearby. f) Flight Controller with flight data logging capacity.
31. Is delivery of items allowed under the DGCA CAR on g) SSR transponder (Mode 'C' or 'S') or ADS-B OUT
UAS? equipment
Not allowed as of now. h) Barometric equipment with capability for remote
32. I want to deliver food using drones and it will be sub-scale setting
fully autonomous and fly below 50 ft. whom should i) Geo-fencing capability
I contact for necessary permission.
j) Detect and avoid capability
Not allowed as of now.
38. What is an SOP?
33. Do I require remote pilot license to fly drone?
SOP or standard operating procedure is a catalogue of
No, as of now but you need to undergo minimum procedures that is agreed between prospective UAOP
training requirements specified in the Civil Aviation holder and DGCA for safe operation of drones in India.
Requirements on “Requirements for Operation of
39. What is the visual line of sight for flying a drone?
Civil RPAS”.
Generally 450m (unaided) in Visual Meteorological
34. What are the minimum requirements and eligibility
Conditions (VMC) with a minimum ground visibility of
for becoming a remote pilot for flying drones?
5 km.
You should have attained 18 years of age, having
40. I am a wedding photographer and I have a micro
passed 10th exam in English, and undergone training at
drone. Most of the marriages in Northern India
DGCA approved flying training organisation (FTO).
happens after sunset. Can I use my drone for
35. Should I maintain flying log when and where I am covering marriages at night?
flying?
All drone operations are restricted to day light and
All individuals/operators (except Nano), shall maintain within visual line of sight. However, if you are shooting
records of each RPA flight records and should be in well-lit enclosed premises using micro drone upto
produced on demand by DGCA. 200 ft. AGL is allowable. Ensure your drone is NPNT
36. Should I maintain maintenance log for the compliant and issued with UIN. Also, you need to inform
repair/maintenance carried out on RPAS? local police before flying. Ensure that you follow Do's
All RPA holders shall maintain maintenance records and and Don'ts and respect individuals' privacy.
should be able to produce on demand by DGCA. 41. I have a Nano drone, should I also intimate local
37. What is the mandatory equipment required to fly police each time before I fly?
upto 400 ft. AGL? No. But there is no harm in keeping your local police
Flying drone upto 400 ft. AGL and visual line of sight are office informed. In addition, please go through Do's and
allowed. However, you need to have the following Don'ts before flying your Nano drone each time.
equipment installed on your drones: 42. Can I use my small drone for agricultural purpose?
a) GNSS (GPS) for horizontal and vertical position fixing RPAS can be used for agricultural purpose except for the
b) Autonomous Flight Termination System or Return purpose of spraying pesticides until specifically cleared.
Home (RH) option 43. I have developed a drone that can carry passenger,
d) RFID and GSM SIM Card/NPNT compliant for APP Carriage of explosives, animal or human payloads are
14
Nevertheless, you can test your drones with dummy on DGCA has not stipulated any requirement on minimum
any of the test sites specified in the CAR. amount of insurance for any category of drone. It
44. What are no-drone zones? should be of an adequate amount to cover the risks,
damages or other factors that is posed by operation of
Areas over which flying a drone is prohibited /
drone. Further, it is an agreement between the
restricted. Please go through the list of no drone zones
insurance company and you (the policy holder).
in Civil Aviation Requirements.
49. What will be the enforcement action on violation of
45. What is the minimum distance to fly drones from
the rules and regulations for drones?
the border areas?
In case of violation of the rules and regulations for
You need to keep at least 25 km distance from
drones, the UIN/UAOP issued by DGCA shall be
international border which includes Line of Control
suspended /cancelled. Violation of compliance to any of
(LoC), Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Actual Ground
the requirements and falsification of records /
Position Line (AGPL).
documents shall attract penal action including
46. What if I require to fly over a no-drone zone for a
imposition of penalties as per applicable IPCs (such as
genuine purpose? How do I obtain special
287, 336, 337, 338 or any relevant section of IPC) or
authorisation for the same?
Aircraft Act 1934 or Aircraft Rules 1937 or any statutory
Flying drone over no-drone zone is prohibited. provisions.
However, DGCA may authorize such operations on
50. Where can I lodge my grievance regarding Drones?
case-to-case basis subject to approval of MoD.
You can lodge your grievance in www.pgportal.gov.in
47. What if I want to test my drone that built for night
51. Where do I file flight plan? What is the procedure
operation and beyond meteorological conditions,
for filing flight plan?
will I be permitted by DGCA?
You can file flight plan online through Digital Sky
DGCA may authorise such operation on case-to-case
Platform. Procedure for filing flight plan is available in
basis subject to adequate justification is provided by
Digital Sky manual. The link for the Digital Sky
you for safe conduct of RPAS operation. Please note,
platform/manual is available in homepage of DGCA
DGCA may impose additional conditions for permitting
website www.dgca.nic.in, and it is operational from
such operations.
1st December, 2018.
In addition, you may test your drone in the test sites
Note: FAQs are downloaded from the DGCA
specified in the Civil Aviation requirements.
website. For any further clarification/elaboration
48. What is the minimum amount of insurance should I
may kindly refer the original policy on DRONE
require for my drone?
approved by DGCA.
DISCLAIMER
The Articles published in the Sajag (e-magazine) for information only. The opinions expressed are the opinions of the author and does not, in any
way, reflect the opinion of Corporate Security, IOCL. Hence, Corporation assumes no liability or responsibility for any inaccurate, delayed or
incomplete information nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon.
15
Knowledge & Technology CHAPTER - 05
• Dual view technology to produce two simultaneous • The system shall be designed such that each area
high resolution X-Ray images (vertical and horizontal scan camera captures full under body and generate
views) of the scanned objects. To provide a more high resolution complete composite image of any
complete image, thereby reducing the need for vehicle moving over it, even when a vehicle
repositioning and rescanning and enabling rapid completely stops/halts over. Then the system shall
16
generate single morphed image for view maximum • Electro-Hydraulic bollard drive unit shall be integral
under body area at a glance and also enable to view part of each bollard
individual camera capture of respective vehicle. • Bollards operating independently or in sets of two or
• System shall be capable of Automatic Foreign Object more
Detection (AFOD) enabling indication of specious • Impact Energy: 1110 KJ or more as per ASTM F2656/
objects unless camouflaged for effective observation BSI PAS 68/ISO IWA 14
& deterrence. Suitable data base of under body
• Rising Time: Not more than 6 Sec.
image of all vehicles relevant to respective location to
• Lowering Time: Not more than 5 Sec.
be created and maintained in the UVSS. The false
indication error tolerance shall be up to minimum • Emergency Action: Emergency fast operation (EFO)
50% of vehicle flow, which is to be calibrated not more than 3 seconds for raising
continuously for a period of 2 years for improvement • Bollards shall be operable at least one time during
up to 75% or more. emergency in case of power failure through
• The illumination set up over Area Scan Camera accumulator
module shall be adequate with dual array of long life • Group Bollard Failure: Individual bollard failure shall
LED lighting modules. not affect the operation of other bollards
• System shall have an Automatic Number Plate • Bollard remains in the raised position during power
Reading System (ANPRS) with separate IP camera to failure and can be lowered manually
automatically read all moving vehicles' registration • The controls will be PLC based
number plates alpha-numeric characters written in
• Physically type tested on single bollard for minimum
English. Also, the frontal image of the vehicle to be
M40 crash rating criteria as per ASTM F2656/
provided in Graphical User Interface (GUI) to
BSI PAS 68/ISO (International Organisation for
facilitate manual viewing of registration number
Standardization) IWA 14.
plate.
4 Multi Zone Door Frame Metal Detector (MZDFMD):
• System shall have separate IP camera for capturing
MZDFMD are used to scan personnel walking through
face of driver of all RHS driven vehicles
these detection systems for screening of restricted
• System shall be capable of handling vehicles (Cars/
items like presence of ferrous, non-ferrous and stainless
LCV/HCV) moving at different speeds ranging from
steel objects.
0-30 km/hr
Salient Features:
• System shall be built with suitable DNS server to have
• Fully digital design dual side with 20 localization
data backup for 90 days @ 1000 vehicles per day at
Zones Door Frame Metal Detector (MZDFMD) shall
least and the same automatically rewrite the earlier
provide precise location of one or more objects
data in FIFO (First in and First out) sequence
simultaneously.
3 Bollard:
• MZDFMD shall be designed for Ultra-High Sensitivity
A bollard is a sturdy, short, vertical post. It is used for
capability to detect both ferrous & non-ferrous metals
preventing gate crashing, ram raiding and vehicle
including disposable razor blades, special metal items
ramming attacks.
(e.g. AISI 300 series stainless steel), Bullets and
Salient Features: smallest metal items anywhere on or in the body
• M40 Crash rated Electro-Hydraulic Bollards for simultaneously irrespective of the orientations,
vehicle access control and forced entry deterrent at weight, size and shape of the object.
oil installations • Optical indicators shall be fully programmable; both
17
Knowledge & Technology
gate sides can indicate either separately or sensitivity and tip pinpointing to detect weapons and
simultaneously vertical transit zones of detected other metal objects with extreme accuracy.
threats. • Designed with elongated scan surface for easy
• Walk-through gate structure design shall be a state- scanning from head to foot.
of-the-art, robust and washable panels. Also • Features self calibration to eliminate the need for
protected against aging, weather and deterioration. periodic sensitivity adjustments.
• MZDFMD shall have inbuilt feature of auto calibration. 6 Boom Barrier:
5 Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD): A boom barrier, also known as a boom gate, is a bar, or
HHMD are used for screening ferrous, non–ferrous and pole pivoted to allow the boom to block vehicular access
stainless steel objects being carried by the personnel. through a controlled point. Typically the tip of a boom
This helps the security personnel to ensure that the gate rises in a vertical arc to a near vertical position.
personnel entering in the premises are not carrying any Boom gates are often counter weighted, so the pole is
object which could be used as weapons. HHMD is easily tipped.
capable of detecting small restricted metal objects. Salient Features:
Salient features: • Boom Barrier built with Micro Drive latest technology
• Hand-held metal detector shall be designed driven or equivalent built with direct drive mechanism
ergonomically fits comfortably in virtually any size for vehicle access control
hand to handle for easy control and grip to thoroughly • Boom Barrier shall be designed such that in case of
scan an individual, while keeping your hand away vehicle hitting the Boom, the Boom shall get
from their body. detached and fall away on the sides without
• Optimum sensitivity: Shall detect ferrous, non- damaging assembly of Boom Barrier
ferrous and stainless steel weapons, contraband and • The electric motor drive along with electronic control
other metal objects. system shall be positioned on top of the barrier
• Sensitivity settings shall be adjustable w.r.t size/type housing for easy maintenance and normal flood
of object. impact
• Construction: Shall be rugged and impact resistant • The Boom Barrier shall withstand wind velocity of
ABS moulded casing minimum 10 beaufort
• Scan rate: Minimum 3” to 24”/sec. • The Boom Barrier shall open and close smoothly
• Weight of HHMD: Maximum 550 gms with battery. without any vibration
18
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19
Quiz
Correct Answers: Q.1 (a), Q.2 (d), Q.3 (c), Q.4 (b), Q.5 (a), Q.6 (b), Q.7 (d), Q.8 (a), Q.9 (d), Q.10 (a)
20
Events
A two-day Security Review Meet of Marketing Division was held at Coorg on 24th and 25th June, 2019. Mr. B. K. Ravi, IPS,
Advisor (Security), in his inaugural address, conveyed that the fruitful discussions, sharing of information and experience by
all regions and HO will add value to the team security. We must introspect in retrospection and stressed upon learning through
test and experience, he added. Review meet concluded with many decisions & actions which will help team security to take
further action to strengthen the security of vital national assets.
21
Events
22
Events
In order to sensitize the security guards posted at Northern Region of Marketing, an awareness security workshop was
organized on 15th May, 2019. The workshop was inaugurated by Mr. Manish Patil, CGM (HR), NRO in the presence of R. K.
Chugh, GM (Security) NR & Sh. Uma Shankar, GM (A&W) NRO.
The 2nd Onshore Security Coordination Committee Meeting was organised at the picturesque city of Aizawl, Mizoram on
29th May, 2019. The meeting was chaired by Mr. Balaji Srivastava IPS, DGP, Mizoram in presence of Mr. B. K. Ravi, IPS, Advisor
(Security) and Convener (OSCC Mizoram) and Mr. Uttiya Bhattacharyya, CGM, IndianOil AOD and Nodal Officer (OSCC
Mizoram). Present on the occasion were senior Police Officers from State Police Head Quarters, OMC members, Intelligence
Bureau, Mining, Home Department along with officers from IndianOil.
23
Events
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24
Do's & Don'ts Regarding Operation of RPAS
Do's Don'ts
1. Ensure your Drone (except Nano in 1. Don't fly a Nano drone above 50ft
uncontrolled airspace upto 50ft) is (15m) from the ground level.
Digital Sky. “No Permission-No Take 2. Don't fly a Micro drone above 200ft
off” (NPNT) Compliant. (60m) from the ground level.
2. Obtain Unique Identification Number 3. Don't fly drones more than 400ft (120m) from the
(UIN) from DGCA for operating in controlled airspace ground level.
and affix it on your drone.
4. Don't fly drone near other aircraft (manned or
3. Obtain Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit (UAOP), if unmanned).
applicable from DGCA for commercial operations and 5. Don't fly drone near airports and heliports.
keep it handy. 6. Don't fly drone over groups of people, public events, or
4. Obtain Permission before each flight through Digital Sky stadiums full of people without permission.
Platform. 7. Don't fly drone over government facilities/military
5. Ensure drone is in good condition (not damaged) and fit bases or over/near any no-drone zones.
for flying safely. 8. Don't fly drone over private property unless permission
mobile devices or blockage of signals, do watch out 9. Don't fly drone in controlled airspace near airports
when flying your drone. without filing flight plan or
7. Fly only during daylight (after sunrise to before sunset). 10. AAI/ADC permission (at least 24 hours before actual
operation). Don't drop or carry hazardous material.
8. Fly in good weather: Good weather lets you not only fly
11. Don't fly drone under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
your drone better but also keep track of it in the air.
12. Don't fly drone from a moving vehicle, ship or aircraft.
9. Fly in visual line of sight (VLOS): Always be within visual
range of your drone.
25
Corporate Security Department