Inclusive Growth

As cited by Dash (2019) Inclusive growth means economic growth that creates
employment opportunities and helps in reducing poverty. It means having access to essential
services in health and education by the poor. It includes providing equality of opportunity,
empowering people through education and skill development. It also encompasses a growth
process that is environment friendly growth, aims for good governance and a helps in creation of
a gender sensitive society.

Duran (2015) stated that, Inclusive economic growth is not only about expanding national
economies but also about ensuring that we reach the most vulnerable people of societies. The
“equality of opportunity” and “participation in growth by all” inclusive economic growth is not
only about expanding national economies but also about ensuring that we reach the most
vulnerable people of societies. The “equality of opportunity” and “participation in growth by
all” with a special focus on the working poor and the unemployed are the very basis of inclusive
growth.

Felipe (2012) in his work Inclusive growth: Why is it important in developing Asia?
The paper has offered an interpretation of inclusive growth as a clear policy objective, namely
the achievement of full employment, that’s, a state of zero involuntary unemployment. This
means that no one who is ready and willing to work for an appropriate wage is without a job.
This also means zero involuntary employment.
Felipe proposed five policies to achieve full employment of the labor force: I redress the neglect
of agriculture; ii undertake public investment in basic infrastructure (energy, transport, urban
services) targeted to high-employment projects; iii Use of industrial policy, understood as a
collaborative effort between public and private sectors, to accelerate industrialization, and
structural transformation in general; iv Gear fiscal and monetary policies for the achievement of
full employment; and v implement job guarantee programs.

Habito (2009) in his works titled Patterns of Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia stated
that insights from an Enhanced Growth-Poverty Elasticity Analysis Initiatives and investments
toward strengthening the quality of governance could be the most important measures a country
can take toward attaining inclusive growth, as governance is a critical underlay to all initiatives
of government to reduce poverty and promote broad-based growth and development. Public
investments in education, health, and housing are important—and indeed most tightly correlated
—to the attainment of inclusive growth. Economic growth by itself, especially when driven by
economic sectors with low employment potential, will not guarantee poverty reduction, as borne
out by the experience of Pakistan and the PRC in the 1990s and Mongolia, the Philippines, and
Sri Lanka in the past decade.
Enhancing the role of agriculture in the growth of the economy continues to have a positive
impact on the inclusiveness of growth, particularly in reducing rural poverty. The obvious key to
the role of agriculture is the employment it generates in the rural areas. But this suggests that
promotion of rural enterprises in general, including in manufacturing and services, would be
instrumental in the attainment of more inclusive, broad-based growth.

Lanchovichina & Lundstrom, (2009) In Radam 2015 Inclusive Growth adopts a long
term perspective and is concerned with sustained growth.
For growth to be sustained in the long run, it should be broad-based across sectors. Issues of
structural transformation for economic diversification therefore take a front stage. Some
countries may be an exception and continue to specialize as they develop due to their specific
conditions (e.g. small states). It should also be inclusive of the large part of the country’s labor
force, where inclusiveness refers to equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets,
resources and unbiased regulatory environment for businesses and individuals.

According to the NEDA (2013) Inclusive growth means, first of all, growth that is rapid
enough to matter, given the country’s large population, geographical differences, and social
complexity. It is sustained growth that creates jobs, draws the majority into the economic and
social mainstream, and continuously reduces mass poverty
Viewed by majority of Filipinos, the record of economic and social progress up to now has
proved unsatisfactory for three reasons: first, its pace has been slow when measured against the
achievements of the country’s neighbors; second, the benefits of that progress have not been
broadly shared; and third, issues of massive corruption and of questioned political legitimacy
have undermined the people’s sense of ownership of and control over public policy. Growth has
not only lagged, it has failed to benefit the majority, who feel increasingly alienated because their
political institutions provide little relief and have drifted beyond their control. Growth, in short,
has failed to be inclusive.

The report of Ramos and Lammens (2013) in radam (2015) acknowledged the lack of a
clear definition of inclusive growth, this report attempts to comprehensively measure inclusive
growth at the country level using three indicators: poverty, inequality, and the employment to
population ratio (EPR). The authors highlight that poverty and inequality are already established
as measures of pro-poor growth and inclusive growth from an outcomes perspective, and that it
is EPR that adds an inclusive aspect to this measure through its participatory focus. EPR is used
as a proxy for economic participation, as productive employment is poorly defined and difficult
to operationalise due to lack of data. The analysis shows that most developing countries have
managed to increase their level of inclusiveness due to a decrease in poverty levels and no
increase in inequality. The authors argue that this increase in inclusiveness cannot be explained
by economic growth, as some countries showed high increases in inclusiveness with low growth,
and some of the countries with the worse inclusiveness performances had very high growth
rates.

Stott (2017) cited that, its win-win allure, promising a more prosperous economy
combined with more equitable society is proving irresistible. The dual emphasis on outcomes as
well as opportunities is what defines an inclusive growth agenda from a narrower inclusion
agenda. Connecting people up to the opportunities that exist in the labour market through better
education, transport and employment support is vital. But intervention is also needed to influence
the growth side of the equation. An inclusive growth strategy must seek to proactively influence
and shape the nature of employment opportunities. This includes boosting employers’ demand
for skills, shaping the occupational and sectoral make-up of the economy, and ultimately pushing
up levels of pay and improving terms and conditions of employment contracts.

Taylor (2016) apparently, the term "inclusive growth" originated in an essay "What is
Pro-poor Growth?" by Nanak Kakwani and Ernesto M. Pernia, which appeared in the Asian
Development Review in 2000. They use the term "inclusive" growth only once, and in a way
which makes it synonymous with "pro-poor growth." They write: "Broadly, pro-poor growth can
be defined as one that enables the poor to actively participate in and significantly benefit from
economic activity. It is a major departure from the trickle-down development concept. It
is inclusive economic growth."

Accroding to World Bank Group, Inclusive growth refers both to the pace and pattern of
growth, which is considered, interlinked, and therefore in need to be addressed together. The
inclusive growth definition is in line with the absolute definition of pro-poor growth, but differs
from it in the following ways:
(i) Absolute pro-poor growth can be the result of direct income redistribution schemes, but for
growth to be inclusive productivity must be improved and new opportunities for
employment created.
(ii) The pro-poor growth concept has traditionally focused on growth and poverty measures
whereas inclusive growth focuses on an ex-ante analysis of the sources of, and constraints to
sustained, high growth and poverty reduction.
Policies for inclusive growth are an important component of any government strategy for
sustainable growth and the frameworks for inclusive growth analytics are eclectic in spirit. The
main instrument for a sustainable and inclusive growth is assumed to be productive employment.
Employment growth generates new jobs and income for the individual - from wages in all types
of firms, or from self-employment, usually in micro firms - while productivity growth has the
potential to lift the wages of those employed and the returns to the self-employed. The ability of
individuals to be productively employed depends on the opportunities to make full use of
available resources as the economy evolves over time. The analysis therefore looks at ways to
strengthen the productive resources and capacity of the individual on the labor supply side as
well as ways to open up new opportunities for productive employment on the labor demand side.
The inclusive growth approach takes a longer term perspective. With this longer term
perspective, it is important to recognize the time lag between reforms and outcomes. Inclusive
growth analytics is about policies that should be implemented in the short run, but for sustainable
inclusive growth in the future.

Zhuang (2008) in Radam 2015 Inclusive growth is also defined by several countries
distinctly such as “harmonious growth” by the Peoples Republic of China. Inclusive growth for
PRC or what is understood as “harmonious growth or society” requires “continued reforms to
keep growth high and sustainable, carefully designed redistributive policy to promote equal
access to opportunities, and good governance and strong institutions to ensure economic and
social justice and an even playing field”

Shared Growth

As cited by galbithink.org in their article Rapid Economic Growth in East Asia

Broad Sharing of Growth's Benefits A fundamental aspect of economic policy in the high-
performance East Asian economies is the principle of shared growth. In Malaysia, economic
policy addressed income imbalances between different ethnic groups, with particular focus
on the welfare of Bumiputera, the largest but poorest ethnic group. The concept of
"economic democracy" espoused in Indonesia includes the idea that everyone shares in
economic opportunity. Leaders in Taiwan/China recognized equity considerations needed
attention to avoid repeating previous political failures. Japan and Singapore, both benefiting
from the absence of a landlord elite, also put significant emphasis on equity. Attention to
distributional considerations in Korea developed more gradually. Leaders in all these
countries, while often authoritarian or paternalistic, recognized that their political viability
and legitimacy depended on their ability to deliver gains in economic welfare to everyone
rather than just to a narrow elite.

Barclays Africa Group explained and defined shared growth they stated “We are
committed to Shared Growth which, for us, means having a positive impact on society and
delivering shareholder value.
In recognizing the critical link that exists between our success and society’s progress, we seek to
deliberately apply our substantial resources to address key societal challenges and unlock socio-
economic solutions through innovative programmers, commercial products, services and
partnerships. In order to do so we are focusing on the following three areas”

In the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth they stated that This Framework
was borne of a recognition that for the world to enjoy continuing levels of prosperity it must find
new drivers of aggregate demand and more enduring sources of global growth. We recognize as a
crucial part of this exercise that we need to enhance the role of developing countries and low
income countries (LICs) in particular, for the following reasons:
· First, because for prosperity to be sustained it must be shared.
· Second, because we acknowledge that the impact of the recent crisis demonstrated a global
interconnectedness that is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable in the poorest
countries. It has been estimated that, as a result of the recent crisis, an additional 64 million
people will be living in extreme poverty (i.e., living on less than USD 1.25 a day) by the end of
2010. We therefore have a responsibility to fulfill.
· Third, as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation, because the G20 has a
role to play, complementing the efforts of aid donors, the UN system, multilateral development
banks (MDBs) and other agencies, in assisting developing countries, particularly LICs, achieve
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our role must relate to our mandate on global
economic cooperation and recognize that consistently high levels of inclusive growth in
developing countries, and LICs in particular, are critically necessary, if not sufficient, for the
eradication of extreme poverty.
· Fourth, because the rest of the global economy, in its quest for diversifying the sources of
global demand and destinations for investing surpluses, needs developing countries and LICs to
become new poles of global growth – just as fast growing emerging markets have become in the
recent past. Our overarching objective of helping LICs improve and maintain the levels and
quality of growth, thereby reducing poverty, improving human rights and creating decent jobs,
requires strengthening the relationships among high, middle and low income countries. This
entails 2 promoting sustainable economic, social and environmental development; honoring
equity in the partnerships that exist; building stronger and more effective partnerships among
advanced countries, emerging countries and LICs; engaging the private sector and civil society;
and refocusing our priorities and efforts to remove the bottlenecks for LIC growth. We further
believe there is no “one-size-fits-all” formula for development success and that developing
countries must take the lead in designing and implementing development strategies tailored to
their individual needs and circumstances.

Abdulai in Katzaman (2019) Shared growth focuses on development that is both

sustainable over time because it is inclusive — representative of a population. It’s the use of
resources to the benefit of the majority and taking into consideration the needs of many. It’s going
for a win-win. The concept is largely related to economic development, as in the case of countries
like my home country, Ghana, for instance. Yet, it is equally applicable to any country, company,
organization or society looking at addressing inequalities.
Abdulai believes it is important to make sure that, in business; shared growth not only benefits the
shareholder but everyone in the company and greater society.

The annual report of Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (2007)
reported that some of South Africa’s notable achievements towards AsgiSA objectives are:
• raising the growth rate to an average of over 5% in recent years
• increasing the rate of investment to over 20% of gross domestic product from 15%
• increasing the rate of investment of government to over 10% annually, and that of public
enterprises to an even higher level • introducing effective tracking mechanisms for government
projects
• reducing unnecessary red tape, for example in the implementation of ETAs
• getting universities to commit to rapidly increasing their output of engineers over the next three
years
• developing new pathways to more than double the annual output of artisans
• developing and introducing key new sector strategies and an industrial policy action plan
• developing amendments to the Competition Act, 1998 (Act 89 of 1998)
• implementing successful programms in the form of Project Consolidate and Siyenza Manje to
support the strengthening of municipal management
• reducing the volatility of the currency and the severity of interest rate cycles.
The evidence indicates that progress is being made, especially in infrastructure
investment. And because of this, our faster growth rate exposes new areas that need attention
almost daily. This means that the shared growth in Africa is effective in uplifting the economic
condition of the countries.

As stated by the Chung Un Chan (2013) Shared growth is the first step
toward a beautiful accompanied journey as it literally means “growing together.”He emphasized
that shared growth should not be limited to the economic area. He gave an example of a shared
growth model, which is the ‘regional balancing selection system’ introduced in 2005 when he
was SNU President. In this system, the number of high schools that produced more than one
successful applicant went up to 1,000 from 700. What underlies the idea is that indirect
experiences through the exchange of varied regions, environments and dispositions enrich
students’ creativity.
According to Ghana Shared Growth and Development (2010-2013 framework) its priority
policies to ensure and sustain macroeconomic stability focuses on:
a) improving fiscal resource mobilization;
b) improving public expenditure management;
c) promoting effective debt management;
d) ensuring price and exchange rate stability;
e) improving export competitiveness;
f) diversifying and increasing exports and markets; and
g) strengthening economic planning and forecasting to ensure synergetic development of
strategic sectors.
This is a response to the general assessment of the overall policy environment which emerged
from the implementation of GPRS I indicated a positive and significantly stabilized
macroeconomic environment, with a potential for attaining higher rates of growth.

Shared Growth was not only applied in the economic system of a country, it was applied
to private companies also as stated in Doosan Engineering & Construction (2019) they promotes
shared growth with an aim to build a "virtuous partnership" system with partner companies for
strengthened competitiveness and shared growth as a global construction company for
infrastructure and plants. This is an attempt to grow out of the existing simple purchase/sub-
contract structure for much stronger partnership with suppliers by conducting joint R&D;
exchanging information on value engineering (VE) for construction; providing expert training
programs; strengthening liquidity management through financial support; and complying with
fair trade.

As said by Burgos in Argullo (2018) Economic ties between China and Latin America
over the past 10 years have shown shared growth free of political preconditions. Closer
economic relations with China have brought benefits to the region without interference in a
country's domestic affairs or demanding political concessions. China-led initiatives to fund
infrastructure and energy projects, as well as financing mechanisms such as swap agreements
that provide regional countries with more breathing room when it comes to managing their
foreign reserves. The great attraction of financial ties with China is that they do not impede your
growth. On the contrary, they lend you money so that you can grow as a country. In a recent
report, the International Labor Organization (ILO) said China has generated 1.8 million jobs in
Latin America through trade, investment and infrastructure projects over the past 20 years.
Chinese enterprises have focused their investment on telecom, agri-food manufacturing and
renewable energy, helping improve infrastructure and diversify consumption in the region,

Minister Morneau of Canada Talks Equality, Shared Growth at G20, IMF and World
Bank Meetings he stated that by sharing Canada’s plan for economic growth with leaders from
around the world, Canada is setting an example. Canada is demonstrating that a strong economy
starts with a strong middle class. That includes taking steps to ensure that more people and
especially more women are able to find and keep good jobs, and benefit from the economic
growth they help create.
 References

Inclusive Growth

Dash, Abinash (2009) http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Inclusive_Growth

Duran, Paloma (2015) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2015/7/31/What-does-
inclusive-economic-growth-actually-mean-in-practice-/
Felipe (2012) Why is it important in developing Asia? Retrieved from
http://jesusfelipe.com/download/inclusive-growth-dev-asia.pdf
Habito, Cielito (2009) Patterns of Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia: Insights from an
Enhanced Growth-Poverty Elasticity Analysis retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156000/adbi-wp145.pdf
Lanchovichina & Lundstrom, (2009) In Radam 2015
https://www.scribd.com/document/292910556/Review-of-Related-Literature-on-Inclusive-
Growth
McKinley, (2010) in Radam (2015) https://www.scribd.com/document/292910556/Review-of-
Related-Literature-on-Inclusive-Growth
NEDA (2013) http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CHAPTER-1.pdf
Ramos and Lammens (2013) in radam (2015)
https://www.scribd.com/document/292910556/Review-of-Related-Literature-on-Inclusive-
Growth
Stott, Josh (2017) https://www.jrf.org.uk/blog/what-inclusive-growth-and-why-does-it-matter
Taylor, Tim (2016) https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/08/what-is-
inclusive-growth.html
World Bank Group
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPREMNET/Resources/WhatIsIG.pdf?
resourceurlname=WhatIsIG.pdf
Zhuang (2008) in Radam 2015 https://www.scribd.com/document/292910556/Review-of-
Related-Literature-on-Inclusive-Growth

Shared Growth

Abdulai in Katzaman (2019) https://medium.com/@JKatzaman/shared-growth-shapes-our-

shared-futures-b361218b3284
ASGISA (2007)https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/asgisa-2007.pdf
Barclays Africa Group https://www.mu.barclaysafrica.com/our-community-engagement/shared-
growth/
Burgos, Martin in Argullo (2018)http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-
05/07/c_137161310.htm
Chung Un Chan (2013) http://www.theasian.asia/archives/59266
Doosan Engineering & Construction (2019)
http://www.doosanenc.com/en/csr/growth/philosophy/
Galbithink.org “Rapid Economic Growth in East Asia Broad Sharing of Growth's Benefits”
https://www.galbithink.org/topics/ea/share.htm
Ghana Shared Growth and Development (2010-2013 framework )
https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/planipolis/files/ressources/ghana_gsgda_2010_2013_volii.
pdf
Minister Morneau of Canada (2019) https://www.canada.ca/en/department-
finance/news/2019/04/minister-morneau-talks-equality-shared-growth-at-g20-imf-and-world-
bank-meetings.html
Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth
https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/g20_summit/2010-2/annex1.pdf
Gender and Development

Federal level: In Belgium, the main organisation for gender equality

and gender mainstreaming at the federal level is the federal Institute
for the Equality of Women and Men (IEWM). The IEWM was established
in 2002 as a semi-independent body that is administratively speaking
under ministerial control but autonomous in terms of legal action or
the provision of advice to government and other public authorities.
Currently, the government member in charge of gender-equality
policies is the Secretary of State in charge of Fight against Poverty,
Equal Opportunities, Disabled Persons, Urban Policy, Scientific Policy,
assistant to the Minister of Finance of the Belgian federal government.
A specific unit within the IEWM is in charge of gender-mainstreaming
processes at the federal level. The institute oversees an
Interdepartmental Coordination Group, established by the Gender
Mainstreaming Law (2007) and regulated by a royal decree (2010). The
group is composed of staff from each ministerial cabinet, federal
public service, programmatory public service and the Ministry of
Defence, as well as representatives of the IEWM. It aims to coordinate
the implementation of the provisions contained in the Gender-
Mainstreaming Law in each department. At the federal level, the Equal
Opportunities Council has acted as an advisory body for ministries and
other organisations (such as the National Labour Council) since 1993.

Regional level: In Belgium, the Regions (i.e. Brussels, Flanders and

Wallonia) and Communities have an Equal Opportunity Unit within a
ministry in their respective governments. The Flanders, Brussels and
Walloon regions, since recently, are most active in the gender-
mainstreaming process. They have structures in place that are similar
to those at the federal level. In addition to the abovementioned
structures, the region of Brussels has created a committee with
representatives from each ministry. The region of Flanders also has a
commission that gathers representatives from each ministry along
with members of civil society organisations. In this respect, they
follow the example taken at the federal level, although Flanders invites
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to certain meetings where
their contribution is considered to be relevant. The region of Wallonia
has a commission on equal opportunities that functions as an advisory
board to the Equal Opportunity Unit.

The relationship between the federal and regional level is complex at

all aspects of administration. This has not allowed for a joined-up
approach to gender equality and has resulted in gender-mainstreaming
strategies being developed independently.

Laws and policies

At the federal level, Belgium adopted three anti-discrimination acts in

2007: the General Anti-Discrimination Federal Act, the Racial Equality
Federal Act, and the Gender Act. The latter fights discrimination
between women and men and relates to sex and assimilated areas, i.e.
maternity, pregnancy and transgender issues. In addition to these laws
a Gender Mainstreaming Law was adopted in 2007. It transposes the
resolutions of the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women, with the
aim of integrating gender in all federal policy fields. It also established
the Interdepartmental Coordination Group, providing that all details be
covered by royal decrees. The first royal decree (2010) determines the
composition, remit and functioning of the group and the necessary
qualifications its members must hold. It also regulates the elaboration
of a federal gender mainstreaming plan and the submission of reports
to the Parliament. A second royal decree was expected to be issued in
compliance with Article 3 of the Gender-Mainstreaming Law, which
calls for the implementation of a ‘gender test’ for all laws and
regulations, and provides for the responsible minister to conduct an ex
ante gender impact assessment. This was executed with the adoption
of the Regulatory Impact Assessment (see further). In 2010, the
Federal Institute for the Equality of Women and Men produced
a Manual for the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the
Belgian federal administration to help put this strategy into operation.

In 2013, with the adoption of the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA)

for all new regulation submitted to the Council of Ministers, Belgium
made headway in terms of improving the quality of government
regulation through administrative simplification. The RIA law (Law of
15 December 2013) and its royal decree (Royal Decree of 21 December
2013) were published in the Belgian law gazette at the end of 2013. The
underlying purpose of the gender section of the Belgian RIA is to
contribute to greater equality between women and men, and to do so
within the framework of gender mainstreaming, constituting a de facto
‘gender test’.

At the regional level, in the Flemish Community/Flanders the main

legislation of reference is the Framework Decree on Equal
Opportunities and Equal Treatment Policy (2008), while in the French-
speaking Community, equal opportunities policies are governed by
the Decree on the Fight against Certain Forms of
Discrimination (2008). In the same year, the Walloon Region adopted a
similar decree concerning the fight against certain forms of
discrimination, including discrimination between women and men. In
2014 the Walloon Region also adopted a Decree on the integration of
the gender dimension in all regional policies. The French-speaking will
adopt it in 2015.
Methods and tools

The federal Gender-Mainstreaming Law of 2007 and the Royal Decree

of 2010, impose different tools to stimulate the integration of the
gender perspective:

 the ‘gender test’, obligatory as a component of the Regulatory Impact

Assessment (RIA) since 2014, imposes a gender screening for all
legislative or regulatory proposals that are presented to the Council of
Ministers. A manual has been developed to assist in completing the RIA
and several training sessions have been given.;
 a method for gender-responsive budgeting, detailed in a specific
circular letter on gender budgeting from 2010, obliges the Federal
Public Services to analyse the gender perspective of their budgetary
allocations and to identify activities and related budgets aimed at
promoting equality between women and men.. A number of
instruments, such as awareness-raising sessions, training, a checklist,
a manual and a mention of gender budgeting in the annual ministerial
budget circulars, support this process;

 the Interdepartmental Coordination Group, composed of

representatives from each ministerial cabinet, federal public service,
programmatory public service and the Ministry of Defence, as well as
representatives of the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men
(IEWM) and charged with preparing the federal plan on gender
mainstreaming and the reports to the Parliament;

 the Federal plan on gender mainstreaming, elaborated at the beginning

of each period of office of a new government and containing the
 commitments of that government for the duration of their mandate. The
first plan was adopted in 2012 and the second one in 2015;

 the Reports to the Parliament that have to be submitted halfway

through and at the end of the period of office and that report amongst
others on the achievements concerning the implementation of the
Gender-Mainstreaming Law and the Federal plan gender
mainstreaming;

The IEWM also developed a ‘Manual on the application of gender

mainstreaming within the Belgian federal administration’, has an
extensive component on gender mainstreaming on its website and has
provided funds for trainings on gender mainstreaming in several
administrations.
In France there is the "Freedom to Choose a Professional Future Law," published on Sept. 6, 2018,
which includes an entire section dedicated to gender equality. This new piece of legislation
contains provisions aimed at promoting professional equality between women and men,
particularly in terms of pay and combating sexual and gender-based violence at work.
https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/countries/belgium
https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-france-
gender-equality-obligations.aspx