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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Solid waste is one of the most alarming environmental issues

in the world, including the Philippines. According to World Bank,

70% global increase in municipal solid waste by 2025 with

developing countries facing the greatest challenges as their waste is

expected to more than double. The projected amount of waste will

rise from 1.3 billion tons per year today to 2.2 billion tons per

year by 2025. The projected annual global costs will rise from

$205 billion to $375 billion per year. Buying and selling waste at

market rates is part of our world economy. Poorer, more rural,

countries become dumping grounds for the world’s most

challenging waste at minimal rates, while wealthier, more urban,

countries generate revenue by selling their disproportionately high

amounts of inorganic waste. Cities, in developing countries, who

already cope with burgeoning populations, scarce financial

resources, and a limited capacity to manage environmental issues,

are facing a sharp rise in the amount and costs of garbage that

they will be required to deal with by 2025. As urbanization and

economic development increases in Asia, nowhere is the impact

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more obvious than in society’s “detritus,” or solid waste. Today, the

urban areas of Asia produce about 760,000 tons of municipal solid

waste per day, or approximately 2.7 million m3 per day. In 2025,

it will increase to 1.8 million tons of waste per day, or 5.2 million

m3 per day. Asia’s cities are the engines of incredible economic

growth. For many countries ,they generateover80% of GDP and

improve the lives of millions of people. But this prosperity comes

with a price. Take for example the more than one million tons of solid

waste that cities generate everyday as they grow. Without proper

management, the deluge of solid waste causes severe pollution, helps

diseases spread, and generates greenhouse gas emissions. It can also

exacerbate urban flooding, which can endanger lives and compromise

livelihoods particularly for the poor and marginalized.Despite these

impacts, managing solid waste remains a low priority for most Asian

cities, especially when compared with investment in other sectors such

as transport, water, and health services. Waste management is an issue

that is regularly ignored or, at best, given token consideration.If weareto

meet target 5 of Sustainable Development Goal no. 12 (substantially

reduce waste generation by 2030, ensure sustainable consumption

andproduction patterns), urban solid waste management interventions

can no longer bepiecemeal or underfunded.Over the next decade, along

with energy and transport infrastructure, we need to invest more in

integrated solid waste management processes and facilities. If we don’t,

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making developing Asia’s cities livable in the future will be nothing more

than a pipe dream.

Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental issues

here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems thataffect not only the

environment but also the health and life of the people. This problem may

be resolve or it will remain problem to the country in the next few years.

Mismanagement of the waste disposal has a serious effect on ground and

surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution, water pollution etc.

People will suffer in the next years of existence if we continue this kind of

activity. Health security maybe not secured or guarded when it comes to

drinking contaminated water because of the improper disposal of the

waste. Uncollected trash that clog waterways and drainage systems is

one of the major causes of floods and disease outbreaks whose effects

could be felt beyond the capital. Government should have time to make a

study in this country’s problem, they must have plans and actions to

make sure that people, animals and our environment is safe and guarded

all throughout. People are also responsible for their own trash to put it in

proper waste for their own sake.Every day, Philippines has a per

capita waste generation of 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms of garbage. In

2003, we have generated27,397 tons of garbage daily, a step

backwards compared to the 19,700 tons of garbage we have

generated daily in 2000. That is tantamount to ten million tons of

garbage generated in 2003. Of the ten million tons of generated

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garbage in 2003, 2.5 million came from Metro Manila. This is a

strong evidence of the forecast which indicated that by 2010, in

comparison to the 2000 data, waste generation shall have increased

by 47%.
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Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study will determine the waste disposal

practices of the residents in Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao.

Specifically, it aims to answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondent?

2. What are the waste disposal practices of the respondents?

3. What programs can be proposed from the result of the study?

Significance of the Study

To the Barangay Officials:

The barangay officials leads their people in promoting a

proper waste disposal practices and segregation in their community

for them to know ifproper waste disposal practices is followed by

the people of their barangayand to be more aware and responsible

for giving more possible solutions in their waste disposal problems.

To the Organizations:

This research is also important in any organizations, whether

community organization, government organization and non-

government organizations as it contains information and data that

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gathered from international, national and localreferencesthat they

can use for their research, seminars or programs about waste

disposal practices.

To the Residents:

This study will also help the residents of Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao to be more aware and responsible in managing their

waste in the barangay.

To the Future Researchers:

This study is beneficial to the future researchers as it

contains data gathered from worldwide, national and local

references that they can use for their research and this study will

serves as guide for them.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will be limited to determine the waste disposal

practices of the residents in Barangay Katuli Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao.
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Operational Definition of Terms

Disposal - it refers to the different process where solid waste

undergo.

Practices – it refers to the different methods used by people in disposing

their waste.

Waste - it specifically refers to the solid waste of the barangay

such as plastics, glass, cans, newspapers, magazines, and other

solid wastes.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARTURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains related literature and studies about the

waste disposal practices in international, national and local level.

Controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste

and hazardous waste has become one of the most pressing tasks

in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the

annual generation of industrial solid waste in China exceeded 0.6

billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although

industrial solid waste management has been strengthened in recent

years, about 40% of solid waste is put in uncontrolled landfill

without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the

National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), the cumulative

industrial solid waste uncontrolled landfill in China had reached

6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55, 000

hectares of land. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of industrial

solid waste was discharged into the environment illegally, and a

third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies,

making industrial solid waste one of the greatest pollution sources

for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution

accidents resulting from solid waste occur about 100 times a year

in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of

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industrial solid waste pollution. At present, most treatment and

disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste

pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve

environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable

development, the safe management and disposal of solid and

hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In 1995, the Law for

Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid

waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. Solid

waste treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and

now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular,

rapid improvements have been seen in industrial solid waste

recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and

regional hazardous waste.

Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the

United States over the past two decades. Waste quantities were

rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis,

and then rose again slightly. As the economy prospered in the late

1980’s, waste quantities increased sharply. However, since 1990,

generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and

the implementation of waste reduction policies (Japan Waste

Management Association, 1996).

There are wide variations in policies and practices in solid

waste management between regions, countries, large and smaller

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cities and formal and informal areas within a city. While all urban

centers face similar solid waste management challenges, the impact

vary depending on how policies and practices are implemented.

From the global development agenda perspective under the

auspices of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), ensuring

environmental sustainability (MDG 7), was identified as a key area.

Review of progress on this MDG shows that an estimated 2.1

billion people gained access to improved sanitation between 1990

and 2015; elimination of ozone depleting substances; proportion of

global population using open defecation halved since 1990; and

proportion of urban population leaving in slums fell from 39.4 to

29.7% between 1990 and 2014.

Going into the new global dispensation, the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), the relevance of the issue of protecting

the environment and preserving health through proper solid waste

management in cities has become even more pronounced. The SDG

agenda advocates for reduced generation of waste, and increased

reuse and recycling. It touches on SDG3 (health lives and promote

well-being); SDG6 (water and sanitation); SDG11 (making cities

inclusive, safe, resilient & sustainable) and SDG 13 (combating

climate change and its impact). SDG 11, specifically has an

indicator that relates to solid waste management: “percentage of

solid waste regularly collected and well managed”. However, like

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other prior social development agendas, the challenge may be

located in the operationalization and implementation. In many

countries in the developing world, management of solid waste is

not mainstreamed, poorly funded and has always fallen below

expectation.

Waste mismanagement has serious environmental effects

making the passage of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 a landmark

environmental legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in

response to the looming garbage problems in the country. RA 9003

declares the policy of the state in adopting a systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that

ensures the protection of public health and the environment and

the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of

best environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates the potentials

and benefits of recycling not only in addressing waste management

problems but also in alleviating poverty.RA 9003 describes solid

waste management as a discipline associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,

and disposal of solid wastes. The manner by which these activities

are conducted shall be in accord with the best principles of public

health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, other

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environmental considerations, and public attitudes. The Act provides

for a comprehensive ecological solid waste management program by

creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,

appropriating funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing

penalties.

The establishment of a National Solid Waste Management

Commission (NSWMC) and Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB)

in each local government unit (LGU) is mandated by RA 9003 to

be represented by public officials, in their ex-officio capacity, and

the private sector. The Commission shall serve as the coordinating

body and likewise develop and implement the National Solid Waste

Management Framework. The SWMB, on the other hand, is

directed to formulate a 10-year local Ecological Solid Waste

Management Plans instituting an effective and sustainable solid

waste management plan with primary emphasis on implementation

of all feasible re-use, recycling and composting programs. This is

pursuant to relevant provisions under RA 7160 or the Local

Government Code.

Local government units are mandated to establish Materials

Recovery Facility (MRF) in each barangay or cluster of barangays

designed to receive, sort, process and store compostable and

recyclable materials efficiently. The residual wastes shall then be

transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility or sanitary

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landfill. All solid waste disposal facilities or sites in the country

shall be published by the Department of Natural Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR). No open dumps nor any practice or

disposal of solid waste that constitutes open dumps for solid waste

shall be allowed. The Act further provides for conversion of

existing open dumps to controlled dumps within three (3) years.

In 2010, waste generation rates vary from as low as 0.10

kg/capita/day in the municipalities outside of Metro Manila to

0.79 kg/capita/day in Metro Manila and highly urbanized cities.

The rates are dependent on household income, local economic

activity and waste avoidance policies and incentives. The average

per capita generation rate for the Philippines is 0.40 kg. Based on

the per capita rate of 0.40 and annual projected population, the

amount of waste generated yearly in the entire Philippines and

Metro Manila in terms of tonnage shows that the yearly amount of

waste in the Philippines is expected to increase from 13.48 million

tons in 2010 to 14.66 million tons in 2014 to 16.63 million tons

in 2020. On the other hand, Metro Manila’s waste generation

continues to increase as it contributes 22.2%, 24.5% and 26.7% to

the country’s solid waste in the years 2010, 2014 and 2020,

respectively.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methods of the research used in

this study such as research design, techniques, research

instrument, procedures and other methods in data gathering

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use a combination of

quantitative and qualitative method which is the descriptive method

or a survey questionnaire to gather the needed data.

Locale of the Study

This research will be conducted at Barangay Katuli, one of

the barangays of the municipality of Sultan Kudarat in the

Province of Maguindanao in Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao (ARMM) Region, Central Island of Mindanao. The Main

transportation is by riding a boat along Texing Site, Cotabato City

and anyone will be able to reach this barangay in a very few

minutes by means of this transportation.

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Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the residents of

Barangay Katuli Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao that is composed of

ten (10) barangay officials and thirty (30) residents which are a

parent/s householder in the barangay with a total of forty (40)

respondents.

Sampling Techniques

In choosing the respondents, the researchers will use a

random sampling technique. They will randomly choose thirty (30)

parent householder respondents from the different purok of

Barangay Katuli Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao and another ten (10)

respondent will be on the barangay officials.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use three (3) parts of survey

questionnaire with twelve (12) questions. Part one will be the

profile of the respondents and part two will be the waste disposal

practices of the respondents with ten (10) questions and another

one (1) question for the barangay officials. Part three will be the

programs that can be proposed from the result of this study with

only one (1) question.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The needed data will be administered personally by the

researchers. A communication letter will be passed on the Dean of

the College of Arts and Sciences and after the validation of the

Dean, the letter will be forwarded by the researchers to the

Barangay Hall of Barangay Katuli Sultan KudaratMaguindanao for

the approval of the survey. When the letter is approved by the

Barangay Chairman, the researchers will start to conduct the

survey to the randomly selected resident of the barangay.

Data Analysis

This study will use the frequency counts, percentage and

mean statistical tools to interpret and validate the collected data

from the residents of Barangay Katuli Sultan KudaratMaguindanao.

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APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippines

Cotabato City State Polytechnic College
Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

December, 2017

HON. ABDULRAHMANE. KADTONG

Barangay Chairman
Barangay Katuli, Sultan Kudarat,
Maguindanao

Dear Sir,

Greetings of Peace!

We, the 4th year students of Cotabato City State Polytechnic College
taking up Bachelor of Science in Community Development, are working
on our Community Research II entitled “WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES
OF THE RESIDENTS IN SULTAN KUDARAT MAGUINDANAO”.

In line with this, we are asking permission from your good office to allow
us to conduct our research in your barangay

Hoping for your kind consideration and approval.

Thank you and Allah bless you.

Very truly yours,

ALAN NUR S. PADASAN

Research Leader

Noted by:

NORAIDA M. AKAD
Adviser
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APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Part I: Respondent’s Profile

Directions: Please fill in the needed information.
Name: _________________________ Age: _____ Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female
Civil Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Others: ________Occupation: ________
Religion: ________ Monthly Income: ________ Year of Residency: __________

Part II: A Waste Disposal Practices of the Respondents

Directions: Please put a check (√) mark on the box that corresponds to
your answers.

Questions: Always Sometimes Never

1. Do you put your garbage in
the trash bin in your house?

2. Do you segregate your

garbage?

3. Do you recycle your garbage?

4. Do you decompose your

garbage?

5. Do you throw your garbage

at Rio Grande de Mindanao?

6. Do you burn your garbage?

7. Do you dump your garbage

everywhere?
8. Do you collect your solid
waste such as plastics,
bottles and other recyclable
to sell in the junk shops?

9. Do you re-use your waste

such as plastic bags?

10. Is there any garbage truck

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and collectors from the

municipal government that
collects garbage in your
barangay?

Part II: B
Directions: The following questions are answerable only for the selected
ten (10) officials of the barangay. For other respondents, kindly skip this
part of survey questionnaire. Please answer the question to the best of
your knowledge.

11. What are the programs, seminars and ordinances you know
as an official that were already conducted and implemented for
the solid waste management of the barangay?

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

Part III: Proposals of the Respondents

Directions: Please write down your answers on the spaces provided.

12. What are the programs that you can propose for the waste
disposal practices in your barangay?

 ___________________________________________________________

 ___________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________________