BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS

& ELECTROCHEMISTRY
TOPIC II 5th SEMESTER

SUTOMO-1
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
@ANDYCHANDRA
Page (4)
1. Determine the oxidation number of each C from organic compounds shown below:
a. -3 -3
H3C -3
-2
CH3

CH2
O
b. H3C CH2 C
-3 -2 +3
OH

c. Cl H
C C
Cl C
-2 0
Cl

d. OH

H H
+1
-1 -1

-1 -1
0
H
H
CH3
O
CH2 C
e.
N C -2 +3
+3 O CH2
-1
CH3
2. Determine the oxidation number of : -3

Vanadium in V2O5 : +5
Tin in SnCl4 : +4
Oxygen in F2O : -2
Carbon in CH4 : -4
Carbon in CH3Cl : -2
Oxygen in H2O : -2
Nitrogen in NH3 : -3
Sulphur in H2SO4 : +6
3. Determine the oxidation number of the underlined elements in the following ions.
SO42- Fe(CN)64- OCl- HCO3- MnO4-

Ans:
+6 -8=-2 +2 -6 =-4 -2 +1=-1 +1 +4 -6=-1 +7 -8 = -1

SO42- Fe(CN)64- OCl- HCO3- MnO4-

+6 -2 +2 -1 -2 +1 +1 +4 -2 +7 -2

Exercises (Page 12)

1. Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug. It has the formula Pt(NH3)2Cl2. In the human body, one
of the chloride ions of cisplatin is replaced by one water molecule to give an
aquocomplex.
Pt(NH3)2Cl2 +H2O [Pt(NH3)2(H2O)Cl]+ + Cl-

What is the oxidation number of platinum in each of these substances?

cisplatin Aquocomplex
A. +1 +1
B. +2 +2
C. +3 +3
D. +4 +4

2. A mixture of aluminium and compound X is used as propellant in the solid rocket booster
of a space shuttle. Given that X contains chlorine in an oxidation state of +7, which of the
following could be X ?
a. NCl3 b. NH4Cl c. NH4ClO3 d. NH4ClO4
Solution :

a. NCl3 : Cl = -1 c. NH4ClO3 : Cl = +5
b. NH4Cl : Cl = -1 d. NH4ClO4 : Cl = +7

3.Which of the following conversions show a change in the oxidation number of nitrogen by
two ?
1. NH2OH → NH3 2. N2 → NO 3. NO2 → HNO3
a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 are correct e. None of these above
c. 2 and 3 are correct d. All are correct

1. NH2OH → NH3 2. N2 → NO 3. NO2 → HNO3

-1 -3 0 +2 +4 +5
4. Reaction A to D occur in the industrial conversion of ammonia into nitric acid. Which one
of
these reactions shows the greatest change in oxidation number of the nitrogen?
Reaction
A 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
B 3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO
C 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
D 4NH3 + 6NO → 5N2 + 6H2O

5. Which of the following conversions show an oxidation of bromine?

1. Br2 → BrO- 2. Br2 → BrF 3. Br2 → BrI
a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 are correct c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. all are correct e. 2 only is correct

6. In which pair does the underlined elements show the greatest difference in the oxidation
numbers ?
a. NO2 , N2O4 b. P2O4 , P4O10 c. N2O , NO d. SO2 , SO3
7. What is the minimum number of electrons needed to balance the following half reaction with
whole number coefficients : IO3- I2
A.1 B.2 C.5 D.10 E.12
12H+ + 2IO3- + 10e- I2 + 6H2O

8. When the equation for the reaction of hexane in air is correctly balanced and all
coefficients are reduced to their lowest whole number terms, the coefficient for O2 is
Answer :

2C6H14 + 19O2 12CO2 + 14H2O (D)

9. When the equation below is balanced and all coefficients reduced to their lowest whole
number terms, the coefficient for H2(l) :
CH3CH2OCH2CH3(g) + O2(g) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
a. 7 b. 6 c. 5 d. 3 e. 2
Ans: CH3CH2OCH2CH3(g) + 13/2O2(g) -> 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
10. When the equation below is balanced and all coefficients reduced to their lowest whole
number terms, the coefficient for H2O(l) is …
Li3N (s) + H2O (l)Li+(aq) + OH-(aq) + NH3(g)
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 d. 5
Answer :

Li3N (s) + 3H2O (l)➡3Li+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) + NH3(g)(C)

11. Cr3+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Cr(s) + Cl2(g)
When the equation above is balanced and all coefficients reduced to their lowest
whole number terms, the coefficient for Cl2 is . . . . .
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6

Cr3+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Cr(s) + Cl2(g)

Cr3+ + 3e-  Cr x2
2Cl -
 Cl2 + 2e x3
-

2Cr + 6Cl 2Cr + 3Cl2

3+ -

12. CH3CH2OH + Cr2O72- + H+ → CH3COOH + Cr3+ + H2O

The oxidation of ethanol in an acidic solution represented above . When the equation
above is balanced and all coefficients reduces to their lowest whole number terms ,
the cofficient for H+ is.....
a.6 b.12 c.14 d.16 e.23
answer:
. 3 C6H6O +2 Cr2O72- +16H+ → 3 C2H4O2 + 4Cr3+ +11 H2O
13. MnO2 + OH- + O2—> MnO42- + H2O
The reaction represented above occurs in a basic solution. When the equation
above is balanced and all coefficients reduced to their lowest whole number terms, the
coefficient of OH- is
a) 0. B) 1. C) 2. D) 4.E) 5

14. A 25 cm3 0.2 M sample of 0.20 mol dm-3 TlNO3 required 25 cm30.1 mol dm-3acidified
KMnO4 to oxidise it to Tl3+ in solution. What is the oxidation state of the manganese in
the reduced form?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e.7

Answer :
MolTl+ = M. V
= 0.2 . 25
= 5 mmol
MolKMnO4 = M .V
= 0.1 . 25
= 2.5 mmol
MolTl+ = 2 x molKMnO4
 Tl+ Tl3+ + 2e
4e + MnO4-+8H+ Mnn+ + 4H2O
+7 -8
MnO4- Mnn+
-4
+7
n-7 = -4 +n
n=3
Balance the following half reaction for an acid solution using the smallest possible whole
number coefficients and entering the proper number of electrons where needed
MnO42-→Mn2+
15. In the balanced half reaction:
a. there should be 4 electrons on the left side
b. there should be 3 electrons on the right side
c. this is not a half reactions, no electrons are needed
d. there should be 2 electrons on the left side
e. there should be 2 electrons on the right side

Answer:
MnO42- → Mn2+
8H+ +MnO42- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
+8 -2 +2 0

16. The hydrogen ions in the half reaction appear as ..........

a. 2 on the right side b. 4 on the left side
c. 3 on the left side d. 4 on the right side
e. 8 on the left side

17. State the oxidation number of each of the underlined element in each of the following:
a. P2O74- d. MnO42- g. CH3COCH3
b. C3O2 e. UO22+
c. K4[Fe(CN)6] f. H2CO

Answer:
a. +10 -14 e. +6 -4
P2O74- UO22+
+5-2 +6 -2
 b. +4 -4 f. +2 0 -2
C3O2 H2CO
𝟒
+𝟑 -2 +1 0 -2

c. +1 +2 -6 g.
K4[Fe(CN)6] CH3COCH3
+1 +2 -1 HOH
| || |
d. +6 -8 H-C-C-C-H
MnO42- | |
+6 -2 H H
Ans: +2

18. Which of the following are examples of disproportionation reaction ?, what criteria
determine whether a reaction is disproportionatin ?

a. 𝐴𝑔(𝑁𝐻3 )2 + + 2𝐻 + →𝐴𝑔+ + 2𝑁𝐻4 +

+1 -3 +1 +1 +1 -4 +1
Not disproportionation reaction
A reaction is disproportionation when the same substance is both oxidised and
reduced at the same time
b. 𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑂𝐻 − →𝐶𝑙𝑂− + 𝐶𝑙 − +𝐻2 𝑂
0 -2 +1 +1 -2 -1 +1 -2
Disproportionation reaction
c. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → CaO +𝐶𝑂2
+2 +4-2 +2 -2 +4 -2
Not disproportionation reaction
d. HgO → 2Hg + 𝑂2
+2 -2 0 0
Not disproportionation reaction
e. 𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 + 2𝐻 + →𝐶𝑢 + 𝐶𝑢2+ +𝐻2 𝑂
+1 -2 +1 0 +2 +1 -2
Disproportionation reaction
f. CuS + 𝑂2 →𝐶𝑢 + 𝑆𝑂2
+2 -2 0 0 +4 -2\
Not disproportionation reaction
g. 2𝐻𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙2 →𝐶𝑢 + 𝐶𝑢2+ + 4𝐶𝑙 − + 2𝐻 +
+1 +1 -1 0 +2 -1 +1
Disproportionation reaction

19. Which of the following equations represents oxidation reduction reactions ? Identify each
oxidizing agent and each of reducing agent
a. 𝐾 + 𝑂2 → 𝐾𝑂2
 Oxidizing agent : K
Reducing agent : 𝑂2
b. 𝐶𝑎(𝐻𝐶𝑂3 )2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Not a oxidation reduction reaction

c. 𝐻2 𝑂2 + 𝐾𝑂𝐻 → 𝐾𝐻𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Oxidizing agent : KOH

Reducing agent : 𝐻2 𝑂2

d. 𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1⁄2 𝑂2

Oxidizing agent : 𝐻2 𝑂2
Reducing agent : 𝐻2 𝑂2
20. Balance the following equations :
a. 3CuS + 2HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 3S + H2O + 2NO
+2 -2 +1 +5 -2 +2 +5 -2 0 +1 -2 +2 -2

-2 (2).3 0

+5 (3).2 +2

3CuS + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 + 3S + 4H2O + 2NO

b. As2S5 + 40HNO3  H3AsO4 + 5H2SO4 + H2O + 40NO2

+5 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 +6 -2 +1 -2 +4 -2

-2(5) (40).1 +6(5)

+5 (1).40 +4

As2S5 + 40HNO3  2H3AsO4 + 5H2SO4 + 12H2O + 40NO2

c. Na2C2O4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 

C2O4 2-  2CO2 + 2e- (5)
5e- + 8H+ + MnO4-  Mn2+ + 4H2O (2)

5C2O4 2- + 2MnO4- + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

5Na2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4  2MnSO4 + 5Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
 d. 3Na2HAsO3 + KBrO3 + HCl  NaCl + KBr + 3H3AsO4
+1 +1 +3 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +5 -2

+3 (2).3 +5

+5 (6).1 -1
3Na2HAsO3 + KBrO3 + 6HCl  6NaCl + KBr + 3H3AsO4
e. Na2TeO3 + 2NaI + 2HCl  NaCl + Te + I2 + H2O
+1 +4 -2 +1-1 +1-1 +1 -1 0 0 +1-2
+ H2O

+4 (4).1 0

-1(2) 2(2) 0(2)

Na2TeO3 + 4NaI + 6HCl  6NaCl + Te + 2I2 + 3H2O
+3 -2 +1 -2 +1 +1+2+1 +1 +5 -2 +1 -1 +1 -2 + H2O
f. I2 + 2Na2S2O3  2I + Na2S4O6 -
10
0 +1 +2-2 -1 +1+ 4 -2

0(2) 2 -1(2)

+2(4) 2 +10
I2 + 2Na2S2O3  2I + Na2S4O6 -

g. Ca(OCl)2 + KI + HCl 
OCl- + 2H+ + 2e  Cl- + H2O
2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e

Ca(OCl)2 + 4HCl + 4KI  2I2 + CaCl2 + 4KCl + 2H2O

h. Bi2O3 + NaOH + 2NaOCl  2NaBiO3 + 2NaCl + H2O
+3 -2 +1 -2 +1 +1+2+1 +1 +5 -2 +1 -1 +1 -2

+3(2) (4) +5(2)

+1 (2) x 2 -1

Bi2O3 + 2NaOH + 2NaOCl  2NaBiO3 + 2NaCl + H2O

i. K3Fe(CN)6 + Cr2O3 + KOH  K4Fe(CN)6 + 2K2CrO4 + H2O
+1 +3 +2-3 +3 -2 +1-2+1 +1 +2 +2-3 +1 +6 -2 +1 -2

+3 1(6) +2

+3.(2) 6.(1) +6.(2)

6K3Fe(CN)6 + Cr2O3 + 10KOH  6K4Fe(CN)6 + 2K2CrO4 + 5H2O

j. HNO3 + 2HI  NO + I2 + H2O

+1+5-2 +1-1 +2-2 0 +1-2

+5 3(2) +2

-1(2) 2(3) 0(2)

2HNO3 + 6HI  2NO + 3I2 + 4H2O

k. NaHSO4 + 2Al + NaOH  Na2S + Al2O3 + H2O

+1+1+6-2 0 +1-2+1 +1 -2 +3-2 +1-2

+6 8(3) -2

0(2) 6(4) +3(2)

3NaHSO4 + 8Al + 3NaOH  3Na2S + 4Al2O3 + 3H2O

l. Cu(NH3)4Cl2 + 4KCN + H2O  NH3 + NH4Cl + K2Cu(CN)3 + KCNO + KCl

+2 -3+1 -1 +1+2-3 +1-2 -3+1 -3+1-1 +1 +1 +2-3 +1+4-3-2 +1-1
Cu2+ + e  Cu+
C  C2+ + 2e

2Cu2+ + C  2Cu+ + C2+

2Cu(NH3)4Cl2 + 7KCN + H2O  6NH3 + NH4Cl + 2K2Cu(CN)3 + KCNO + 2KCl

m . 3WO3 + SnCl2 + HCl  W3O8 + H2SnCl6 + H2O

+6 -3 +2 -1 +1 -1 +
16
-2 +1 +4 -1 +1 -2
3

+6.(3) 2 (1) 16
(+ 3 ) 3

+2 2 (1) +4
3WO3 + SnCl2 + 4HCl  W3O8 + H2SnCl6 + H2O
EXERCISES: (Page 29)
Refer to a galvanic cell constructed of two half-cells and the two half reactions represented
below :
Zn2+(aq) + 2e → Zn(s) E° = -0.76 V
+
Ag (aq) + e →Ag(s) E°= +0.80 V
1. As the cell operates , whichof the following species is contained in the half cell
containing the cathode ? I.Zn2+ II.Zn+ III.Ag+
c. III only

2. What is the standard cell potencial for this galvanic cell

Eocell = Eored - Eooks
= 0.8 – ( -0.76)
=1.56 V

3. According to the information below, what is he standard reduction potential for he half cell
reaction:
X2+(aq) + 2e X(s)?
+
X(s) + 2Ag (aq) 2Ag(s) + X2+(aq) E0 = +2.27 V
2Ag+(aq) + 2e 2Ag(s) E0 = +0.80 V
a. +0.67 V b. -0.67 V c. +1.47 V d. -1.47 V e. +3.07 V
2+ 0
ans : 2Ag(s) + X (aq) X(s) + 2Ag+(aq) E = -2.27 V
+
2Ag (aq) + 2e 2Ag(s) E0 = +0.80 V
X2+(aq) + 2e X(s) E0 = -1.47 V

4. Which of the following is true regarding the HCl half cell?

a the reduction of H+ to H2 is neither spontaneous nor nonspontaneous
b the reduction of H+ and oxidation of H2 are at equilibrium
c all electrochemical cells use a hydrogen half cell
d it is used to measured the reduction potential of Zn2+ because the reduction potential
has a measured value of zero volts
e the E0 value of 0 V for hydrogen half cell is arbitrary

5. Which of the following conversions show an oxidation of bromine?

1. Br -> BrO-
2
2. Br2 -> BrF
3. Br2 -> BrI
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All are correct
e. 2 only is correct
6. Which of the following changes to the voltage ,if any, would result from increasing the
concentration of ZnSO4 ?
a. No change , the voltage of the cell is determined only by the standard reduction
potentials of the electrodes.
b. Increased voltage , the value of Q will fall below 1 and the log term in the Nerst
equation will become more negative.
c. Increased voltage, the reaction becomes more favorable as the concentration Zn2+
increases.
d. Decreased voltage , the value of Q will fall below 1 ang the log term in the Nerst
equation will become more negative .
e. Decrease voltage , the increased concentration of Zn2+ will inhibit the oxidation of
Zn(s).

7. For the reduction of MnO4- to Mn2+, the correct form of the Nerst equation is:
0.0592 [𝑀𝑛2+ ] 0.0592
a.E = E0 + log ([𝑀𝑛𝑂 − + 8)
b. E = E0 - log
3 4 ][𝐻 ] 5
[𝑀𝑛2+ ]
([𝑀𝑛𝑂 − ][𝐻 + 8 )
4 ]
0.0592 [𝑀𝑛2+ ] 0.0592
c. E = E0 – log ([𝑀𝑛𝑂 − ][𝐻 + 8 ) d. E = E0 + log
5 4 ] 3
[𝑀𝑛𝑂4 − ][𝐻 + ]8
( )
[𝑀𝑛2+ ]
0.0592 [𝑀𝑛2+ ]
e. E = E0 + log ([𝑀𝑛𝑂 − + 8)
5 4 ][𝐻 ]
Ans: 5e + 8H + MnO4-
- +
Mn2+ + 4H2O
+8 -1 +2 0
0.0592
Esel = E0 - log Kc
𝑛
0.0592 [𝑀𝑛2+ ]
= E0 - log ([𝑀𝑛𝑂 − ][𝐻 + 8 )
5 4 ]

8. The following reactions are known to occur spontaneously

Cu2+ + 2Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2Ag
Zn + 2Ag+ → Zn2+ + 2Ag
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
The activity series for the three elements as reducing agent is……
a. Cu > Ag > Zn
b. Zn > Cu > Ag
c. Ag > Cu > Zn
d. Ag > Zn > Cu
e. Zn > Ag > Cu

 Cu2+ + 2Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2Ag

Oksidasi :Cu
 Reduksi : Ag+
 Zn + 2Ag+ → Zn2+ + 2Ag
Oksidasi : Zn
Reduksi : Ag+
 Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Oksidasi : Zn
Reduksi : Cu2+
Ans. B. Zn > Cu > Ag

9. When the equation below is balanced and all coefficients reduced to their lowest
whole number terms, the coefficient for H2O(l) is :
CH3CH2OCH2CH3(g) + O2(g) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
a. 7
b. 6
c. 5
d. 3
e. 2
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (g) + 6 O2 (g) -> 4 CO2 (g) + 5 H2O (l)

10. Which of the following E0cell values represent a nonspontaneous reaction that produces the
greatest amount of the product? (Assume the same number of electrons is transferred in
each reaction)
A. +2.31 V
B. +0.23 V
C. -0.12 V
D. -1.68 V
E. -1.14 V

11. Some relevant redox half equations are given below :

𝐼2 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐼 − (𝑎𝑞) E0=+0.54 V
2𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞) E0=+0.68 V
+
𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻2 𝑂 E0=+1.77 V

What will be observed when a few drops of acidified aqueous hydrogen peroxide are
added to an excess of aqueous potassium iodide?
A. The solution turn brown and effervescence occurs
B. The solution turn brown without effervescence
C. The solution turn purple and effervescence occurs
D. The solution turn purple without effervescence
12. In many areas, tap water becomes slightly acidic due to dissolved carbon dioxide. By
considering the relevant E0 values, which metal will not be dissolved by tap water containing
carbon dioxide ?
a. copper
b. iron
c. lead
d. zinc
e. magnesium

13 . Pseudohalogens are compounds that are similar in some of their properties to halogens .
For example , thiocyanogen and the thiocyanate ion can be interconverted by following redox
equilibrium
(SCN)2 ( aq ) + 2e → 2SCN ( aq ) E ' = xV
Thiocyanogen thiocyanate

Aqueous chlorine and aqueous bromine both oxidise the thiocyanate ion to thiocyanogen , but
aqeuous iodine does not . What could be the value of x ? [ Hint . Ered Cl2 = + 1.36 V ; Ered
Br2 = + 1.07 V and Ered I2 = + 0.54 V ]
a . - 1.27 b.-0.77 c.+0.77 d.+1.27
Ered Cl2 > Ered Br2 > Ered (SCN)2 > Ered I2

14. The following apparatus is assembled to measured the 𝐸 0 of a half cell

Which set of concentrations would give the correct value of 𝐸 0 for the following electrode
system ? 2HOCl + 2𝐻 + + 2𝑒 → 𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂

No [HOCl] / M [H+] / M 𝐶𝑙2 /𝑀

A. 1 1 0.5
B. 1 1 1
C. 2 2 1
D. 2 2 2
15. By using the relevant 𝐸 0 value, which halogens will oxidise 𝐹𝑒 2+ (𝑎𝑞) to 𝐹𝑒 3+ (𝑎𝑞) [Hint :
𝐸 0 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙2 = +1.36 𝑉 ; 𝐸 0 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑟2 = +1.07 𝑉 ; 𝐸 0 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼2 = +0.54 𝑉 ; 𝐸 0 𝑜𝑠 𝐹𝑒 2+ =
−0.77 𝑉
1.chlorine 2.bromine 3.Iodine
a. 1 only I correct b. 2 only is correct c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct e. 2 and 3 only are correct

16. Use the Data Booklet is relevant to this eqution

The diagram shows a cell set up under standard conditions

Which statement are correct ?

1.Eocell=0.77 V
2.The left hand electrode is the negative electrode
3. The right hand solution contains 0.5 mol dm-3 Fe2+ ions and 0.33 mol dm-3 Fe3+ ions
a. 1 only is correct
b. 1 and 2 only are correct
c. 2 only is correct
d.2 and 3 are correct
e. 3 only is correct
(1)
Eocell = Eored – Eooks
= 0 -0.77
= -0.77 (x)
(2)
Sel volta -> reduksi-> katoda(x)
(3) 2H+ + 2e -> H2
Fe2+-> Fe3+ + e
2H+ + 2 Fe2+-> H2 + 2Fe3+

17. Which conditions are necessary when an electode potential is measured using a standard
hydrogen electrode as the reference electrode ?
1. the use of hydrogen gas at 101 kPa(1 atm)
2. measurement of the e.m.f when the current delivered by the cell is effectively zero
3. a pH of 1.0 for the solution at the hydrogen electrode
a. 1 only is correct
b. 1 and 2 only are correct
c. 2 only is correct
d. 2 and 3 only are correct
e. 3 only is correct

18. The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure the standard electrode potential
of copper. E0
Which factors are essential for an accurate E0 to the measured ?

1. The hydrogen should be dry

2. The Cu2+should be at concentration of 1.0 mol/L
3. The electrode X should be made of platinum

a. 1 only is correct

b. 2 only is correct

c. 3 only is correct

d.1 and 2 only are correct

e. 2 and 3 only are correct

19. In the diagram of the standard hydrogen below, which labels are not correct ?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2 only
e. 2 and 3 only

20. The diagram represents an experiment to confirm the value of E0 (Zn2+(aq)│Zn(s)), the
standard electrode potential of zinc

Voltmet

Electrode Zn Electrode H

Salt bridge
The e.m.f of the cell was found to be 0.78 V rather than the expected
0.76V two students ,X and Y, suggested posible explanitions
X : [Zn2+(aq)] was greater than 1 mol dm-3
Y : [H+(aq)] was greater than 1 mol dm-3
Which their suggestion could be correct ?

a. Both X and Y
b. X only
c. Y only
d. Neither X nor Y

21.The 𝐸 0 value for three half cells are given below :

𝑋 ⇌ 𝑋 3+ + 3𝑒 𝐸 0 = +1.66 𝑉

𝑌 ⇌ 𝑌 2+ + 2𝑒 𝐸 0 = +2.87 𝑉

𝑍 ⇌ 𝑍 2+ + 2𝑒 𝐸 0 = −0.85 𝑉
Arrange the appropriate species according to their reducing strength and oxidizing strength?

𝑋 3+ + 3𝑒 ⇌ 𝑋 𝐸 0 = −1.66 𝑉

𝑌 2+ + 2𝑒 ⇌ 𝑌 𝐸 0 = −2.87 𝑉

𝑍 2+ + 2𝑒 ⇌ 𝑍 𝐸 0 = +0.85 𝑉

Reducing strength : 𝑌 2+ > 𝑋 3+ > 𝑍 > 𝑍 2+ > 𝑋 >𝑌

Oxidizing strength : 𝑌 >𝑋 > 𝑍 2+ > 𝑍 > 𝑋 3+ > 𝑌 2+

22.The standard electrode potential for the equilibrium : M2+ + 2e ⇌ M for four of the group
2 elements are given below :

Element Be Mg Ca Ba

E°/ V -1.85 -2.38 -2.87 -2.90

Arrange the elements in increasing order reactivity in water ?

Solution :

Because E° Ba < E° Ca < E° Mg < E° Be :

The elements in increasing order reactivity in water : Ba, Ca, Mg, Be

23. Predict whether the following reactions can take place under standard conditions :
a. Reduction of Sn2+to Sn by Mg
b. Oxidation of Cl- to Cl2 by acidified Cr2O72-
E0 Mg2+|Mg = - 2.38 V and E0 Sn2+|Sn = -0.14 V
E0 Cr2O72-|Cr3+ = +1.33 V and E0 Cl2|Cl- = -1.26 V

Ans

a. It couldn’t take place

b. It could take place
24. Determine the equilibrium constant for each of the following reactions at 298K :
a. the single displacement of copper (II) by zinc metal (Keq= 1.7×1037)
b. the single displacement of H+ by iron forming Fe2+(Keq= 7.8×1014)
c. the reduction of tin(IV) to tin(II) by oxidation of Fe(II) being oxidized to Fe(III) (K eq=
1.0×10-21)
d. the reduction of dichromatic ions to chromium (III) ions Mn2+, forming MnO2 (Keq=
1.4×1010)
e. the oxidation of AsO33- to H2AsO4- by reduction of iodine to iodide ions. (Keq= 4.4 ×102)

Ans :
２＋ ２＋
ａ.Ｃｕ ＋Zｎ → Zｎ ＋Ｃｕ
ｏ ｏ ｏ
Ｅ ＝Ｅｒｅｄ − Ｅｏｋｓ
 ＝ − ０，７６ − ０，３４）

＝ − １，１ Ｖ

ｏ ０，０５９２
E＝Ｅ − logQ
ｎ

０，０５９２
０＝ − １，１ − logQ
２
０，０５９２
１，１＝ − logQ
２

−３７，１６＝ log Ｑ
−３７
Q＝１０

＋ ２＋
ｂ.Ｈ ＋Ｆｅ → Ｆｅ ＋Ｈ２

ｏ ｏ ｏ
Ｅ ＝Ｅｒｅｄ − Ｅｏｋｓ

＝ − ０，４０９ − ０）

＝ − ０，４０９ Ｖ

ｏ ０，０５９２
E＝Ｅ − logQ
ｎ

０，０５９２
０＝ − ０，４０９ − logQ
２

０，０５９２
０，４０９＝ − logQ
２

−１３，８＝ log Ｑ
−１４
Q＝１０

４＋ ２＋ ２＋ ３＋
ｃ.Ｓｎ ＋Ｆｅ → Ｓｎ ＋Ｆｅ
ｏ ｏ ｏ
Ｅ ＝Ｅｒｅｄ − Ｅｏｋｓ

＝０，１５ − ０，３７３）
 ＝ − ０，２２３ Ｖ

ｏ ０，０５９２
E＝Ｅ − logQ
ｎ

０，０５９２
０＝ − ０，２２３ − logQ
２

０，０５９２
０，２２３＝ − logQ
２

−７，５＝ log Ｑ
−８
Q＝１０
２− ２＋ ３＋
ｄ.Ｃｒ２ Ｏ７ ＋Ｍｎ → Ｃｒ ＋ＭｎＯ２

ｏ ｏ ｏ
Ｅ ＝Ｅｒｅｄ − Ｅｏｋｓ

＝１，３３ − １，５１）

＝ − ０，１８ Ｖ

ｏ ０，０５９２
E＝Ｅ − logQ
ｎ

０，０５９２
０＝ − ０，１８ − logQ
１８

０，０５９２
０，１８＝ − logQ
１８

−５５ = log Ｑ
−５５
Q＝１０

ｅ.I２ ＋AsO３ ３− → ２I− H２ AsO４ −

ｏ ｏ ｏ
Ｅ ＝Ｅｒｅｄ − Ｅｏｋｓ

＝０，５３５－０，５８
 ＝ − ０，０４５

ｏ ０，０５９２
E＝Ｅ − logQ
ｎ

０，０５９２
０＝ − ０，０４５ − logQ
２

０，０５９２
０，０４５＝ − logQ
２

−１，５ log Ｑ
−２
Q＝１０

25.For the voltaic cell:

Ag(s)| Ag+(saturated Ag 2CrO4)||Ag+(0,125 M) |Ag(s)
Determine the E cell value?Ksp of Ag 2CrO4 is 1,1 x 10-12
Ag + + e  Ag
Ag Ag + + e
Ag + Ag + (saturated) Ag 2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO4-
0,125 M 1,3 x 10-4 M 2S ~ S 1,1x 10-12 = (2S)2 x S
S = 6,5 x 10-5
E sel = - 0,0592 log 1,3 x 10-4/0,125
= 0,177 V

26. For the voltaic cell shown below : Ecell = 0.180 V

Ag(s) | Ag+ (saturated Ag3PO4) || Ag+ (0.140 M) | Ag(s)
 Determine the Ksp of Ag3PO4 ?
Ecell = 0.18V
Eocell = 0
Ag3PO4 ⇌ 3Ag+ + PO43-
3s s
Ag + Ag → Ag + Ag
+ +

𝑜 0,0592 [𝐴𝑔+]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝐴𝑔+]
0,0592 3𝑠
0,18 = 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 0.14
3𝑠
−3,04 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
0,14
3𝑠
= 10−3
0,14
𝑠 = 4,25 . 10−5
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = (3𝑠)3 . 𝑠
= 27𝑠 4
= 8,815 . 10−17
27. For the voltaic cell :
Sn(s) | Sn2+ ( 0.075M) || PB2+ (0.600M) | Pb(s)
a. What is Ecell initially?
Sn + Pb2+→Sn2+ + Pb
=Eocell - Eoreaksi
=-0,125-(-0,137)
=0,012 V
b. If the cell is allowed to operate spontaneously , will Ecell increase, decrease or remain
constant with time ? Explain
ΔG = - n. F. E0cell
ΔG berbanding terbalik dengan n
Mol zat = mol e / valensi
Mol zat 2 > mol zat 1
𝑜
0,0592
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log 𝑄𝑐
𝑛
Qc berbanding lurus dengan mol zat
Qc2 > Qc1
Ecell berbanding terbalik dengan Qc
Ecell2 < Ecell1 ( decrease)
c. What will be the Ecell when [Pb2+] has fallen to 0.500M ?
𝑜
0,0592 [𝑆𝑛2 +]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑛 [𝑃𝑏2 +]
0,0592 0,175
= 0,012 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 0,5
= 0,012 + 0,0134
= 0.0254

d. What will be the [Sn2+] at the point at which Ecell = 0.020V?

 0.0592 [𝑆𝑛2 +]
0.02 = 0.012 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 0.6
[𝑆𝑛2 +]
−𝑜, 008 = 0.0296 log
0,6
[𝑆𝑛2 +]
= 10−0,27
0,6
[𝑆𝑛2 +] = 0,322𝑀
e. What are the ion concentration when Ecell = 0 ?
Sn + Pb2+→Sn2+ + Pb
0,0592 [𝑆𝑛2+]
0 = 0,012 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑃𝑏2+]
[𝑆𝑚2 +]
= 2,543
[𝑃𝑏2 +]
0,075 + 𝑥
= 2,543
0.6 − 𝑥
0,075 + 𝑥 = 1,5258 − 2.543𝑥
3,543𝑥 = 1,4508
𝑥 = 0,4094
[𝑆𝑛 2 +] = 0.075 + 0.4094
= 0,48
[𝑃𝑏 2 +] = 0,6 − 0,4094
= 0,19𝑀
29. Calculate the standard energy charge for reaction :Zn + Cu+  Cu + Zn+. [E0cell = 1.10 V
and
F = 96.500 C ]
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e-
Cu2+ +2e-  Cu -
Zn + Cu2+  Cu + Zn2+  n = 2
Electrical energy produced = n.F.E0cell
= 2× 96.500 C × 1.10 V
= 212.300 J
= 212 kJ
30. Calculate the tree energy change per mol copper(II) ion formed in a cell consisting of a
copper/copper(II) ion half cell suitably connected to a silver/silver ion half cell of a sufficient
E0 of Ag+|Ag==0.80 V and E0 of Cu2+|Cu=+0.34 V
Ans:
Cu|Cu2+||Ag+|Ag
G Cu=?
E0sel =E0red-E0ok
=0,8-0,34
=0,46 V
Cu2 + + 2e ->Cu
1mol ~ 2mol
G Cu =-n.F.E0sel
=-2.96500.0,46
=-88780J

Exercises : (Page 43)

1. In an electrolysis experiment, 0.015 mol of chromium was deposited on the cathode
when 0.09 mol of electrons was passed through a chromium- containing electrolyte.
What is the electrolyte used in this experiment
It
Mol of e- = 96500
It
0.09 =
96500
I t = 8650 As
𝐼𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑟 =
96500 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
8650
0.015 =
96500 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 = 6
Answer : Na2Cr2O7 (D)

2. When 5.10 mol of electrons was passed through an electrolyte containing manganese
ions, 1.70 mol of manganese was deposited on the cathode, which of the following
substances is the electrolyte? [Ar of Mn = 55]

Q = mol elektron x 96500

𝐴𝑟 𝑄
G = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 . 96500
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
Mol zat = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
5.1
1.7 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖

Valensi = 3
Mn3+ (D)
3. With a current of 1.25 A, how many minutes will be required to deposit 2.00 g of copper
on a platinum electrode from a copper (II) nitrate solution? [Faraday’s constant = 96,485
C mol-1]
a. 4859 b. 81.0 c. 40.5 d. 1.35 e. 2430
𝑒𝑖𝑡
𝐺=
96485
63,5
1,25 𝑡
2= 2
96485
𝑡 = 4862,2 𝑠 = 81.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

4. A Student electrolyses concentrated aqueous sodium chloride using carbon elecrodes. She
ensures that the solution is continually stirred. What happens as the electrolysis proceeds?
a. H2 is produced at the anode
b. HCl is formed
c. NaOCl is formed
d. The NaCl gets more concentrated
5. Two separate electrolysis were performed as follows, under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure
1. When molten copper (II) chloride was electrolysed for five minutes, 100 cm3 of
chlorines were collected from the anode.
2. When aqueous sulfuric acid was electrolysed for five minutes, 200 cm3 of chlorines
were collected from the anode.
If the current used in electrolysis 1 was I, what was the current used in electrolysis 2 ?
Known : G1 = 100 cm3
G2 = 200 cm3
t1 & t2 = 5 minutes
I1 = I
Asked : I2 = ?
𝑒𝐼𝑡
𝐺 96500
= 𝑒𝐼𝑡
𝐺
96500

134,5
100 𝐼
7
= 134,5
200 𝐼
7

I2 = 2I1
6. Gold medals awarded in the Olympics Games have a silver core and a pure gold coating
mass 6.0 g. for what period of time must the core of the medal be immersed in a solution
of 0.10 mol dm-3 gold (III) chloride in order to achieve an electroplated coating weighing
6.0 g using a current of 0.10 A?
a) 2900 s b) 8800 s c) 29000 s d) 88000 s e) 1 hours

Ans:
𝑒. 𝑖. 𝑡
G=
𝑃𝐵𝑂 96500
197 0.1 𝑡
6=
3 96500
6 3 96500
𝑡=
197 0.1
𝑡 = 88000 𝑠
7. A 1 mol dm-3 aqueous copper(II) salt is electrolysed between copper electrodes, using a
constant current for 60 s.
What effects the mass of copper deposited on the cathode?

1. Decreasing the time taken

2. Increasing the concentration of the solution
3. the nature of the anion present.
a. 1 only is correct b. 2 only is correct c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct e.2 and 3 only are correct

8 Features common to both galvanic and electrolytic cells include which of the following ?
I.oxidation at the anode II.Can perform electrolycis
III.spontaneous
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III

9. In the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of copper (II) nitrate, which of the following is
expected to occur?
a. Formation of O2 at the anode b. Formation of H2 at the cathode
c. Deposition of copper metal on the anode d. Formation of hydroxide ions at the cathode
e. Formation of H+ at the cathode
Cu(NO)3 → Cu2+ + 2NO3
Cathode (-) : Cu + 2e → Cu2+
Anode (+) : 2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4e
10. Sodium metal cannot be electrolysed from an aqueous Na2SO4 solution because :
a. the voltage needed is too high for any available instrument to achieve
b. water is reduced to O2 before Na+
c. Na+ has a high over potential that keeps it from being reduced
d. H+ has a more favorable reduction potential than Na+
e.Na+ does electrolyse, but immediately reacts with water again.
11. A metal is electrolysed from aqeuous solution by using an electrical current of 1.23 A for
2.5 hours and 3.37 g of metal is deposited. In a separated experiment the number of electrons
used for the reduction of the metal is 2. What is the metal ?
a. Al b. Ni c. Sn d. Mg e. Au
Ans:
𝐴𝑟 . 𝑖 . 𝑡
𝐺 =
𝑃𝐵𝑂 . 96500
𝐴𝑟 . 1.23 . (2.5 . 3600)
3.37 𝑔 =
2 . 96500
𝐴𝑟 = 58.75

≈ 59

𝑨𝒓 𝑵𝒊 = 𝟓𝟗 (𝑩)
12. Which pairs of statement correctly describes the difference between the condition of
electricity during electrolysis and the conduction electricity by metals ?
Conduction during electrolysis Conduction by metals
1 The current is due to the movement of The current is due to the movement of
both positive and negative ions electrons
2 Charged particles move towards both Charged particles move in one direction
electrodes only
3 It results in a chemical change It does not result in a chemical change
a. All are correct b. 1 and 2 only are correct
c. 2 and 3 only are correct d. 1 only is correct e. 3 only is correct
13. In which instance is there no change in the concentration of the solution during electrolysis?
A.concentrated sodium chloride solution between copper electrodes
B.copper(II) sulfate solution between copper electrodes
C.copper(II) sulate solution between platinum electrodes
D.dilute sodium chloride solution between platinum electrodes

14. Mercury and diaphragm cell are used in industrial processes for the electrolysis of brine.
Which of the following is not the product of the two processes ?
Answer :
Sodium metal (A)
15. In plating chromium onto plastic, the cathode is plastic object coated with graphite. The
graphite is used to …
a. enable oxidation to occur and chromium is deposited
b. form an alloy with chromium so as to strengthen the coating
c. enable the plastic object to act as an electrical conductor
d. make the surface of the plastic object coarse so that chromium is adsorbed on it
16. Chromium and nickel are used in the electroplating industry. Which of the following
is/are true of electroplating?
1. the material to be plated is the anode
2. reduction occurs at the cathode
3. the electrolyte used contains the plating metal ions
a. 1 only is correct b. 2 only is correct c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct e. 2 and 3 only are correct
17. Which of the following is/are true of the electrolysis of aqueous sodium
hydroxide using platinum electrodes?
1. the ratio of gases produced at the anode and cathode is 1 : 2
2. the pH of the solution increases during electrolysis
3. the volume of the gases produced is directly proportional to the quantity of the
electricity

a. 1 only is correct
b. 2 only is correct
c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct
e. 2 and 3 only are correct

K: 2H2O + 2e-  H2 + OH-

A: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-
2H2O + 2Cl-  H2 + Cl2 + OH-
2 and 3 (E.)

18. What is the function of the asbestos diagphragm in the diagphragm cell in the
manufacture of chlorine?
a.to prevent the Na+ ions from diffusing to the anode
b.to reduce the overpotential of Cl- ions to be discharged at the anode
c.to prevent the formation of the NaClO and NaCl
d.to prevent the vaporisation of the mercury cathode
19.An electrolytic cell is set up as shown below with a brass anode and a graphite cathode.
Brass is an alloy of copper andzinc. Which of the following is/are true when electrolysis is

carried on after some time ?

1. Mass of brass decreases
2. The concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases
3. The concentration of Zn2+ ions decreases
a) 1 only is correct
b) 2 only is correct
c) 3 only is correct
d) 1 and 2 only is correct
e) 2 and 3 only is correct

20. Which of the following represented the correct set of conditions used in the manufacture
of chlorine by electrolysis ?
Anode Cathode Electrolyte
a. Graphite mercury brine
b. Graphite mercury sodium hydroxide
c. Mercury graphite brine
d. Mercury steel brine

21. A current of 5.0 A flows for 4 hours through an aqueous solution of copper sulphate (VI).
Calculate the mass of copper deposited at cathode
Answer:
𝑒.𝑖.𝑡
𝐺 = 96500
63,5.5.4.3600
𝐺=
2.96500
𝐺 = 23,689 𝑔

22. when 19300 C flows through a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, 1120 cm3 (measured at
s.t.p) of gas is lieberated at anode. Calculate the Avogadro constant [ e = 1.6 x 10-19 C] [6.03
x 1023 mol-1]
Jawab :
Q = 19300 C
Q = nelektron . e . NA
 1.12
V = 1.12 L → n = 22.4 = 0.05 mol

2H+ + 2e- → H2
0.1 mol 0.05
nelektron = nH+ . jlh e-
= 0.1 x 2
= 0.2 mol
Q = 0.2 . 1.6 . 10-19 . NA
NA = 6.02 . 1023

23. When a certain amount of electrical charge flows through an aqueous solution of silver
nitrate, 3.24 g of silver is deposited on the cathode, calculate:
a. the mass of copper
b. the mass of aluminium that will be deposited by the same quantity of charge

Answer:
𝑒𝑥𝑄
a. 𝐺 = 96500
𝐺1 𝑒1
=
𝐺2 𝑒2
𝐺𝐴𝑔 𝑒𝐴𝑔
=
𝐺𝐶𝑢 𝑒𝐶𝑢
108
3.24
= 1
𝐺𝐶𝑢 63.5
2
𝐺𝐶𝑢 = 0.9525 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑒𝑥𝑄
b. 𝐺 = 96500
𝐺1 𝑒1
=
𝐺2 𝑒2
𝐺𝐴𝑔 𝑒𝐴𝑔
=
𝐺𝐴𝑙 𝑒𝐴𝑙
108
3.24
= 1
𝐺𝐴𝑙 27
3
𝐺𝐴𝑙 = 0.27 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
24. Calculate the mass of copper deposited at the cathode when a current of 0.125A flows
through aqueous copper(II) sulphate of concentration 0.80 mol𝑑𝑚−3 for 30 minutes.

𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑢2+ +𝑆𝑂4 2−

𝑟 𝐴 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢 = 𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500
63.55×0.125×1800
= 2×96500

= 0.0743 g
25. When 0.1 A flows through an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate for 1 hour at 25℃,
0.118 g of copper is deposited, Determine the mast of copper deposited if the experiment
is
repeated :
a.for 2 hours [0.236g]
𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢 𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500
= 𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢
𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500

0.118 0.1 ×1
= 0.1 ×2
𝐺𝐶𝑢

𝐺𝐶𝑢 =0.236𝑔

b.at 40℃ [0.118g]

𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢 𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500
= 𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢
𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500

0.118 0.1 ×1
= 0.1 ×1
𝐺𝐶𝑢

𝐺𝐶𝑢 =0.118𝑔

c.using a current of 0.2 A [0.0236g]

𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢 𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500
= 𝐴𝑟 ×𝑖×𝑡
𝐺𝐶𝑢
𝑃𝐵𝑂×96500

0.118 0.1 ×1
= 0.2 ×1
𝐺𝐶𝑢

𝐺𝐶𝑢 =0.236𝑔
 26. A metal consists of two isotopes of relative mass 63 and 65 in the ratio of 3 : 1 When
an aqueous solution containing ions of the metal is electrolyzed by a current of 0.5 A
for 110 minutes, 0.988 g of the metal is deposited at the cathode. Calculate the charge
on the metal ion
63
X : 65X = 3 : 1
Ar = (63 . 3 + 65 . 1) / 4
= 63.5

I = 0.5 A
t = 110 minutes
G = 0.988 g
Valency = ?

G = e . I. t /96500
0.988 = (63.5/valency ). 0.5 . 110 . 60 / 96500
28.8915 = 63.5/valency
Valency = 2.19
=2

Charge of the metal ion : +2

27. A current of 2.0 A flows through an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate for t seconds .
Excess of potassium iodide is then added to the solution . The iodide liberated required
23.40 cm3 of 0.22M sodium thiosulphate for complete reaction : Calculate the value of t?
2SO42-  S2O82- +2e
S2O82- + 2I-  I2 + SO42-
I2 +2S2O32-  S4O62- +2I-
Mol S2O32- = M.V
= 0.22 . 23.40 10-3
=5.148 10-3
I2 + 2S2O32-  S4O62- + 2I-
5.148 10-3 ~ 5.148 10-3
S2O82- + 2I-  I2 + SO42-
2.574 10-3 ~ 5.148 10-3
2SO42-  S2O82- + 2e
5.148 10-3 ~ 2.574 10-3
𝑖.𝑡
Mol electron = 96500
2. 𝑡
5.148 10-3 = 96500
2 . t = 5.148 10-3 . 96500
t = 284.4 s
28. You prepare 1.00 L of a buffer solution that is 1.00 M NaH2PO4 and 1.00 M Na2HPO4.
The solution is divided in half between the two compartments of an electrolytic cell. Both
electrodes used are Pt. Assume that the only electrolysis is that of the water. If 1.25 A of
current is passed for 212 min, what will the pH in each cell compartment at the end of the
electolysis? [anode 6.9 and cathode 7.5]
ans :Anode : 2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e
Cathode : 2H+(aq) + 2e H2(g)
60 𝑠 1.25 𝐶 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻+
Moles of H+ = 212 minx 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 x x 96,485 𝐶 x
1𝑠 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒
+
= 0.615 mol H
So, the pH in the anode is 6.9 and in the cathode is 7.5

29. A Ni anode and Fe cathode are placed in a solution with [Ni2+]=1.0M and then connected
to a battery. The Fe cathode has the shape shown. How long must electrolysis be
continued with a current of 1.5 A to build a 0.0050mm thick deposit of nickel on the iron
? (density of nickel is 8.90 g/cm3)

K(+): Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni

A(-) : Ni → Ni2+ + 2e-
2
La = 2(𝜋𝑅 2 - 𝜋𝑅12) + 2𝜋𝑅1 + 1 + 2𝜋𝑅2
= 𝜋[2(2.5𝑥2.5 − 1𝑥1) + 2𝑥1𝑥0.5 + 2𝑥2.5𝑥0.5]
= 10.5 + 1 + 2.5
= 22/7 x 14
= 44

Vo Ni yang melapisi = La x t
= 44 x 0.005
= 0.22

G=𝜌𝑥𝑉 G = n x Mr
= 9 x 0.22 1.98 = n x 59
= 1.98 n = 1.98/59

Mol e = i t / 96500
1.98/59 = 1.98 t/96500
t = 3271.1 s
30. A new type of electroplating is known as “brush electroplating”. It is used to electroplate
zinc onto very large iron supports to be used in buildings. The iron supports are too big to
be plated in a normal electrolysis tank.
During the process, a metal brush spreads a layer of aqueous zinc sulphate over the iron
surface. A battery gives the brush a positive charge and gives the iron support a negative
charge.A layer of zinc forms on the surface of the iron support.

a. The surface of the iron acts as a cathode. Zinc ions from the solution form zinc on the
surface of the iron. Write the ionic half – equation, with the state symbols , for this
reaction.
K(+) : Zn2+ + 2e –> Zn
A(-) : Fe –> Fe2+ + 2e
b. Two different designs of metal brush are available.
One type of brush is made from zinc , one type is made from platinum. As the
electrolysis takes place,each brush has a different effect on the concentration of zinc
ions in the solution.
I. What will happen to the concentration of the zinc ions during the electrolysis
if the brush is made from platinum?
The concentration of zinc ions would remain the same
II. What will happen to the concentration of zinc ions during the electrolysis if
the brush is made of zinc?
The zinc ions concentration would increase
III. Platinum brushes are much more expensive than zinc brushes. However, zinc
brushes need replacing regularly but platinum brushes do not. Explain why?
Zinc brushes would react to the reaction while Pt wouldn't as Pt would be on
the rvery right in volta series which means Pt wouldn't be an easy reactant.
c. During the process, a worker needs to hold the brush. Which of the following material
would be a good choice for the handle of the brush?
Chromium copper graphite iron poly(ethene)
Material ..Poly(ethene)
Reason ..a good electricity insulator
d. Explain why iron supports coated with zinc do not rust, even if the zinc coating is
damaged
Since zinc is more reactive than iron, when we galvanize iron with zinc, zinc react
with oxygen to form a thin layer of oxide which prevents metal to further corrosion. That thin layer
of zinc oxide will protect iron from rusting.
31. An experiment is carried out to electrolyse very dilute aqueos sodium chloride.

a. Oxygen forms at the anode

i. Write a half equation, with state symbols, for the reaction that forms oxygen.
ii. Is this reaction an oxidation or a reduction reaction ? Explain your reasoning.
b i. During the reaction, 4.8 cm3 of oxygen collects at the anode . Calculate the
mass of 4.8 cm3 of oxygen.
ii. Hydrogen is collected at the cathode during the reaction . What volume of
hydrogen forms when 4.8 cm3 oxygen forms ?
c. After the electrolyses has been running for some time , the solution becomes more
concentrated . What are the products of the electrolysis when the solution
becomes more concentrated.
Answer:
a. ZnSO4 → Zn2+ + SO42-
Zn+ + 2e -
→ Zn
Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO42- KNAP.
K(-) : 2H2O + 2e → 2OH +H2
- -
│×2
A(+): (i) 2H2O → 4H + O2 +4e
+ -
+
6H2O → 4H+ + 4OH- + 2H2 + O2
(ii) 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
b. (i) 𝑉 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑉𝑚
−3
4,8 ∙ 10 = 𝑛 ∙ 24
𝑛 = 0,2 ∙ 10−3 ∙ 32

𝐺 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀𝑟
= 0,2 ∙ 10−3 ∙ 32
= 6,4 ∙ 10−3

(ii)A(+): 2H2O → 4H+ +O2 + 4e

0,2 ∙ 10−3 ~ 0,8 ∙ 10−3
K(-): 2H2O + 2e → 2OH- + H2
0,8 ∙ 10−3 ~ 0,4 ∙ 10−3

𝑉 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑉𝑚
= 0,4 ∙ 10−3 ∙ 24
= 9,6 ∙ 10−3
C Na2SO4
32. Read the information about the industrial electrolysis of brine.

The table shows some information about the two type of cells
Mercury Membrane
Overall energy consumption 3360 2750
(kWh per tonne of chlorine)
1 tonne = 1000000 g
Purity of sodium hydroxide High purity High purity
produced
Concentration of sodium 50% concentration 35% concentration
hydroxide
Other points Mercury is toxic and must Low maintenances costs
be removed from used brine

a. (i) In the membrane cell, is it important that negative ions do not pass through the
membrane. Explain why?
Ans: Because negative ions will result an impure sodium hydroxide
(ii) It is an advantage that negative ions do not pss through the membrane. Describe the
other advantages of using the membrane cell instead of the mercury cell.
Ans: Less energy consumption, low maintenances costs, toxic free, NaOH produced just
in 1 cell proces
(iii) Give one disadvantage of using membrane cell instead of mercury cell.
Ans: Lower concentration of sodium hydroxide produced
b. Calculate the energy consumption of the membrane per ole of chlorine gas produced.
Ans: 1000000g = 2750 kWh
1 g = 2.75Wh
1 mol = 0.039 Wh
c. (i) Write an equation for the overall reaction that happens in the membrane cell
 Ans: Anode: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-
Katode: 2H2O + 2e-  2OH- + 2H2
Reaction : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + Cl2 + 2H2
(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of sodium hydroxide that can be produced from 1
tonne of saturated brine
Ans: 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + Cl2 + 2H2
6 6
0.01 x 10 mole ~ 0.01 x 10
G = n . Mr
= 0.01 x 106 . 40
= 0.4 tonne

33. A student set up two different experiments for electroplating an object with silver

a. Write equations, with state symbols, to show the reactions that happen at the anode
and cathode during each experiment.
b. At the beginning of each experiment the student removes a sample of electrolyte,
aqueous silver nitrate, and puts it in a test tube. The student then adds a few drops
of aqueous sodium chloride to the sample.
i. Describe and explain what the students sees. Include an equation in your
answer.
ii. After some time, the student observes that no more silver is being deposited
on the object in experiment 1 but more silver is still being deposited on the
object in experiment 2. Suggest a reason for this observation and describe
how he could use aqueous sodium chloride to find out if his reasoning is
correct.
c. If an iron object is placed in a beaker of aqueous silver nitrate, a silver coating
forms on the iron. If gold object is placed in aqueous silver nitrate, no reaction
happens. Explain why?
Ans.
a. Experiment 1
AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3-
K: Ag+ + e- → Ag
A: 2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4e-
4Ag+ +2 H2O → 4Ag + 4H+ + O2
Experiment 2
AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3-
K: Ag+ + e- → Ag
A: Ag → Ag+ + e-
Ag → Ag
 b. i. Test Tube
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl(s) + NaNO3
AgCl precipitate is observed or seen.
ii. karena pada Experiment 1, larutan AgNO3 tidak sebanyak batang Ag pada
experiment 2. Sehingga pada waktu yang cukup lama, proses penyepuhan masih
terjadi.
Au tidak dapat mereduksi Ag+ menjadi Ag.

EXERCISES (Page 56)

1. In a fuel cell in which ethan comes into contact with fresh air on the surface of a catalyst ,
the reactions taking place at the two electrodes as follows :
Electrode 1 : CH3CH2OH(l) + H2O CH3COOH + 4H+ + 4e
Electrode 2 : O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O(l)
Which statement is correct ?
1.The electrode potential of electrode 1 becomes more negative as the concentration
lf ethanol increases.
2.Hydrogen is reduced at electrode 2
3.Oxygen is reduced at both electrode
a. All are correct
b. 1 only is correct
c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct
e. 2 and 3 only are correct
2. Dry cells or “batteries” are a combination of two half-cells . Many batteries consist of a
metal casing which acts as one electrode and which contains the reacting chemicals. A
second electrode, often made of a carbon rod, is placed in the centre of the cell.
The half equations for a dry cell are given below:
Carbon rod terminal: 2𝑁𝐻4 + (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − ⇌ 2𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 (𝑔) E0 = +0.74 V
Zinc casing terminal: 𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − ⇌ 𝑍𝑛(𝑠) E0 = -0.76 V
Which statements about this cell are correct?
1. The cell potential is 1.50V
2. The overall cell reaction is 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟒 + (𝒂𝒒) + 𝒁𝒏(𝒔) → 𝒁𝒏𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)
3. The zinc casing becomes thinner
A. all are correct
B. 1 only is correct
C. 3 only is correct
D. 1 and 2 only are correct
E. 2 and 3 only are correct

2𝑁𝐻4 + (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − ⇌ 2𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 (𝑔) E0 = +0.74 V

𝑍𝑛(𝑠) ⇌ 𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − E0 = +0.76 V
 2𝑁𝐻4 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑍𝑛(𝑠) ⇌ 2𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 (𝑔) E0 = +1.50V

3. Which treatment is frequently used to protect aluminium articles from a subsequent

corrosion?
A. Making aluminium the anode during electrolysis
B. Dipping the aluminium in hot aqueous sodium hydroxide
C. Dipping the aluminium in molten cyanide
D. Coating the aluminium with a less reactive metal.
4. When iron and aluminium are exposed to moist air, a very thin layer of oxide form on the
surface of each metal. Which statements explain why aluminium does not corrode, whereas
iron does ?
1. The Al2O3 layer is non porous to water
2. the Al2O3 layer is amphoteric
3. the redox potential of Al3+ (aq) | Al(s) is too small
a. all are correct
b 1 only is correct
c. 3 only is correct
d. 1 and 2 only are correct
e. 2 and 3 only are correct

5. Which statement describes what happens when hdyrogen and oxygen are used in a fuel
cell ?
a. electricity is generated directly
b. electricity is used to produce water
c. hydrogen is burned to form steam
d. hydrogen reacts to form a hydrocarbon fuel

6. In the dry cell battery, one electrode is the zinc casing. The other electrode is a carbon rod,
at
which 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 and 𝑁𝐻4 + ions are converted into MnO(OH) and 𝑁𝐻3 . What is the mass of
𝑀𝑛𝑂2 reacted when 0,1 g of zinc is used by the cell ? (Ar Zn = 65 and Mr 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 = 87)
87
A. 0.1 x 2 x 65
87
B. 0,1 x 65
65
C. 0,1 x 87
 1 87
D. 0,1 x 2 x 65

7.The following redox reaction that occurs in lithium ion battery :

𝐿𝑖(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑜𝑂2 → 𝐿𝑖 + + 𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑜𝑂2 (𝑠) 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.4 𝑉

All of the following are advantages of a lithium ion battery except

a. 𝐿𝑖 + has the most negative standard reduction potential

b. Fewer than 7 g Li are needed to provide 1 mol electron to the batetry
c. Lithium is a powerful reducing agent
d. Lithium Ion batteries can be charged hundreds of times without deterioration
e. Lithium is a highly reactive metal that requires a nonaqueous electrolyte solution
8. The following redox reaction that occurs in lithium ion battery
Li(s) + CoO2 -> Li+ + LiCoO2(s) Ecell = 3.4 V
Which of the folloing reaction occurs at anode

a. Li(s) + e -> Li+

b. Li(s) -> Li + e
c. Li+ +e -> Li(s)
d. CoO2 + e -> CoO2-
CoO2 -> CoO2-