Lambdas and Streams in JDK 8

Lambdas
and Streams in JDK 8
Simon Ri4er
Head of Java Technology Evangelism
Oracle Corp

Twi4er: @speakjava
Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Safe Harbor Statement
The following is intended to outline our general product direcRon. It is intended for
informaRon purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a
commitment to deliver any material, code, or funcRonality, and should not be relied upon
in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and Rming of any features or
funcRonality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discreRon of Oracle.
Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2

Concurrency in Java Project Lambda
Fork/Join Framework
java.util.concurrent (jsr166y)
(jsr166)
Phasers, etc
java.lang.Thread (jsr166)
1.0 5.0 6
1996 … 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
7 8
Lambdas In Java


The Problem: External IteraRon
•  Our code controls iteraRon
List<Student> students = ...
double highestScore = 0.0; •  Inherently serial: iterate from
beginning to end
for (Student s : students) {
if (s.getGradYear() == 2011) { •  Not thread-‐safe
if (s.getScore() > highestScore) •  Business logic is stateful
highestScore = s.score; •  Mutable accumulator variable
}
}

Internal IteraRon With Inner Classes
More FuncRonal
double highestScore = students •  IteraRon handled by the library
.filter(new Predicate<Student>() { •  Not inherently serial – traversal may
public boolean op(Student s) { be done in parallel
return s.getGradYear() == 2011;
•  Traversal may be done lazily – so one
} pass, rather than three
})
•  Thread safe – client logic is stateless
.map(new Mapper<Student,Double>() {
public Double extract(Student s) { •  High barrier to use
return s.getScore(); – SyntacRcally ugly
}
})
.max();

Internal IteraRon With Lambdas
List<Student> students = ...
double highestScore = students
.filter(Student s -‐> s.getGradYear() == 2011)
.map(Student s -‐> s.getScore())
.max();
•  More readable
•  More abstract
•  Less error-‐prone
NOTE: This is not JDK8 code

Lambda Expressions
Some Details
•  Lambda expressions represent anonymous funcRons
– Same structure as a method
•  typed argument list, return type, set of thrown excepRons, and a body
– Not associated with a class
•  We now have parameterised behaviour, not just values
double highestScore = students.
filter(Student s -‐> s.getGradYear() == 2011).
What map(Student s -‐> s.getScore())
max();
How
Lambda Expression Types
•  Single-‐method interfaces are used extensively in Java
– DefiniRon: a func2onal interface is an interface with one abstract method
– Func2onal interfaces are idenRfied structurally
– The type of a lambda expression will be a func2onal interface
•  Lambda expressions provide implementaRons of the abstract method
interface Comparator<T> { boolean compare(T x, T y); }

interface FileFilter { boolean accept(File x); }
interface Runnable { void run(); }
interface ActionListener { void actionPerformed(…); }
interface Callable<T> { T call(); }

Local Variable Capture
•  Lambda expressions can refer to effec2vely final local variables from the
enclosing scope
•  EffecRvely final: A variable that meets the requirements for final variables (i.e.,
assigned once), even if not explicitly declared final
•  Closures on values, not variables
void expire(File root, long before) {

root.listFiles(File p -‐> p.lastModified() <= before);
}

What Does ‘this’ Mean For Lambdas?
•  ‘this’ refers to the enclosing object, not the lambda itself
•  Think of ‘this’ as a final predefined local
•  Remember the Lambda is an anonymous func2on
–  It is not associated with a class
–  Therefore there can be no ‘this’ for the Lambda

Referencing Instance Variables
Which are not final, or effecRvely final

class DataProcessor {
private int currentValue;

public void process() {
DataSet myData = myFactory.getDataSet();
dataSet.forEach(d -‐> d.use(currentValue++));
}
}

Referencing Instance Variables
The compiler helps us out

class DataProcessor {
private int currentValue;

public void process() {
DataSet myData = myFactory.getDataSet();
dataSet.forEach(d -‐> d.use(this.currentValue++);
}
}
‘this’ (which is effecRvely final)

inserted by the compiler

Type Inference
•  The compiler can ogen infer parameter types in a lambda expression
§ Inferrence based on the target funcRonal interface’s method signature
static T void sort(List<T> l, Comparator<? super T> c);
List<String> list = getList();

Collections.sort(list, (String x, String y) -‐> x.length() -‐ y.length());
Collections.sort(list, (x, y) -‐> x.length() -‐ y.length());
•  Fully staRcally typed (no dynamic typing sneaking in)

– More typing with less typing

Method References
•  Method references let us reuse a method as a lambda expression
FileFilter x = File f -‐> f.canRead();
FileFilter x = File::canRead;

Constructor References
•  Same concept as a method reference

– For the constructor
Factory<List<String>> f = () -‐> return new ArrayList<String>();
Replace with
Factory<List<String>> f = ArrayList<String>::new;

Library EvoluRon


Library EvoluRon Goal
• Requirement: aggregate operaRons on collecRons
– New methods required on CollecRons to facilitate this
int heaviestBlueBlock = blocks

.filter(b -‐> b.getColor() == BLUE)
.map(Block::getWeight)
.reduce(0, Integer::max);

• This is problemaRc
– Can’t add new methods to interfaces without modifying all implementaRons
– Can’t necessarily find or control all implementaRons
SoluRon: Default Methods
• Specified in the interface

• From the caller’s perspecRve, just an ordinary interface method
•  Provides a default implementaRon
•  Default only used when implementaRon classes do not provide a body for the
extension method
•  ImplementaRon classes can provide a be4er version, or not
interface Collection<E> {
default Stream<E> stream() {
return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator());
}
}
Virtual Extension Methods
Stop right there!
•  Err, isn’t this implemenRng mulRple inheritance for Java?
•  Yes, but Java already has mulRple inheritance of types
•  This adds mulRple inheritance of behavior too
•  But not state, which is where most of the trouble is
•  Can sRll be a source of complexity
•  Class implements two interfaces, both of which have default methods
•  Same signature
•  How does the compiler differenRate?
•  StaRc methods also allowed in interfaces in Java SE 8

FuncRonal Interface DefiniRon
•  Single Abstract Method (SAM) type

•  A funcRonal interface is an interface that has one abstract method
– Represents a single funcRon contract
– Doesn’t mean it only has one method
•  @FunctionalInterface annotaRon
– Helps ensure the funcRonal interface contract is honoured
– Compiler error if not a SAM

Lambdas In Full Flow:
Streams


Stream Overview
At The High Level
•  AbstracRon for specifying aggregate computaRons
– Not a data structure
– Can be infinite
•  Simplifies the descripRon of aggregate computaRons
– Exposes opportuniRes for opRmisaRon
– Fusing, laziness and parallelism

Stream Overview
Pipeline
•  A stream pipeline consists of three types of things
– A source
– Zero or more intermediate operaRons
– A terminal operaRon
•  Producing a result or a side-‐effect
Source
int total = transactions.stream()
.filter(t -‐> t.getBuyer().getCity().equals(“London”))
.mapToInt(Transaction::getPrice)
.sum();
Intermediate operaRon
Terminal operaRon
Stream Sources
Many Ways To Create
•  From collecRons and arrays
– Collection.stream()
– Collection.parallelStream()
– Arrays.stream(T array) or Stream.of()
•  StaRc factories
– IntStream.range()
– Files.walk()
•  Roll your own
– java.util.Spliterator

Stream Terminal OperaRons
•  The pipeline is only evaluated when the terminal operaRon is called
– All operaRons can execute sequenRally or in parallel
– Intermediate operaRons can be merged
•  Avoiding mulRple redundant passes on data
•  Short-‐circuit operaRons (e.g. findFirst)
•  Lazy evaluaRon
– Stream characterisRcs help idenRfy opRmisaRons
•  DISTINT stream passed to distinct() is a no-‐op

Maps and FlatMaps
Map Values in a Stream
1-‐to-‐1 mapping
Input Stream Output Stream
Map
1-‐to-‐many mapping
Input Stream Output Stream
FlatMap

OpRonal Class
Helping To Eliminate the NullPointerException
•  Terminal operaRons like min(), max(), etc do not return a direct result
•  Suppose the input Stream is empty?
•  Optional<T>
– Container for an object reference (null, or real object)
– Think of it like a Stream of 0 or 1 elements
– use get(), ifPresent() and orElse() to access the stored reference
– Can use in more complex ways: filter(), map(), etc

Example 1
Convert words in list to upper case
List<String> output = wordList

.stream()
.map(String::toUpperCase)
.collect(Collectors.toList());

Example 1
Convert words in list to upper case (in parallel)
List<String> output = wordList

.parallelStream()
.map(String::toUpperCase)

Example 2
Count lines in a file
•  BufferedReader has new method
– Stream<String> lines()

long count = bufferedReader

.lines()
.count();

Example 3
Join lines 3-‐4 into a single string
String output = bufferedReader

.lines()
.skip(2)
.limit(2)
.collect(Collectors.joining());

Example 4
Collect all words in a file into a list
List<String> output = reader

.lines()
.flatMap(line -‐> Stream.of(line.split(REGEXP)))
.filter(word -‐> word.length() > 0)

Example 5
List of unique words in lowercase, sorted by length
List<String> output = reader

.lines()
.flatMap(line -‐> Stream.of(line.split(REGEXP)))
.filter(word -‐> word.length() > 0)
.map(String::toLowerCase)
.distinct()
.sorted((x, y) -‐> x.length() -‐ y.length())

Example 6: Real World
Infinite stream from thermal sensor
private int double currentTemperature;
...

thermalReader
.lines()
.mapToDouble(s -‐>
Double.parseDouble(s.substring(0, s.length() -‐ 1)))
.map(t -‐> ((t – 32) * 5 / 9)
.filter(t -‐> t != currentTemperature)
.peek(t -‐> listener.ifPresent(l -‐> l.temperatureChanged(t)))
.forEach(t -‐> currentTemperature = t);

Example 6: Real World
Infinite stream from thermal sensor
private int double currentTemperature;
...

thermalReader
.lines()
.mapToDouble(s -‐>
Double.parseDouble(s.substring(0, s.length() -‐ )))
.map(t -‐> ((t – 32) * 5 / 9)
.filter(t -‐> t != this.currentTemperature)
.peek(t -‐> listener.ifPresent(l -‐> l.temperatureChanged(t)))
.forEach(t -‐> this.currentTemperature = t);

Conclusions
•  Java needs lambda statements

– Significant improvements in exisRng libraries are required
•  Require a mechanism for interface evoluRon
– SoluRon: virtual extension methods
•  Bulk operaRons on CollecRons
– Much simpler with Lambdas
•  Java SE 8 evolves the language, libraries, and VM together

Simon Ri4er
Oracle CorporarRon

Twi4er: @speakjava

Lambdas and Streams in JDK 8

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Lambdas

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Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved. 2

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

NOTE: This is not JDK8 code

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

interface Comparator<T> { boolean compare(T x, T y); }

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

void expire(File root, long before) {

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

‘this’ (which is eﬀecRvely ﬁnal)

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

static T void sort(List<T> l, Comparator<? super T> c);

List<String> list = getList();

Collections.sort(list, (x, y) -­‐> x.length() -­‐ y.length());

• Fully staRcally typed (no dynamic typing sneaking in)

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

• Method references let us reuse a method as a lambda expression

FileFilter x = File f -­‐> f.canRead();

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

• Same concept as a method reference

Factory<List<String>> f = () -­‐> return new ArrayList<String>();

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

int heaviestBlueBlock = blocks

• Speciﬁed in the interface

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• Single Abstract Method (SAM) type

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Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

List<String> output = wordList

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List<String> output = wordList

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long count = bufferedReader

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String output = bufferedReader

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List<String> output = reader

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List<String> output = reader

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• Java needs lambda statements

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Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its aﬃliates. All rights reserved.

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Collections.sort(list, (x, y) -‐> x.length() -‐ y.length());

•  Fully staRcally typed (no dynamic typing sneaking in)

•  Method references let us reuse a method as a lambda expression

FileFilter x = File f -‐> f.canRead();

•  Same concept as a method reference

Factory<List<String>> f = () -‐> return new ArrayList<String>();

• Speciﬁed in the interface

•  Single Abstract Method (SAM) type

•  Java needs lambda statements